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  • 1994

  • Feyereisen, Pierre (1994): The behavioural cues of familiarity during social interactions among human adults. A review of the literature and some observations in normal and demented elderly subjects. In: Behavioural Processes 33 (1-2), S. 189-211. DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(94)90066-3

    Abstract: The present paper deals with the non-verbal expression of individual recognition in normal and pathological populations. In the first part, the literature on non-verbal communication is surveyed with a selective attention given to observational studies comparing encounters between friends and between strangers in young adult subjects. To begin with, it is shown that in some cases external observers can discriminate above chance level silent films showing interactions between familiar and unfamiliar persons. Then, potential cues enabling such a performance are searched for by analysis of familiarity effects on interpersonal distance, touching gesture, visual and postural orientation, and facial or manual movements expressing affiliation or reticence. Finally, these observations are discussed in relation to several underlying processes: learning of interaction rules, involvement of an affiliative motivational system, and regulation of arousal. The problem of assessing the directionality of the familiarity effects is also raised. The second part of the paper addresses the issue of non-verbal expression of recognition in subjects who show impaired person recognition in the verbal modality. A pilot study compares the behaviour of older institutionalised women, either normal or suffering from senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, during conversations with a member of the medical team and with another unfamiliar person. The methodological problems raised by the planning of the experimental situation are discussed.

    Keywords: Bekanntheitsgrad, familiarity, Favoriten, Gestik/Mimik, Körperhaltung, Kulturell codierte Merkmale, kulturelle Etiketten, Normen der Wahrnehmung von Emotionen, Proxemik, Sozialpsychologie, zugeschriebene Emotionsvarianz, Zugeschriebene Variabilität von Emotionen (emotion range)

  • 1987

  • Ekman, P.; Friesen, W. V.; O'Sullivan, M.; Chan, A.; Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I.; Heider, K.; Krause, R.; LeCompte, W. A.; Pitcairn, T.; Ricci-Bitti, P. E. (1987): Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 53 (4), S. 712-717

     

    Abstract: We present here new evidence of cross-cultural agreement in the judgement of facial expression. Subjects in 10 cultures performed a more complex judgment task than has been used in previous cross-cultural studies. Instead of limiting the subjects to selecting only one emotion term for each expression, this task allowed them to indicate that multiple emotions were evident and the intensity of each emotion. Agreement was very high across cultures about which emotion was the most intense. The 10 cultures also agreed about the second most intense emotion signaled by an expression and about the relative intensity among expressions of the same emotion. However, cultural differences were found in judgments of the absolute level of emotional intensity.

    Keywords: Adult, Attitude, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Disziplin, dominance, Emotions, Emotionserkennung, Facial Expression, FACS (Facial Action Coding System) Paul Ekman, Friesen und Tomkins (Vorgänger: FAST Facial Affect Scoring Technique, Favoriten, Female, Gesichtserkennung, Gestik/Mimik, Humans, Judgment, Kulturinvarianz, Kulturtheorie, Male, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Realtechnik, Sozialpsychologie, Technik, zugeschriebene Emotionsvarianz
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