Alle Publikationen
2019
-
(2019): Ethics, human rights, the intelligent robot, and its subsystem for moral beliefs. In: International Journal of Social Robotics. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-019-00540-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-019-00540-z Abstract: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights specifies a number of properties that characterize human beings, such as ‘dignity’, ‘conscience’, and several others. In this article we focus on these properties and on how they have been defined in the history of philosophy. We show how they can be interpreted in terms of a prototypical architecture for an intelligent robot, and how the robot can be provided with several aspects of ethical capability in this way. The key idea is to provide the robot with a Moral Belief System that cooperates with, and moderates the robot’s capability of planning and action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2019) : Good Robot Design or Machiavellian? An In-the-Wild Robot Leveraging Minimal Knowledge of Passersby’s Culture: 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Daegu, Korea: IEEE, S. 382-391
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2019.8673326 Abstract: Social robots are being designed to use human-like communication techniques, including body language, social signals, and empathy, to work effectively with people. Just as between people, some robots learn about people and adapt to them. In this paper we present one such robot design: we developed Sam, a robot that learns minimal information about a person’s background, and adapts to this background. Our in-the-wild study found that people helped Sam for significantly longer when it adapted to match their background. While initially we saw this as a success, in re-considering our study we started seeing a different angle. Our robot effectively deceived people (changed its story and text), based on some knowledge of their background, to get more work from them. There was little direct benefit to the person from this adaptation, yet the robot stood to gain free labor. We would like to pose the question to the community: is this simply good robot design, or, is our robot being manipulative? Where does the ethical line lay between a robot leveraging social techniques to improve interaction, and the more negative framing of a robot or algorithm taking advantage of people? How can we decide what is good here, and what is less desirable?
Keywords: Body language, Cultural differences, Culture, Ethics, Global communication, human-like communication techniques, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, in the wild, in-the-wild robot, learning (artificial intelligence), minimal information, Mobile robots, Mood, Moral & Ethik, passersby culture, Persuasive Robots, robot design, Robots, Sam, Shape, social robots, Social signals, social techniques, Task Analysis -
(2019): How Robots Influence Humans: A Survey of Nonverbal Communication in Social Human–Robot Interaction. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 11 (4), S. 575-608. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-019-00523-0
-
(2019) : Machines Demonstrate Qualia . Online verfügbar unter https://becominghuman.ai/machines-demonstrate-qualia-43168b4a16cd
-
(2019): Privacy with Surgical Robotics: Challenges in Applying Contextual Privacy Theory. Online verfügbar unter http://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.01862v1
Abstract: The use of connected surgical robotics to automate medical procedures presents new privacy challenges. We argue that conventional patient consent protocols no longer work. Indeed robots that replace human surgeons take on an extraordinary level of responsibility. Surgeons undergo years of training and peer review in a strongly regulated environment, and derive trust via a patient's faith in the hospital system. Robots on the other hand derive trust differently, via the integrity of the software that governs their operation. From a privacy perspective, there are two fundamental shifts. First, the threat model has shifted from one where the humans involved were untrusted to one where the robotic software is untrusted. Second, the basic unit of privacy control is no longer a medical record, but is replaced by four new basic units: the subject on which the robot is taking action; the tools used by the robot; the sensors (i.e data) the robot can access; and, finally access to monitoring and calibration services which afford correct operation of the robot. We suggest that contextual privacy provides useful theoretical tools to solve the privacy problems posed by surgical robots. However, it also poses some challenges: not least that the complexity of the contextual-privacy policies, if rigorously specified to achieve verification and enforceability, will be exceedingly high to directly expose to humans that review contextual privacy policies. A medical robot works with both information and physical material. While informational norms allow for judgements about contextual integrity and the transmission principle governs the constraints applied on information transfer, nothing is said about material property. Certainly, contextual privacy provides an anchor for useful notions of privacy in this scenario and thus should be considered to be extended to cover both information and material flows.
-
(2019): A functional data analysis approach for continuous 2-D emotion annotations. In: Web Intelligence 17 (1), S. 41-52. DOI: 10.3233/WEB-190399
-
(2019): Respekterleben bei Menschen mit und ohne Behinderung. Ein lerntheoretischer Ansatz. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS
Abstract: Katharina Silter untersucht in diesem Buch den Begriff Respekt auf theoretischer und empirischer Ebene und macht diesen für die Behindertenpädagogik anwendbar. Ziel ihrer Arbeit ist es, Respekt als mehrdimensionalen Begriff operationalisierbar zu machen und diesen dadurch sowohl als Handlungstheorie als auch als empirische Kategorie zur Erhebung von erlebtem Respekt in Interaktionen zu definieren. Die Autorin nimmt dabei die Perspektive von Menschen mit und ohne Behinderungen in den Blick, um ein gemeinsames Verständnis des Respektbegriffs herauszuarbeiten, aber auch um Gruppenunterschiede darzustellen.
