Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018): Alibis for Adult Play. A Goffmanian Account of Escaping Embarrassment in Adult Play. In: Games and culture 13 (3), S. 260-279. DOI: 10.1177/1555412017721086
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29706842 Abstract: The social meanings of play sit at odds with norms of responsible and productive adult conduct. To be "caught" playing as an adult therefore risks embarrassment. Still, many designers want to create enjoyable, nonembarrassing play experiences for adults. To address this need, this article reads instances of spontaneous adult play through the lens of Erving Goffman's theory of the interaction order to unpack conditions and strategies for nonembarrassing adult play. It identifies established frames, segregated audiences, scripts supporting smooth performance, managing audience awareness, role distancing, and, particularly, alibis for play: Adults routinely provide alternative, adult-appropriate motives to account for their play, such as child care, professional duties, creative expression, or health. Once legitimized, the norms and rules of play themselves then provide an alibi for behavior that would risk being embarrassing outside play.
Keywords: accounts, adult play, adulthood, alibi, BEHAVIOR, Disziplin, embarrassment, Erving Goffman, frame analysis, Goffman, IDENTITY, Interaktion, Kulturtheorie, MODELS, play, motivational accounting system, Rechtfertigung, role distance, script, Spiel, spielen, theory of interaction, Theory of interaction (Goffman), TRANSITION, VOCABULARIES, Wissen um Normen, WORK -
(2018): Anticipation enhanced behavior-based robotics using integrated system dynamics. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Abstract: Behavior-based robotics specifies behavior as the interaction between the task, environment, and agent with specific capabilities that creates a successful behavior to attain task achievement. Observed task achieving behavior is confirmed and validated by a prespecified performance criteria. For behavior-based robotics, conditions in the niche environment are directly matched to and cue behavior choice that yields task achievement by the robot agent. A minimalist approach attains this behavior choice from only a few possible scenarios for the niche environment and a simple associated response. Previous work in behavior-based robotics has been generally limited to a reactive response to environmental conditions, with little or no notion of looking ahead to potential successful future outcomes. Focus on the notion of anticipation provides a novel addition to the task achieving behavior-based robotics approach. Anticipation is the formulation of suitable processes to manifest behavior from a small set of feasible scenarios in the near future before the outcome is certain. Anticipation results in successful behavior beyond mere reactions to niche conditions that leads to desired task achievement with expected perceived immediate or later reward based on suitable fitness matched to the niche. The approach to add anticipation developed a formal system dynamics model to represent previously known behavior archetypes, extended them with the notion of anticipation, and enhanced the system dynamics operation. Simulation of a robot instance using anticipation for wall following, called the TOURIST, was conducted to gain insight into behaviors that would be observable in a real world natural system. Simulation of the TOURIST robot with anticipation built into the archetype programming illustrated the advantages of including the notion of anticipation. Anticipation allows a TOURIST robot agent to travel a smoother path and make choice of small increments in behavior change that produce more desired longer term responses. With anticipation, numerous small adjustments are made that require less energy than large spins of the SEEK behavior, so only one third of the SEEK behaviors occur, and thus wastes less energy and time. Also with anticipation, the TOURIST makes twice as many cycles of the area at the same speed and in the same time, so a broader range of area is covered and can more readily perceive any dynamic changes in the overall arena. The methods and insights were added to a real world robot instance, and the benefits of anticipation were observed to occur. A specific metric, ANNum, was developed for describing operation of the TOURIST robot. Greater metric values were found with anticipation on, reflecting more behavior responsiveness to the niche per unit time when anticipation was used. In conclusion, anticipation enhances robotic performance by manifesting task achieving behavior that is properly matched to a specific niche condition. Anticipation extends beyond the merely reactive behavior previously used in behavior-based robotics by acting like a funnel or channel to guide the behavior choice to match a specific niche. The observed behavior choice is manifest before the outcome is realized and certain to occur. As a practical result, the robot agent is able to make many smaller adjustments earlier and faster with better chance for desired outcome than would be observed without anticipation. It circumvents repeated larger adjustments that waste more resources and take more time for task achievement. Such enhanced anticipation behavior avoids obstructions and potential destructive paths or motion, and is more able to achieve tasks such as to find objects and move along walls with minimal effort. Thus, anticipation that is added to robot architecture improves behavior choices to realize desired task achievement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
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Hermann, Henry R. (2017): Dominance and aggression in humans and other animals. The great game of life. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press/Elsevier
