Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Individual Differences in Good Manners Rather Than Compassion Predict Fair Allocations of Wealth in the Dictator Game. In: Journal of personality 85 (2), S. 244-256. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12237
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26691600 Abstract: One of the most common tools for studying pro-sociality is the dictator game, in which allocations to one's partner are often described in terms of altruism. However, the motivations driving these allocations may represent either emotional concern for others (compassion), adherence to social norms regarding fairness (politeness), or both. In this article, we apply personality psychology to the study of behavior in the dictator game, in which we examine the discriminant validity of distinct pro-social constructs from the Big Five and HEXACO models in relation to allocations of wealth. Across four studies (Study 1: N = 192; Study 2: N = 212; Study 3: N = 304; Study 4: N = 90) utilizing both hypothetical and incentivized designs, we found that the politeness-but not compassion-aspect of Big Five Agreeableness, as well as HEXACO Honesty-Humility, uniquely predicted dictator allocations within their respective personality models. These findings contribute to a growing literature indicating that the standard dictator game measures "good manners" or adherence to norms concerning fairness, rather than pure emotional concern or compassionate motives, and have important implications for how this paradigm is used and interpreted in psychological research.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Dictator Game, Disziplin, Empathy/physiology, Entwicklungspsychologie, Female, Games, Experimental, Good manners, HEXACO, Humans, Individuality, Male, Middle Aged, Personality/physiology, Postkasten, Psychologie, Social Behavior, Social Conformity, Soziale Angemessenheit, Spieltheorie, Umgangsformen, Young Adult 2016
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(2016): Computational Analysis and Simulation of Empathic Behaviors. A Survey of Empathy Modeling with Behavioral Signal Processing Framework. In: Current psychiatry reports 18 (5). DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0682-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0682-5 Abstract: Empathy is an important psychological process that facilitates human communication and interaction. Enhancement of empathy has profound significance in a range of applications. In this paper, we review emerging directions of research on computational analysis of empathy expression and perception as well as empathic interactions, including their simulation. We summarize the work on empathic expres- sion analysis by the targeted signal modalities (e.g., text, au- dio, and facial expressions). We categorize empathy simula- tion studies into theory-based emotion space modeling or application-driven user and context modeling. We summarize challenges in computational study of empathy including con- ceptual framing and understanding of empathy, data availability, appropriate use and validation of machine learn- ing techniques, and behavior signal processing. Finally, we propose a unified view of empathy computation and offer a series of open problems for future research.
2015
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(2015): Empathy development in adolescence predicts social competencies in adulthood. In: Journal of personality 83 (2), S. 229-241. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12098
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684661 Abstract: This 23-year study explored the predictive associations between empathy development in adolescence and self-reported social competencies and outcomes in adulthood. Participants were 1,527 adults aged 35 years (48.3% female). The predictor variable (adolescent empathy) was measured yearly at the ages of 12 to 16 years. The outcome variables (adult empathy, communication skills, social integration, relationship satisfaction, and conflicts in relationships) were measured at the age of 35 years. Five important results stand out. First, longitudinal measurement invariance was established for the measure of adolescent empathy. Second, empathy tended to increase during the adolescent years. Third, significant interindividual differences in level and change of adolescent empathy were found. Fourth, gender was related to level of adolescent empathy, favoring girls over boys. Fifth, not only level but also change in adolescent empathy predicted individual differences in social competencies in adulthood two decades later. These findings demonstrate that developmental processes that are relevant for adjustment reveal long-term social consequences beyond the adolescent years. zitiert von 60
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(2015): The role of shared neural activations, mirror neurons, and morality in empathy--a critical comment. In: Neuroscience research 90, S. 15-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.008
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25455743 Abstract: In the last decade, the phenomenon of empathy has received widespread attention by the field of social neuroscience. This has provided fresh insights for theoretical models of empathy, and substantially influenced the academic and public conceptions about this complex social skill. The present paper highlights three key issues which are often linked to empathy, but which at the same time might obscure our understanding of it. These issues are: (1) shared neural activations and whether these can be interpreted as evidence for simulation accounts of empathy; (2) the causal link of empathy to our presumed mirror neuron system; and (3) the question whether increasing empathy will result in better moral decisions and behaviors. The aim of our review is to provide the basis for critically evaluating our current understanding of empathy, and its public reception, and to inspire new research directions.
2014
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(2014): Is stress affecting our ability to tune into others? Evidence for gender differences in the effects of stress on self-other distinction. In: Psychoneuroendocrinology 43, S. 95-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.006
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24703175 Abstract: Stress is a ubiquitous challenge in society as we consistently interact with others under the influence of stress. Distinguishing self- from other-related mental representations plays an important role for social interactions, and is a prerequisite for crucial social skills such as action understanding, empathy, and mentalizing. Little is known, however, about the effects of stress on self-other distinction. We assessed how acute stress impacts self-other distinction in the perceptual-motor, the affective, and the cognitive domain, in a male and female sample. In all domains, the results show opposing effects of stress on the two genders: while women showed increases in self-other distinction, men showed decreases. Our findings suggest that women flexibly disambiguate self and other under stress, enabling accurate social responses, while men respond with increased egocentricity and less adaptive regulation. This has crucial implications for explaining gender differences in social skills such as empathy and prosociality. zitiert von 72
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Ego, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Empathy/physiology, Female, Gender, Geschlechterforschung, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone/metabolism, Imitative Behavior, Interpersonal Relations, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological/psychology, Young Adult 2012
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(2012): Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition. ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy. In: Brain structure & function 217 (4), S. 783-796. DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270812 Abstract: Morally judicious behavior forms the fabric of human sociality. Here, we sought to investigate neural activity associated with different facets of moral thought. Previous research suggests that the cognitive and emotional sources of moral decisions might be closely related to theory of mind, an abstract-cognitive skill, and empathy, a rapid-emotional skill. That is, moral decisions are thought to crucially refer to other persons' representation of intentions and behavioral outcomes as well as (vicariously experienced) emotional states. We thus hypothesized that moral decisions might be implemented in brain areas engaged in 'theory of mind' and empathy. This assumption was tested by conducting a large-scale activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, which assessed 2,607 peak coordinates from 247 experiments in 1,790 participants. The brain areas that were consistently involved in moral decisions showed more convergence with the ALE analysis targeting theory of mind versus empathy. More specifically, the neurotopographical overlap between morality and empathy disfavors a role of affective sharing during moral decisions. Ultimately, our results provide evidence that the neural network underlying moral decisions is probably domain-global and might be dissociable into cognitive and affective sub-systems.
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