-
(2019): Proactive Robots With the Perception of Nonverbal Human Behavior: A Review. In: IEEE Access 7, S. 77308-77327. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2921986
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2921986 Abstract: Intelligent robot companions contribute significantly in improving living standards in the modern society. Therefore, human-like decision making skills are sought after during the design of such robots. On the one hand, such features enable the robot to be easily handled by its non-expert human user. On the other hand, the robot will have the capability of dealing with humans without causing any disturbance by the robot's behavior. Mimicing human emotional intelligence is one of the best and reasonable ways of laying the foundation for robotic emotional intelligence. As robots are widely deployed in social environments, perception of the situation or intentions of a user prior to an interaction is required to be proactive. Proactive robots are required to understand what is communicated by the human body language prior to approaching a human. Social constraints in an interaction could be demolished by this assessment in this regard. In this review, we incorporate various findings of human-robot interaction, social robotics and psychophysiology to assess intelligent systems which were capable of evaluating the emotional state of humans prior to an interaction. Second, we identify the cues and evaluation techniques that were utilized by such intelligent agents to simulate and evaluate the suitability of a proactive interaction. Available literature has been evaluated to distinguish limitations of existing methods and suggest possible improvements. These limitations, guiding principles to be adhered to and suggested improvements, are presented as an outcome of the review.
-
(2019): Studying Design Aspects for Social Robots Using a Generic Gesture Method. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 21 (10). DOI: 10.1007/s12369-019-00518-x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-019-00518-x Abstract: Since social robots are aimed to interact and communicate with humans in a natural way and operate in our daily environment, their design should be adapted to this. Although many social robots are for that reason more or less based on the human model, the exact morphology of the robot depends on their specific application. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to study the influence of different design aspects, based on a generic gesture method. The gesture method was developed to overcome the difficulties in transferring gestures to different robots, providing a solution for the correspondence problem. A small set of morphological information, inputted by the user, is used to evaluate the generic framework of the software at runtime. Therefore, gestures can be calculated fast and easy for a desired robot configuration. By generating a set of gestures for different morphologies, the importance of specific joints and their influence on a series of postures and gestures can be studied. The gesture method proves its usefulness in the design process of social robots by providing an impression of the necessary amount of complexity needed for a specified task, and can give interesting insights in the required joint angle range. In this paper, this design methodology is illustrated by using the virtual model of the robot Probo. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2019) : User Experience for Social Human-Robot Interactions: 2019 Amity International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AICAI): Dubai, United Arab Emirates: IEEE, S. 32-36
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/AICAI.2019.8701332 Abstract: A significant threat social robots often faces is that their integration in real social, human environments will dehumanise some of the roles currently being played by the humans. This perception implicitly overestimates the social skills of the robots, which despite being continually upgraded, are still far from being able to dominate humans entirely. It also reflects loosely fears that robots may overcome humans in the near future and impact on the need to employ humans. This paper aims to address the role and relevance of user experience of socially interactive robots, separating several issues related to the evaluation of social human-robot interaction and then more specifically how this should be considered in developing countries where socially interactive robots are viewed with resistance and apprehension.
Keywords: Developing Countries, human environments, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mobile robots, Robot sensing systems, service robot, Social Environments, social human-robot interaction, social robots, Social Skills, socially interactive robots, User acceptance, user experience -
(2019) : Seeing Like a Rover: Team Work and Human-Robot Relations: 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Daegu, Korea: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2019.8673224 Abstract: How do you work with a robot millions of miles away to make scientific discoveries on a planet you've never set foot on? Although much work in human-robot interaction describes the meaningful relationships that humans forge with their robots in one-on-one encounters, when robots venture into places where humans cannot go - in search and rescue operations, ocean voyages, or even into space - they do so as part of a large human team. Decisions about what the robot should do and where it should go are therefore the result of large group interactions instead of individual human cognition: the realm of organizational sociology. This talk draws on over a decade of ethnography with NASA's robotic spacecraft missions, specifically focusing on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Going behind the scenes of the mission, I show the meaning-making, emotional connections, and embodied synergy that scientists develop as they work with their robots millions of miles away on a daily basis. This begins by learning to see through the robots' “eyes” on another planet, yet the peculiar social arrangement of mission work produces a deeper connection to the robot explorers too: one that is no doubt responsible for the extraordinary success and unexpected longevity of the mission team. Studying robotic spacecraft teams demonstrates how humans build a particular and peculiar empathy with their robotic colleagues that goes beyond anthropomorphism. Instead, this case points to the many and unusual ways in which organizations participate in our interactions with, understanding of, and ultimately care for the robots we work with in everyday life.
