Alle Publikationen
2014
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The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (2014). Edinburgh, Scotland: IEEE
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The 4th Annual IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems (2014). The 4th Annual IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control and Intelligent. Hong Kong, China: IEEE
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(2014): Using politeness to model the psychosocial dynamics of power in organizational interaction. In: International Journal of Organizational Analysis 22 (2), S. 247-273. DOI: 10.1108/IJOA-09-2011-0515
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-09-2011-0515 Abstract: Purpose: The purpose is to show how actors' relative power or parity is dynamically instanced in discrete speech behaviors that are exchanged throughout everyday organizational interaction. Design/methodology/approach: Politeness theory, rooted in the dramaturgical theories of Erving Goffman, details a set of linguistic indices used to show regard for others' face. This conceptual paper draws on politeness theory to model the unfolding of power relations within face-to-face verbal interchange in organizations. The paper presents a number of propositions suggesting how power differentials (or parity) are reflected in a set of common speech behaviors used to defray threats to face throughout organizational interaction. Findings: This article extends and applies politeness theory to organizations by exploring specific motives and linguistic outcomes of high and low power actors, describing the behavioral egalitarianism associated with organic organizations, and suggesting ho w the de mand characteristics of face-to-face interaction create oligarchic tendencies that militate against the success of workplace participation. Politeness' role in the social construction of power, and in distortive processes within hierarchical communication, is also discussed. Research limitations/implications: This paper enables researchers to understand the specific linguistic features associated with power-related roles, and it shows how the social distribution of certain speech behaviors is a function of power and dependency relations. Practical implications: The findings provide managers a fine-grained understanding of how power affects speech, and an understanding of how such speech patterns may stymie attempts to stimulate organizational empowerment and employee voice. Originality/value: Prior scholarship has neglected this most important topic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2014) : Entwicklung und Kultur In: Ahnert, Lieselotte: Theorien in der Entwicklungspsychologie: Berlin [u.a.]: Springer VS (Lehrbuch), S. 26-59
Abstract: In einem Überblick zur Rolle der Kultur für die menschliche Entwicklung wird von einem Kulturbegriff ausgegangen, dessen Kernbedeutung die Interaktions- und Kommunikationsprozesse einer Kultur in den Mittelpunkt stellt und die Individuum-Umwelt-Interaktionen hervorhebt. Ausgehend von der Kultur als menschlich organisierter Umwelt werden kulturelle Erhaltungs- und Entwicklungsprozesse in den Blick genommen: Kognitionsentwicklung, Internalisierung sozialer Erfahrungen, Imitation und Kooperation, Unterweisung und Spiel, Tradierung und kulturelle Evolution. Im Anschluss wird Kultur als organisiertes System aus Kontexten, Milieus und Nischen ausgewiesen, zu dessen Beschreibung in Psychologie, Pädagogik, Anthropologie, Soziologie und Politik verschiedenste Zugänge verwendet werden. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Individuum-Umwelt-Interaktionen in einem organisierten System von Kontexten, sozial-kommunikative Differenzierungen von Kulturen, sozial-strukturelle Differenzierungen von Kulturen, Entwicklungsnischen und Entwicklungskontexte behandelt. Wie Individuum-Umwelt-Interaktionen und die Anpassungsprozesse im Rahmen von Sozialisationsvorgängen im Verlauf der Individualentwicklung verstanden werden können, ist vor allem Gegenstand der Psychologie der Lebensspanne. Im Folgenden werden ausgewählte Entwicklungsveränderungen vor allem in der Kindheit beschrieben und es wird gezeigt, inwieweit sie auf kulturelle Auswirkungen zurückgeführt werden können. zitiert von 6
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Ahnert, Lieselotte (2014): Theorien in der Entwicklungspsychologie. Berlin [u.a.]: Springer VS (Lehrbuch)