Abstract: Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals: The Great Game of Life examines human nature and the influence of evolution, genetics, chemistry, nurture, and the sociopolitical environment as a way of understanding how and why humans behave in aggressive and dominant ways.ïŽ The book walks us through aggression in other social species, compares and contrasts human behavior to other animals, and then explores specific human behaviors like bullying, abuse, territoriality murder, and war.ïŽ The book examines both individual and group aggression in different environments including work, school, and the home.ïŽ It explores common stressors triggering aggressive behaviors, and how individual personalities can be vulnerable to, or resistant to, these stressors.ïŽ The book closes with an exploration of the cumulative impact of human aggression and dominance on the natural world
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(2017) : Culture, Brain, and Behavior In: Tibayrenc, Michel; Ayala, Francisco José (Hg.): On human nature: Biology, psychology, ethics, politics, and religion: Amsterdam; Boston; Heidelberg; London; New York; Oxford; Paris; San Diego; San Francisco; Singapore; Sydney; Tokio: Academic Press an imprint of Elsevier, S. 579-597
Abstract: This chapter discusses the reciprocal development of genes, brain, and culture in shaping significant aspects of social and political behavior. The interaction between biology and culture is mutually reciprocal and intertwined. Processes of neural plasticity allow cultural practices to inform brain development in a profoundly social context just as human imagination and invention can shift cultural practices over time. This chapter outlines work that has examined these interconnections and ways in which future research might study developmental effects to enlighten our understanding of important social and political phenomena, including the emergence and manifestation of mental illness and political polarization.
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(2017): Self-prophecies and cognitive dissonance. Habit, norms and justification of past behavior. In: North American Journal of Psychology, S. 65-86
Abstract: Asking someone to predict his/her behavior increases the probability that it will occur. We tested the production of dissonance in the paradigm of self-prophecies by clarifying the role of past behavior and normative beliefs. We also tested the effects of justifying transgressions as a way of reducing dissonance in a situation of prediction. Habit and normative beliefs about recycling were measured. The results showed that self-prophecies are a source of psychological discomfort only when the recycling habit is weak. The psychological discomfort experienced is reduced when the participants had the opportunity to justify their transgressions. Our measures enabled us to test the effects of the level of inconsistency between habit and normative beliefs on psychological discomfort. The results showed that psychological discomfort is determined by a high level of inconsistency between habit and normative beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): The Malleability of Stereotype Effects on Spontaneous Trait Inferences. In: Social Psychology 48 (1), S. 3-18. DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000288
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000288 Abstract: Past research has demonstrated that perceivers are more likely to draw spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) from stereotype-consistent behaviors than from stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Four studies were conducted to examine the moderating role of power in stereotype effects on STIs. Priming power using the scrambled sentence task, Study 1 found that high-power participants drew STIs from elderly stereotype-consistent but not from elderly stereotype-inconsistent sentences, while low-power participants did not draw STIs from elderly stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 by exploring the moderating role of power in gender stereotype effects on STIs. Measuring participants’ dispositional power via the Personal Sense of Power, Study 3 found that dispositional power also moderated the effects of gender stereotype on STIs. Study 4 found that compared with the baseline condition (no-power manipulation), the low-power condition inhibited STIs from stereotype-consistent behaviors, but the high-power condition did not facilitate STI formation from stereotype-consistent behaviors. The current study is the first to show that power influences the reliance on stereotypes when spontaneously inferring traits from behaviors.
2016
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(2016): Intelligent emotion and behavior based on topological consciousness and adaptive resonance theory in a companion robot. In: Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 18, S. 51-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.bica.2016.09.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bica.2016.09.004 Abstract: Companion or ‘pet’ robots can be expected to be an important part of a future in which robots contribute to our lives in many ways. An understanding of emotional interactions would be essential to such robots’ behavior. To improve the cognitive and behavior systems of such robots, we propose the use of an artificial topological consciousness that uses a synthetic neurotransmitter and motivation, including a biologically inspired emotion system. A fundamental aspect of a companion robot is a cross-communication system that enables natural interactions between humans and the robot. This paper focuses on three points in the development of our proposed framework: (1) the organization of the behavior including inside-state emotion regarding the phylogenetic consciousness-based architecture; (2) a method whereby the robot can have empathy toward its human user’s expressions of emotion; and (3) a method that enables the robot to select a facial expression in response to the human user, providing instant human-like ‘emotion’ and based on emotional intelligence (EI) that uses a biologically inspired topological online method to express, for example, encouragement or being delighted. We also demonstrate the performance of the artificial consciousness based on the complexity level and a robot’s social expressions that are designed to enhance the users affinity with the robot.