-
Vogt, C.; van Gils, S.; van Quaquebeke, N.; Grover, Steven L.; Eckloff, T. (Hg.) (2019): Providing space for employee personal initiative. The roles of respectful leadership and leader group prototypicality
-
(2019): Wie kann die aktuelle Respektforschung für die Etablierung sozial angemessenen Verhaltens technischer Systeme genutzt werden?. Forschungsgutachten für poliTE
-
(2019): Systematic literature review of hand gestures used in human computer interaction interfaces. In: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 129, S. 74-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.03.011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.03.011 Abstract: Gestures, widely accepted as a humans’ natural mode of interaction with their surroundings, have been considered for use in human-computer based interfaces since the early 1980s. They have been explored and implemented, with a range of success and maturity levels, in a variety of fields, facilitated by a multitude of technologies. Underpinning gesture theory however focuses on gestures performed simultaneously with speech, and majority of gesture based interfaces are supported by other modes of interaction. This article reports the results of a systematic review undertaken to identify characteristics of touchless/in-air hand gestures used in interaction interfaces. 148 articles were reviewed reporting on gesture-based interaction interfaces, identified through searching engineering and science databases (Engineering Village, Pro Quest, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science). The goal of the review was to map the field of gesture-based interfaces, investigate the patterns in gesture use, and identify common combinations of gestures for different combinations of applications and technologies. From the review, the community seems disparate with little evidence of building upon prior work and a fundamental framework of gesture-based interaction is not evident. However, the findings can help inform future developments and provide valuable information about the benefits and drawbacks of different approaches. It was further found that the nature and appropriateness of gestures used was not a primary factor in gesture elicitation when designing gesture based systems, and that ease of technology implementation often took precedence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2019): “The Word Real Is No Longer Real”: Deepfakes, Gender, and the Challenges of AI-Altered Video. In: Open Information Science 3 (1), S. 32-46. DOI: 10.1515/opis-2019-0003
-
(2019) : Perspektivenübernahme In: Wirtz, M. A.: Dorsch – Lexikon der Psychologie: Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe. Online verfügbar unter https://portal.hogrefe.com/dorsch/perspektivenuebernahme/, zuletzt geprüft am 09.05.2019
-
(2019): Social Touch in Human–Robot Interaction: Robot-Initiated Touches can Induce Positive Responses without Extensive Prior Bonding. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 11 (2), S. 285-304. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-018-0500-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-018-0500-9 Abstract: Social touch interactions can, depending on the type and strength of the dyadic social relationship, elicit a plethora of physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses; both beneficial and disadvantageous. With the intention to expand the communicative capabilities of humanoid social robots, we investigated whether robot-initiated touches could elicit beneficial responses in the human user that are comparable to responses to human touch. In addition, we investigated whether having a pre-existing positive social bond with the robot modulates these responses. To this end, we conducted a $$2 \times 2$$ 2×2 between subjects experiment (N = 67) in which participants either did or did not establish a bond with the robot prior to interacting with it during stressful circumstances. This interaction either did or did not comprise robot-initiated touches. We hypothesized that robotic touches would attenuate the subjective and physiological stress responses during the stressful event (H1a), enhance the perceived relation with the robot (H1b), and increase one’s pro-social behavior (H1c), as contrasted with interactions without touch. Based on findings from human touch, we also expected that the effects of H1a and H1b would be more outspoken when a bond with the robot was established (H2). Our findings imply that robotic touches attenuated physiological stress responses and increased the perceived intimacy of the human–robot bond. No effects were found on pro-social behavior and all effects were independent of whether a bond was formed or not. Although no full support for our hypotheses was found, the findings suggest that robot-initiated touch can, under specific circumstances, be a valuable extension of a social robot’s nonverbal communication repertoire. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
-
(2019): The metaphysics of representation. Kettering: Oxford University Press
Abstract: Representing the world is a puzzling thing. How can it be that mundane events such as processing a thought?and from there putting those thoughts into words?acquire this property of 'aboutness'? How can expressions, which depend on anything from the most fundamental regularities in the universe to trivial matters of gossip, be either true or false? In The Metaphysics of Representation, J. Robert G. Williams tells a story about how representational properties arise out of a fundamentally non-representational world. The representational properties of language are reduced, via convention, to the representational properties of thoughts. The representational properties of thoughts are reduced, via principles of rationalization, to the representational properties of perception and intention. And this most fundamental layer of representation is explained in terms of the functions they have to communicate. Williams integrates work from rival traditions to present a combined perspective in the metaphysics of representation, give new predictions and explanations of representational phenomena, and offer new solutions to long-standing problems.
