Alle Publikationen
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2020
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(2020): A Holistic Approach to Behavior Adaptation for Socially Assistive Robots. In: International Journal of Social Robotics, S. 617-637. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-019-00617-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-019-00617-9 Abstract: Socially assistive robotics aims at providing users with continuous support and personalized assistance, through appropriate social interactions. The design of robots capable of supporting people in heterogeneous tasks, raises several challenges among which the most relevant are the need to realise intelligent and continuous behaviours, robustness and flexibility of services and, furthermore, the ability to adapt to different contexts and needs. Artificial intelligence plays a key role in realizing cognitive capabilities like e.g., learning, context reasoning or planning that are highly needed in socially assistive robots. The integration of several of such capabilities is an open problem. This paper proposes a novel “cognitive approach” integrating ontology-based knowledge reasoning, automated planning and execution technologies. The core idea is to endow assistive robots with intelligent features in order to reason at different levels of abstraction, understand specific health-related needs and decide how to act in order to perform personalized assistive tasks. The paper presents such a cognitive approach pointing out the contribution of different knowledge contexts and perspectives, presents detailed functioning traces to show adaptation and personalization features, and finally discusses an experimental assessment proving the feasibility of the approach.
2018
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(2018): Fairness, fast and slow. A review of dual process models of fairness. In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, S. 49-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.016
Abstract: Fairness, the notion that people deserve or have rights to certain resources or kinds of treatment, is a fundamental dimension of moral cognition. Drawing on recent evidence from economics, psychology, and neuroscience, we ask whether self-interest is always intuitive, requiring self-control to override with reasoning-based fairness concerns, or whether fairness itself can be intuitive. While we find strong support for rejecting the notion that self-interest is always intuitive, the literature has reached conflicting conclusions about the neurocognitive systems underpinning fairness. We propose that this disagreement can largely be resolved in light of an extended Social Heuristics Hypothesis. Divergent findings may be attributed to the interpretation of behavioral effects of ego depletion or neurostimulation, reverse inference from brain activity to the underlying psychological process, and insensitivity to social context and inter-individual differences. To better dissect the neurobiological basis of fairness, we outline how future research should embrace cross-disciplinary methods that combine psychological manipulations with neuroimaging, and that can probe inter-individual, and cultural heterogeneities.
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(2018): The essence of ethical reasoning in robot-emotion processing. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 10 (2), S. 211-223. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-017-0459-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-017-0459-y Abstract: As social robots become more and more intelligent and autonomous in operation, it is extremely important to ensure that such robots act in socially acceptable manner. More specifically, if such an autonomous robot is capable of generating and expressing emotions of its own, it should also have an ability to reason if it is ethical to exhibit a particular emotional state in response to a surrounding event. Most existing computational models of emotion for social robots have focused on achieving a certain level of believability of the emotions expressed. We argue that believability of a robot’s emotions, although crucially necessary, is not a sufficient quality to elicit socially acceptable emotions. Thus, we stress on the need of higher level of cognition in emotion processing mechanism which empowers social robots with an ability to decide if it is socially appropriate to express a particular emotion in a given context or it is better to inhibit such an experience. In this paper, we present the detailed mathematical explanation of the ethical reasoning mechanism in our computational model, EEGS, that helps a social robot to reach to the most socially acceptable emotional state when more than one emotions are elicited by an event. Experimental results show that ethical reasoning in EEGS helps in the generation of believable as well as socially acceptable emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
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(2017): Moral conformity in online interactions. Rational justifications increase influence of peer opinions on moral judgments. In: Social Influence 12 (2-3), S. 57-68. DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2017.1323007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2017.1323007 Abstract: Over the last decade, social media has increasingly been used as a platform for political and moral discourse. We investigate whether conformity, specifically concerning moral attitudes, occurs in these virtual environments apart from face-to-face interactions. Participants took an online survey and saw either statistical information about the frequency of certain responses, as one might see on social media (Study 1), or arguments that defend the responses in either a rational or emotional way (Study 2). Our results show that social information shaped moral judgments, even in an impersonal digital setting. Furthermore, rational arguments were more effective at eliciting conformity than emotional arguments. We discuss the implications of these results for theories of moral judgment that prioritize emotional responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2015
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(2015): The role of functional affordances in socializing robots. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 7 (4), S. 421-438. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-015-0281-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-015-0281-3 Abstract: Just as humans behave according to the social norms of their groups, autonomous systems that become part of these groups also need to behave in socially-expected and accepted ways. For humans these social norms are learned through interaction with members of the group. In this work, we propose that the functional affordances of objects, what objects are meant to be used for, provide us with a starting point for the socialization of such agents. We model these functional affordances in description logics and show how this enables the socially-expected human behavior of substituting objects as needed to achieve a goal. In addition, we propose to combine these affordances with conceptual similarity and proximity in order to make more complex substitutions, which are socially acceptable in their given context. Finally, we describe how their use would allow the agent to take advantage of opportunities and how they are modified and extended through interaction with humans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2009