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(2016) : Physical and moral disgust in socially believable behaving systems in different cultures In: Esposito, Anna; Jain, Lakhmi C. (Hg.): Toward robotic socially believable behaving systems: Modeling emotions., Vol. I, 105: Cham: Springer International Publishing (Intelligent systems reference library; Vol 105; ISSN: 1868-4394 (Print), 1868-4408 (Electronic)), S. 105-132
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31056-5_7 Abstract: The aim of the present study is to use the GRID, online emotions sorting and corpus methodologies to illuminate different types of disgust that an emotion-sensitive socially interacting robot would need to encode and decode in order to competently produce and recognise these and other types of physical, moral and aesthetic types of complex emotions in social settings. We argue that emotions in general, and different types of disgust as an instance of these, differ with respect to the amount of cognitivegrounding they need in order to arise and social robots will successfully use such emotions provided they do not only recognise and produce physical, bodily manifestations of emotions, but also have access to large knowledge bases and are able to process situational context clues. The different types of disgust are identified and compared cross-culturally to provide an evaluation of their relative salience. The study also underscores the conceptual viewpoint of emotions as clusters of emotions rather than solitary, individual representations. We argue that such clustering should be at the heart of emotions modelling in social robots. In order to successfully use the emotion of disgust in their interactions with humans, robots need to be sensitive to possible within-culture and cross-culture differences pertaining to such emotions, exemplified by British English and Polish in the present study. Given the centrality of values to the emotion of disgust, robots need to have the capacity to update from a knowledge base and learn from the situational context the set of values for each significant human that they interact with. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Aesthetics, BEHAVIOR, British English, Cross Cultural Differences, Disgust, Disgust cluster, Emotion event (scenario), Emotions, GRID, Language, Language corpora, Moral & Ethik, Moral emotions, Morality, Online emotions sorting study, Polish, Robotics, Social robotic, social robots, Translation data, Wstret cluster -
(2016): Child perception of humanoid robot appearance and behavior. In: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 32 (6), S. 493-502. DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2016.1172808
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2016.1172808 Abstract: This study investigated children’s attitudes toward humanoid robots that exhibit various anthropomorphic appearances and behaviors. A total of 578 children aged from 8 to 14 years were recruited to evaluate humanoid robots depicted either in still images (N = 267) or videos (N = 311). The results showed that the degree of anthropomorphism affected children’s attitudes toward the robots. An uncanny valley was observed in this study, indicating that children prefer robots created with a moderate level of human likeness over those that have a highly human-like appearance but remain distinguishable from humans. A striking finding was that moving robots exhibiting social cues moderate the uncanny valley plot, thus contradicting Mori’s uncanny valley hypothesis, which posits that emotional responses are greater for moving robots than for static robots. In addition, the children in this study perceived the robots as more socially and physically attractive when the robots exhibited social cues. In summary, the current results suggest that children prefer moderately realistic robots and that robot behavior is a key determinant of how children perceive robots. A moderate level of anthropomorphic appearance combined with appropriate social cues can enhance child preferences for and acceptance of robots. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2015
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(2015) : Habit. History of the Concept In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 475-479
Abstract: This article examines aspects of the history of the concept of habit in Western social thought. As an expression, the concept of habit has generally referred to a disposition to act as one has previously acted, whether in regard to simple behaviors, more complex forms of conduct, or broader characterological tendencies (habitus). Among social thinkers who have used the concept, habit has generally been applied to recurrent forms of moral, economic, political, and religious conduct insofar as these occur more or less automatically, thus differing from reflective forms of human action that entail the deliberative selection of means and ends by normative standards. While the history of the concept of habit has been roughly coextensive with the entirety of Western intellectual history, four phases are distinguished. The first phase, running from antiquity to the early 1800s, was marked by the frequent discussion of the role and significance of habit by thinkers ranging from Aristotle to the philosophers of the Enlightenment. The second phase, extending from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century, was characterized by two contending developments. One of these was the invocation