-
(2019): Mutual Shaping in the Design of Socially Assistive Robots: A Case Study on Social Robots for Therapy. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 18 (1). DOI: 10.1007/s12369-019-00536-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-019-00536-9 Abstract: This paper offers a case study in undertaking a mutual shaping approach to the design of socially assistive robots. We consider the use of social robots in therapy, and we present our results regarding this application, but the approach is generalisable. Our methodology combines elements of user-centered and participatory design with a focus on mutual learning. We present it in full alongside a more general guide for application to other areas. This approach led to valuable results concerning mutual shaping effects and societal factors regarding the use of such robots early in the design process. We also measured a significant shift in participant robot acceptance pre-/post-study, demonstrating that our approach led to the two-way sharing and shaping of knowledge, ideas and acceptance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
-
Wirtz, M. A. (2019): Dorsch – Lexikon der Psychologie. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe. Online verfügbar unter https://portal.hogrefe.com/dorsch/de/startseite/, zuletzt geprüft am 19.10.2019
-
(2019): Rituals and Machines: A Confucian Response to Technology-Driven Moral Deskilling. In: Philosophies 4 (4). DOI: 10.3390/philosophies4040059
-
(2019) : Deep Flow-Guided Video Inpainting: 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition: Proceedings : 16-20 June 2019, Long Beach, California: 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR): 2019/06: Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society, S. 3723-3732. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2019.00384
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2019.00384 Abstract: Video inpainting, which aims at filling in missing regions in a video, remains challenging due to the difficulty of preserving the precise spatial and temporal coherence of video contents. In this work we propose a novel flow-guided video inpainting approach. Rather than filling in the RGB pixels of each frame directly, we consider the video inpainting as a pixel propagation problem. We first synthesize a spatially and temporally coherent optical flow field across video frames using a newly designed Deep Flow Completion network, then use the synthesized flow fields to guide the propagation of pixels to fill up the missing regions in the video. Specifically, the Deep Flow Competion network follows a coarse-to-fine refinement strategy to complete the flow fields, while their quality is further improved by hard flow example mining. Following the guide of the completed flow fields, the missing video regions can be filled up precisely. Our method is evaluated on DAVIS and YouTubeVOS datasets qualitatively and quantitatively, achieving the state-of-the-art performance in terms of inpainting quality and speed
-
(2019): Media are social actors: Individuals’ social responses to social robots and mobile phones. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Abstract: The Computers are Social Actors (CASA) paradigm was proposed more than two decades ago to understand humans’ interaction with computer technologies. Today, as emerging media technologies including social robots and smartphones become more personal and persuasive, questions of how users respond to them socially, what individual factors leverage the relationship, and what constitutes the social influence of these technologies need to be addressed. As an expansion of the CASA paradigm, the Media are Social Actors (MASA) paradigm was applied in the current dissertation to understand users’ social perception, social attitudes, and social behavior in their interactions with humanoid social robots and smartphones. Two lab experiments with between-subjects factorial design were conducted. A total of 110 participants were asked to interact with a humanoid social robot and a smartphone respectively in a socio-emotional context and a task-oriented context. Four pairs of social cues were compared to understand their influence on users’ anthropomorphism of the technologies. Multivariate analyses and textual analyses were conducted. Results suggested that users developed more trust in the social robot with a human voice than with a synthetic voice. Users also developed more intimacy and more interest in the social robot when the robot was paired with humanlike gestures. However, individual differences such as users’ attitudes toward robots, robot use experiences, and suspension of disbelief affected users’ psychological responses to the social robot. Although users’ responses to the smartphone did not vary based on the language styles and the modalities, factors such as individuals’ intensive smartphone use, mobile use habits, and their source orientation and re-orientation moderated the social influence of the smartphone. The dissertation has theoretical value in expanding the CASA paradigm to social robots and smartphones. It also tests the validity of the propositions of the MASA paradigm. The results can lead to more comprehensive, nuanced, and exciting discoveries of the social implications, ethical implications, and practical guides of using these emerging media technologies in the future. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Language, Media, mobile phones, Moral & Ethik, Robotics, social actors, social media, social responses, social robots -
(2019): Höflichkeit und Sozialtechnik. Soziologisches Forschungsgutachten für das Projekt „poliTE - Soziale Angemessenheit für Assistenzsysteme“
-
(2019): A versatile neuromorphic system based on simple neuron model. In: AIP Advances 9 (1). DOI: 10.1063/1.5052609
DOI: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.5052609 Abstract: Brain-inspired neuromorphic computing has attracted much attention for its advanced computing concept. However, the massive hardware cost in fully-connected architectures makes it challenging to bu...