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(2009) : Conversational inference. Social cognition as interactional intelligence In: Strack, Fritz; Förster, Jens; Strack, Fritz (Ed); Förster, Jens (Ed) (Hg.): Social cognition: The basis of human interaction: New York, NY, US: Psychology Press, S. 71-92
Abstract: The term social cognition has been used by psychologists to describe distinct objects of study. In one meaning, social cognition can be characterized as the application of cognitive psychology to understand how judgments are made about social objects. So, cognitive theories about category prototypes were used to understand stereotypes about social groups, and the distinction between automatic and controlled processing has been used by social psychologists to better understand social judgment processes such as sentencing offenders in a criminal court. In this chapter, the author is concerned with a different sense of social cognition, namely, the social psychology of higher mental processes. In this view, social cognition informs the process of understanding itself through equipping individuals with the interactional intelligence that enables them to communicate with others through successful language use and understanding. The author presents some recent thinking in linguistics to illustrate this perspective before returning to its implications for the psychology of reasoning and judgment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adjudication, Cognition, Cognitions, Cognitive Processes, Cognitive psychology, Comprehension, Conversation, conversational inference, higher mental processes, Inference, interactional intelligence, Interpersonal Interaction, Judgment, Kognitionswissenschaften, Language, LANGUAGE USE, Linguistics, PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, Social Cognition, Reasoning, Social intelligence, social judgments, Soziale Intelligenz, Sozialpsychologie, understanding 2005
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(2005) : Entwicklung von Moral und Verantwortlichkeit In: Birbaumer, Niels-Peter; Asendorpf, Jens (Hg.): Enzyklopädie der Psychologie: Soziale, emotionale und Persönlichkeitsentwicklung: [Neubearb. ab 2003]: Göttingen [u.a.]; Göttingen [u.a.]: Hogrefe, Verl. für Psychologie, Hogrefe, Verl. für Psycholgie (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie : Themenbereich C, Theorie und Forschung : Serie 5, Entwicklungspsychologie), S. 141-189
Abstract: Ausgehend von einer Darstellung psychologischer Indikatoren der Moral (etwa Wissen über geltende Normen, Urteile über das moralisch Gebotene, normentsprechendes oder normabweichendes Verhalten, moralische Gefühle) wird der Stand der Forschung zur Entwicklung von Moral und Verantwortlichkeit aufgearbeitet. Dabei wird insbesondere auf Theorien, Konzepte und empirische Befunde zu folgenden Bereiche eingegangen: (1) Internalisierung moralischer Normen, die von der Person als verpflichtend akzeptiert werden (Konditionierungsmodelle; Normvermittlung durch Beobachtung und Identifikation; Einfluss der familialen Sozialisation; Prozesse der Selbstkonstruktion von Normen), (2) die Entwicklung moralischen Denkens (J. Piagets Theorie der Moralentwicklung; Entwicklung der Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit und Schuld sowie der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit und Fairness; L. Kohlbergs Stufenmodell der Entwicklung von der egozentrischen zur universalistischen Begründung moralischer Urteile; Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Entwicklungsförderung des moralischen Denkens; Anmerkungen zur Kritik kultureller und geschlechtsspezifischer Einseitigkeiten von Kohlbergs Theorie), (3) Zusammenhänge zwischen moralischem Urteilen und Handeln unter Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung der moralischen Motivation (Modell von J. R. Rest zu den vier Prozesskomponenten moralischer Handlungen; Beziehungen zwischen dem deontischen Urteil, dem Verantwortlichkeitsurteil und den moralischen Urteilsstufen; die Entwicklung eines "moralischen Selbst").
2004
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(2004): Fuzzy Reasoning in a Multiagent System of Surveillance Sensors to Manage Cooperatively the Sensor-to-Task Assignment Problem. In: Applied Artificial Intelligence 18 (8), S. 673-711. DOI: 10.1080/08839510490496789
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08839510490496789 Abstract: In this work, a surveillance network composed of a set of sensors and a fusion center is designed as a multiagent system. Negotiation among sensors (agents) is proposed to solve the task-to-sensor assignment problem (the allocation of tasks to sensors), addressing several aspects. First, the fusion center determines the tasks (system tasks) to be performed by the network at each management cycle. To do that, a fuzzy reasoning system determines the priorities of these system tasks by means of a symbolic inference process using the fused data received from all sensors. In addition, a fuzzy reasoning process, similar to that performed in the fusion center, is proposed to evaluate the priority of local tasks (sensor tasks) now executed by each sensor. The network coordination procedure will be based on the system-task priorities, computed in the fusion center, and on the local priorities evaluated in each sensor. Priority values for system and sensor tasks will be the basis to guide a negotiation process among sensors in the multiagent system. The validity of the fuzzy reasoning approach is supported by the fact that it has been able to manage environmental situations in a similar way as experienced human operators do. Included results illustrate how the negotiation scheme, based on task priority and measured through their time-variant priority, allows the adaption of sensor operation to changing situations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1994
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(1994): Adaptive reasoning for real-world problems. A schema-based approach. Zugl.: Dissertation, Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Online verfügbar unter http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0745/93039128-d.html
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(1994): A robust continuous model for evidential reasoning. In: Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 10 (2), S. 147-171. DOI: 10.1007/BF01258226
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01258226 Abstract: Proposes a 2-D model for evidential reasoning in which the belief function of evidence is represented as a belief density function that can be in a continuous or discrete form. The theory of the model is applied to establish a procedure for handling belief conjunction, belief combination, belief propagation procedures, and AND/OR operations. Examples are provided showing the advantages of this model over conventional methods. It is concluded that this method is intuitively closer to the human reasoning process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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