of the concept of habit by a great many European and American social theorists, including Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, and the use of the concept, in tandem with models of reflective action, to analyze human conduct in the social world. The second development in this period was the effort on the part of natural scientists to restrict habit to more elementary human and subhuman behaviors. The third phase, beginning roughly in the late 1910s, saw the successful appropriation of habit, narrowly conceived, by behaviorist psychologists and, in a strong countermovement, the abandonment of the concept by a majority of European and American social thinkers, who for the next half century conceptualized all human conduct exclusively in reflective terms. The fourth phase, extending from the early 1980s to the present time, has witnessed steps by social theorists and empirical researchers to revive and elaborate the concept of habit and to examine the relationship between habitual and reflective forms of human action. zitiert von 5
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(2015): The Power to Oblige. Power, Gender, Negotiation Behaviors, and Their Consequences. In: Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 8 (1), S. 1-24. DOI: 10.1111/ncmr.12045
Abstract: This study experimentally examined how power and gender affect negotiation behaviors and how those behaviors affect negotiated outcomes. One hundred and forty‐six dyads, in four combinations of power and gender, negotiated compensation agreements. In line with gender stereotypes, male negotiators were more dominating and females more obliging and somewhat more compromising. However, partially challenging the common association of power and masculinity, high‐power negotiators were less dominating and more collaborating, obliging and avoiding than their low‐power opponents. Generally, feminine and high‐power behaviors induced agreement while masculine and low‐power behaviors enhanced distributive personal gain. The study also assessed patterns of behavioral reciprocity and used sophisticated analytic tools to control for dyadic interdependence. Therefore it helps to elucidate the negotiation process and the role that power and its interplay with gender play in it. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 21
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(2015): Wie kommt die Moral in den Kopf?. Von der Werteerziehung zur Persönlichkeitsförderung. Berlin: Springer Spektrum
Abstract: Ausgehend von einer skeptischen Haltung hinsichtlich der Bedeutung von Werten als steuernden Faktoren menschlichen Handelns werden andere, meist unbewusste Motive menschlichen Tuns und Lassens in den Blick genommen. Basierend auf Erkenntnissen aus Gehirnforschung, Psychologie und Soziologie werden Antworten auf folgende Fragen gegeben: Haben schon Tiere Vorformen von Moral? Was passiert im Gehirn, wenn Menschen moralische Entscheidungen treffen? Welche Rolle spielen die Gene und frühkindliche Erfahrungen? Wie werden Kinder zu moralischen Persönlichkeiten? Was tragen Eltern, Kindertagesstätten und Schulen dazu bei? Welche Persönlichkeitsaspekte, Fähigkeiten und Verhaltensneigungen von Kindern begünstigen moralisches Handeln und ein gutes Leben und Zusammenleben? Welche Kompetenzen helfen zur Verwirklichung von Werten wie Gesundheit, Gerechtigkeit, Freiheit oder Solidarität? - Inhalt: (1) Der trügerische Ruf nach Werten: Bestimmen Werte unser Verhalten? (2) Was treibt unser Verhalten wirklich an? (3) Warum lohnt sich der Blick ins Gehirn? (4) Die Persönlichkeit und ihre Werte: Gut für Überraschungen? (5) Wie kultiviert die Gesellschaft Werte und Normen? (6) Kardinaltugenden und Werte: Fälle für das Forschungslabor? (7) Die politischen Werte der Französischen Revolution: Noch aktuell? (8) Und wo bleiben die Werte? (9) Was fördert moralisches Verhalten? (10) Werte und Moral über die Kellertreppe? zitiert von: 3
2014
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(2014): Tracking managerial conflict adaptivity. Introducing a dynamic measure of adaptive conflict management in organizations. In: Journal of Organizational Behavior 35 (7), S. 945-968. DOI: 10.1002/job.1935
Abstract: Since Darwin, adaptation to change has been associated with survival and fit. Yet, despite this, leaders and managers often get stuck in dominating approaches to conflict, and few scholars have examined the role of adaptation in managing conflicts effectively over time and across changing situations. The goal of this paper is threefold. First, we develop a new measure for assessing conflict adaptivity of managers [the Managerial Conflict Adaptivity Assessment (MCAA)], based on a situated model of conflict in social relations. We define conflict adaptivity as the capacity to respond to different conflict situations in accordance with the demands specified by the situation. The measure consists of 15 distinct work-conflict scenarios and provides five behavioral response options, which represent five primary strategies employed in conflict. Individuals who tend to respond to the conflicts in a manner consistent with the situations provided are considered to be more adaptive. Second, we test and find that managerial conflict adaptivity is related to higher levels of satisfaction with conflict processes at work as well as higher levels of well-being at work. Third, we test the MCAA's construct validity and provide evidence that the MCAA is positively related to behavioral flexibility and self-efficacy.
