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  • 2017

  • Gelfand, Michele J.; Harrington, Jesse R.; Jackson, Joshua Conrad (2017): The Strength of Social Norms Across Human Groups. In: Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science 12 (5), S. 800-809. DOI: 10.1177/1745691617708631

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28972845 

    Abstract: Social norms are a defining feature of human psychology, yet our understanding of them is still underdeveloped. In this article, we present our own cross-cultural research program on tightness-looseness (TL)-which draws on field, experimental, computational, and neuroscience methods-to illustrate how going beyond Western borders is critical for understanding social norms' functions and their multilevel consequences. Cross-cultural research enables us to account for the universal features of norm psychology but also explains the great cultural diversity we see in social norms around the globe.

    Keywords: allgemeine Theorie, Gruppenverhalten, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Normen, Sozialpsychologie
  • Nolan, Jessica M. (2017) : Social norms and their enforcement In: Harkins, Stephen G.; Williams, Kipling D.; Burger, Jerry M. (Hg.): The Oxford handbook of social influence: New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford library of psychology), S. 147-164

    Abstract: In this chapter social norms are redefined as 'rules and standards that are understood by members of a group, and that guide morally relevant social behavior by way of social sanctions, instead of the force of laws.' In line with this revised definition, the chapter includes a discussion of how and when individuals enforce social norms along with the customary review of the literature on social norms as agents of social influence. A discussion of how to maximize the impact of social norms interventions follows with special consideration given to (a) combining descriptive and injunctive norms, (b) reference groups, (c) personal relevance, and (d) cognitive resources. The chapter also includes a discussion of the tendency to underestimate the influence of social norms, both on one's own behavior and the behavior of others. Several conflicting results are identified and suggestions are made for how to resolve them with future research.

    Keywords: allgemeine Theorie, Normen, Sozialpsychologie, Überblick, Verhaltensforschung
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