Keywords: adaptation, adaptivity, Anpassung, BEHAVIOR, complexity, CONSEQUENCES, CONSTRUCT-VALIDITY, economics, Leadership, MCAA (Management Conflict Adaptivity Assessment) AP Skala (Adaptive Performance) - Anpassungsfähigkeit als Kriterium sozial angemessenen Handelns, model, NEGOTIATION, POWER, SELF-EFFICACY -
(2014): An auction behavior-based robotic architecture for service robotics. In: Intelligent Service Robotics 7 (3), S. 157-174. DOI: 10.1007/s11370-013-0141-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11370-013-0141-7 Abstract: Service robots have the potential of improving the quality of life and assist with people’s daily activities. Such robots must be capable of operating over long periods of time, performing multiple tasks, and scheduling them appropriately for execution. In addition, service robots must be capable of dealing with tasks whose goals may be in conflict with each other and would need to determine, dynamically, which task to pursue in such a case. Adding to the complexity of the problem is the fact that some task requests may have time constraints—deadlines by which the task has to be completed. Given the dynamic nature of the environment, the robots must make decisions on what tasks to pursue in situations where there could be incomplete or missing information. The robots should also be capable of accepting requests for new tasks or services at runtime, while possibly working on another task. In order to achieve these requirements, this paper presents the Auction Behavior-Based Robotic Architecture that brings the following contributions: (1) it uses an auction mechanism to determine the relevance of a task to run at any given time, (2) it handles multiple user requests while dealing with potentially critical time constraints and incomplete information, (3) it enables long-term robot operation and (4) it allows for dynamic assignment of new tasks. The proposed system is validated on a physical robotic platform, the Segway RMP® and in simulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2014): Call playback artificially generates a temporary cultural style of high affiliation in marmosets. In: Animal Behaviour 93, S. 163-171. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.027
Abstract: Cultural variation can be conceptualized in two main ways: as culture-specific qualitative differences in behavioural form, and also as quantitative variation in performance of constellations of universal behaviours (cultural style). Despite observation of both types in wild nonhuman primates, diffusion of qualitative culture has been scrutinized extensively experimentally while within-species transmission of cultural style has remained entirely unexplored. Here we investigated whether a cultural style of high affiliation could be artificially generated in a nonhuman primate (Callithrix jacchus), by daily playback of conspecific affiliative calls simulating nearby amicable individuals. We found that vocalization playback influenced monkeys to spend more time in affiliative behaviours outside playback hours, relative to silent playback. The effect was specific to affiliation, with no impact on other categories of affect. This change did not persist into the final phase of observation after all playbacks were complete. Findings are consistent with a temporary shift in cultural style effected through vocalization playback, supporting existence of this conception of culture in wild primates and indicating auditory social contagion as a potential diffusion mechanism. The method presented here will allow researchers to test hypotheses concerning cultural transmission of cultural style, and the underlying processes, across a range of contexts and species.
Keywords: BEHAVIOR, behaviour, Biologie, Callithrix jacchus, CALLITHRIX-JACCHUS, CAPUCHIN MONKEYS, CHIMPANZEES, COMMON MARMOSETS, Culture, culture specific, enrichment, Evolution, FOOD, Geräusch/Klang, nonhuman primate, SOCIAL DIFFUSION, social influence, Status / biologische Marker, traditions, transmission 2013
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(2013): The Effect of Priming Pictures and Videos on a Question–Answer Dialog Scenario in a Virtual Environment. In: Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 22 (2), S. 91-109. DOI: 10.1162/PRES_a_00143
Abstract: Having a free-speech conversation with avatars in a virtual environment can be desirable in virtual reality applications, such as virtual therapy and serious games. However, recognizing and processing free speech seems too ambitious to realize with the current technology. As an alternative, pre-scripted conversations with keyword detection can handle a number of goal-oriented situations, as well as some scenarios in which the conversation content is of secondary importance. This is, for example, the case in virtual exposure therapy for the treatment of people with social phobia, where conversation is for exposure and anxiety arousal only. A drawback of pre-scripted dialog is the limited scope of the user's answers. The system cannot handle a user's response that does not match the pre-defined content, other than by providing a default reply. A new method, which uses priming material to restrict the possibility of the user's response, is proposed in this paper to solve this problem. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether people can be guided to mention specific keywords with video and/or picture primings. Study 1 was a two-by-two experiment in which participants (n = 20) were asked to answer a number of open questions. Prior to the session, participants watched priming videos or unrelated videos. During the session, they could see priming pictures or unrelated pictures on a whiteboard behind the person who asked the questions. The results showed that participants tended to mention more keywords both with priming videos and pictures. Study 2 shared the same experimental setting but was carried out in virtual reality instead of in the real world. Participants (n = 20) were asked to answer questions of an avatar when they were exposed to priming material, before and/or during the conversation session. The same results were found: the surrounding media content had a guidance effect. Furthermore, when priming pictures appeared in the environment, people sometimes forgot to mention the content they typically would mention.
Keywords: ACROPHOBIA, Augmented & Virtual Reality, Beeinflussung sozial angemessenen Verhaltens, BEHAVIOR, DISORDERS therapy, FEAR, IN-VIVO, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), METAANALYSIS, Psychologie, PUBLIC-SPEAKING ANXIETY, REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY, Realtechnik, SOCIAL PHOBIA, Sonder-Intention beim Sprechen/Konversation, SPIDER PHOBIA, Sprachverarbeitung, Technik, technology in therapy, Therapeutische Zwecke, Triggern von angstauslösenden Begriffen, Video/picture priming -
(2013): Promise and Challenges Surrounding Culture–Gene Coevolution and Gene–Culture Interactions. In: Psychological Inquiry 24 (1), S. 64-70. DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2013.764814
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2013.764814 Abstract: Comments on an article by Joan Y. Chiao et al. (see record 2013-09968-001). Advances in neuroscience have heavily influenced many areas of psychological research in recent years, and cultural psychology is no exception. In fact, as Joan Y. Chiao et al. emphasize in the target article, cultural psychology and neuroscience may have formed a particularly strong partnership in the business of explaining human diversity. Cultural psychology provides an explanatory framework for understanding meaningful variation in thought and behavior across cultures, and neuroscience offers explanations of how the brain and genes underlie psychological processes. By combining these two perspectives into a new field, cultural neuroscience may be well equipped to investigate the mind more completely, as arising from multiple, interacting forces from within and beyond the individual. Chiao et al. put forth an important and impressive model of cultural neuroscience, the center of which is cultur e–gene coevolution theory, or the dual inheritance theory of human behavior. The promise of cultural neuroscience, and of the study of genes and culture in particular, is great. This culture–gene research may help scientists better understand population health disparities, as Chiao et al. point out, and achieve a more nuanced, and ultimately more accurate, view of the human mind. The target article also highlights the gene–culture interaction framework, in addition to culture–gene coevolution theory, as playing an important role in understanding variation in psychological outcomes. Yet for culture–gene research more broadly to continue to make an impact, there are some important challenges that should be addressed. Chiao et al. understanding of how human diversity may be impacted by both genetic and cultural selection with an ambitious theory of culture– gene coevolution, and I commend the authors for bringing these very important issues to the forefront. Although some k ey chall enges remain to be addressed in future research—such as which cultural traits are adaptive, whether culture–gene relationships are causal, and when genetic variants should correlate and/or interact with the cultural environment—the promise of cultural neuroscience is evident. The integration of biological and neuroscientific perspectives with cultural psychology will continue to be crucial for advancing understandings of the mind, brain, and behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 8
2012
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(2012): Getting Down to Basics. A Situated Model of Conflict in Social Relations. In: Negotiation Journal 28 (1), S. 7-43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1571-9979.2011.00324.x
Abstract: The field of conflict resolution is fractured. Despite many decades of fine research, we still lack a basic unifying framework that integrates the many theories of conflict dynamics. Thus, the findings from research on conflict are often piecemeal, decontextualized, contradictory, or focused on negative outcomes, which contributes to a persistent research-practice gap. In this article, we describe a situated model for the study of conflict that combines separate strands of scholarship into a coherent framework for conceptualizing conflict in dyadic social relations. The model considers conflict interactions in the context of social relations and employs prior research on the fundamental dimensions of social relations to create a basic framework for investigating conflict dynamics. The resulting model is heuristic and generative. We discuss the theoretical context and main propositions of this model as well as its implications for conflict resolution practitioners.
Keywords: adaptivity, BEHAVIOR, conflict, conflict theory, COOPERATION, decision-making, Dyadic Social Relations, dynamic systems theory, DYNAMICAL-SYSTEMS, HANDLING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT, Interaktion, interdependence, INTRACTABLE CONFLICT, Konfliktverhalten, NEGOTIATION, ORGANIZATIONAL POWER, POWER, social relations, stimulus fields, UNEQUAL POWER -
(2012): Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von „Adaptive Performance“. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O 56 (2), S. 55-69. DOI: 10.1026/0932-4089/a000069
Abstract: The article deals with the development and validation of a questionnaire measuring adaptive performance (AP). AP is defined as behavior in reaction to changed work situations that promote the functioning of the organization. Consistent with our hypothesis the data reveal a two-dimensional structure for supervisor appraisals as well as for self-assessments, thereby distinguishing between a task oriented and a social focus of adaptivity. Two studies provide empirical evidence that AP is separable from in-role performance and explains specific variance in global performance appraisals of supervisors. Further validations reveal positive correlations of AP and the two traits flexibility and interpersonal skills, whereas, as anticipated, flexibility is higher correlated with task oriented AP, and interpersonal skills higher with social AP.
Keywords: ADAPTABILITY, adaptivity, Anpassung, BEHAVIOR, COGNITIVE-ABILITY, CONTEXTS, flexibility, MCAA (Management Conflict Adaptivity Assessment) AP Skala (Adaptive Performance) - Anpassungsfähigkeit als Kriterium sozial angemessenen Handelns, METAANALYSIS, model, ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP, ORIENTATION, performance appraisal, Psychologie, TASK, Überblick, WORK, work performance 2011
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(2011): Verhaltenskoordination, Mimikry und sprachbegleitende Gestik in der Interaktion. In: Psychotherapie Wissenschaft 1 (1), S. 56-64
Abstract: This article provides a summary of some of the key findings in behavior coordination, including both verbal and nonverbal coordination. Subsequently, the author gives a short introduction to the phenomenon of co-speech gesture. She then describes behavior coordination in the gestural modality. The focus is on a recent experimental study on gestural mimicry by the author and her collaborator and the functions it may serve in conversational interaction. The final part of the article maps out how these findings may be relevant to currently on-going and future research on gesture in health-related and clinical contexts. Ergebnisse im Bereich der Verhaltenskoordinationsforschung (fur verbales und nonverbales Verhalten) werden zusammengefasst und eine kurze Einfuhrung zum Phanomen der sprachbegleitenden Gestik wird gegeben. Dann wird die Verhaltenskoordination in der gestlichen Modalitat besprochen. Dabei wird Bezug genommen auf eine Studie der Autorin und ihrer Mitarbeiterin zur gestlichen Mimikry und assoziierten Funktionen in der Interaktion. Der letzte Teil des Artikels bezieht sich auf die potentielle Relevanz dieser Ergebnisse fur momentan laufende und zukunftige Studien zur Gestik in gesundheitsbezogenen und klinischen Kontexten.
2010
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(2010): Observations of Dyadic Power in Interpersonal Interaction. In: Communication Monographs 77 (4), S. 657-684. DOI: 10.1080/03637751.2010.520018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2010.520018 Abstract: Power and dominance are widely recognized as fundamental concepts in the study of human relationships. A theory of power, Dunbar’s dyadic power theory (DPT), was tested experimentally by manipulating power in interactions with confederate strangers. Participants’ verbal and nonverbal dominance behaviors were coded from videotapes of their interactions. DPT proposes that individuals will display more dominance in equal power relationships than in unequal relationships and increasing an individual’s relative power will increase that individual’s satisfaction with the encounter. The results revealed that the equal-power and unequal high-power conditions displayed more dominance and were more satisfied than those in the unequal low-power conditions but those in the unequal-high power condition were the least affected by their partners and maintained the most control over the partnership’s decisions. Implications for DPT and the relationship between microlevel domina nce beha viors and the macrolevel impressions of dominant interactants are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 60
2009
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(2009) : Fairness. In: Peil, Jan; Van Staveren, Irene (Hg.): Handbook of economics and ethics.: Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing, S. 152-158
Abstract: 'Fair' is something we ask others to be. It is an injunction to act in a particular way. Before we proceed to describe the particularity of this, it is important to acknowledge that the use of fairness arguments in our conversation with others already presupposes a more complicated reading of human behavior than the homo economicus model would suggest. People do not merely maximize utility given fixed preferences and a set of constraints; others can make them do otherwise. If not, there would be no point in trying to convince a person to do something. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2009): Will the Real Moral Judgment Please Stand Up?. In: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 12 (1), S. 77-96. DOI: 10.1007/s10677-008-9136-4
Abstract: The recent, influential Social Intuitionist Model of moral judgment (Haidt, Psychological Review 108, 814-834, 2001) proposes a primary role for fast, automatic and affectively charged moral intuitions in the formation of moral judgments. Haidt's research challenges our normative conception of ourselves as agents capable of grasping and responding to reasons. We argue that there can be no 'real' moral judgments in the absence of a capacity for reflective shaping and endorsement of moral judgments. However, we suggest that the empirical literature indicates a complex interplay between automatic and deliberative mental processes in moral judgment formation, with the latter constraining the expression and influence of moral intuitions. We therefore conclude that the psychological literature supports a normative conception of agency.
Keywords: ASPERGER-SYNDROME, ATTITUDES, Automatic processing, AUTOMATICITY, BEHAVIOR, Empathy, Ethik, IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST, INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES, Meta-ethics, Moral, Moral agency, Moral intuitions, Moral judgment, Moralphilosophie, Motivation, PREJUDICE, Psychologie, Reason-responding, Reason-tracking, STEREOTYPE ACTIVATION -
(2009): The individualistic research program in sociology. development, present state, and problems. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie (38.1), S. 26-47
Abstract: After an account of the beginnings of the individualistic research program (IRP) at the Department of Sociology of the University of Cologne and its later development, an explication of the program is provided. Based on the well-known micro-macro model ("Coleman boat") the possible problems of the IRP are identified and then discussed. In regard to the applied micro-theory it is argued that there are fewer problems if a wide instead of a narrow version of the theory of rational action is applied. If micro-macro relationships (bridge assumptions) are empirical, it is argued that they are singular causal statements (i.e., not laws) and that the micro-theories of the IRP (such as value expectancy theory) can be applied. The article further discusses variants of the micro-macro model and the claim that collective concepts can be reconstructed as properties of individuals.
2007
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(2007): Social communication. New York [u.a.]: Psychology Press (Frontiers of social psychology)
Abstract: Presents an overview of the topic of social communication within the field of social psychology. Contributions focus on the tools and repertoires evolved by social communication to deal the demanding trade-off inherent in communication: For communication to be successful, it must be informative and subtle at the same time. Contents: (1) K. Fiedler: Frontiers of research on social communication: Introduction and overview. (A) Communication within and between groups and cultures. (2) Y. Kashima, O. Klein, and A. E. Clark: Grounding: Sharing information in social interaction. (3) D. Wigboldus and K. Douglas: Language, stereotypes, and intergroup relations. (4) L. G. Conway, III and M. Shaller: How communication shapes culture. (5) H. Giles et al: Accommodating a new frontier: The context of law enforcement. (6) D. Stahlberg et al: Representation of the sexes in language. (B) Strategic uses of social communication. (7) H.-P. Erb and G. Bohner: Social influence and persuasion: Recent theoretical developments and integrative attempts. (8) M. Wänke: What is said and what is meant: Conversational implicatures in natural conversations, research settings, media, and advertising. (9) A. B. Hollingshead, G. C. Jacobsohn, and S. J. Beck: Motives and goals in context: A strategic analysis of information sharing in groups. (C) Social communication, affect, and behavior regulation. (10) J. Bavelas and J. Gerwing: Conversational hand gestures and facial displays in face-to-face dialogue. (11) A. Vrij: Deception: A social lubricant and a selfish act. (12) C. Chung and J. Pennebaker: The psychological functions of function words. (D) Social communication and adaptive behavior regulation. (13) M. Snyder and A. Stukas, Jr.: Interpersonal processes in context: Understanding the influence of settings and situations on social interaction. (14) G. R. Semin: Linguistic markers of social distance and proximity. (15) M. Corballis: The evolution of language. (16) M. Schober: Epilogue: Language at the heart of social psychology.