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(2014): Executive function is associated with social competence in preschool-aged children born preterm or full term. In: Early human development 90 (6), S. 299-306. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.02.011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.02.011 Abstract: BACKGROUND Executive function (EF), defined as higher-order cognitive processes used in planning and organizing actions and emotions, is often impaired in children born preterm. Few studies have assessed social competence, the processes and resources required to meet social demands and achieve social goals, in children born preterm. The relations between EF and social competence in preterm and full term preschoolers have not been well characterized. AIMS To characterize social competence and assess the relationship between EF and social competence in preschool-aged children born preterm or full term. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Study subjects had a history of preterm birth (≤34weeks of gestation) and birth weight <2500g (n=70). Controls were born full term (≥37weeks) (n=79). OUTCOME MEASURES Children completed a battery of EF tasks; a mean age-adjusted z-score for the battery was generated for each child. Parents rated child EF on one scale and child social competence on two standardized scales. RESULTS Compared to full term children, preterm children showed a lower mean EF battery z-score, poorer parent-rated EF, and poorer scores on the two social competence scales. In hierarchical multiple regression models, EF battery z-score and parent-rated EF made independent contributions to both measures of social competence. Preterm birth explained additional variance for one measure of social competence. CONCLUSIONS Standard assessment of EF skills and social competence in young preschool children, including children born preterm, may identify at-risk children for long-term social difficulties and may also provide targets for intervention.
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(2014): An affordance sensitive system for robot to human object handover. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 6 (4), S. 653-666. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-014-0241-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0241-3 Abstract: One of the most important characteristics that needs to be taken into account while designing advanced human-robot interaction systems is the ability of the robot to behave in a socially acceptable way that is comfortable for humans. This paper presents a novel system for robot to human object handover that maximizes user’s convenience while receiving the object. The object is delivered to the receiving partner such that the most appropriate part is oriented towards him/her. The system has been developed supporting all the necessary phases of the handover task, including object recognition, people detection, robot motion planning, and automatic detection of user’s grasp. Moreover, voice recognition and text-to-speech have been integrated to enable natural object selection in environments that include multiple objects. The experimental setup consists of a six degree of freedom robot arm equipped with a two-finger gripper and an eye-in-hand laser scanner for object recognition, as well as a fixed range sensor for people and grasp detection. A user study has been conducted to assess the usability of the system and verify whether novice users can successfully accomplish a handover task with the system. The user study has confirmed that the proposed solution allows a more comfortable handover than a system disregarding object orientation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2014): Good manners for nice people. Who sometimes say f*ck. First edition. New York: St. Martins Griffin
Abstract: We live in a world that's very different from the one in which Emily Post came of age. Many of us who are nice (but who also sometimes say "(f*ck)" are frequently at a loss for guidelines about how to be a good person who deals effectively with the increasing onslaught of rudeness we all encounter. To lead us out of the miasma of modern mannerlessness, science based and bitingly funny syndicated advice columnist Amy Alkon rips the doily off the manners genre and gives us a new set of rules for our twenty first century lives. With wit, style, and a dash of snark, Alkon explains that we now live in societies too big for our brains, lacking the constraints on bad behavior that we had in the small bands we evolved in. Alkon shows us how we can reimpose those constraints, how we can avoid being one of the rude, and how to stand up to those who are. Foregoing prissy advice on which utensil to use, Alkon answers the twenty first century's most burning questions about manners.
Keywords: Courtesy, Disziplin, Etiquette, Good manners, manners, Populärwissenschaft, Ratgeber, Soziale Angemessenheit -
(2014): Good manners for nice people. Who sometimes say f*ck. First edition. New York: St. Martins Griffin
Abstract: We live in a world that's very different from the one in which Emily Post came of age. Many of us who are nice (but who also sometimes say "(f*ck)" are frequently at a loss for guidelines about how to be a good person who deals effectively with the increasing onslaught of rudeness we all encounter. To lead us out of the miasma of modern mannerlessness, science based and bitingly funny syndicated advice columnist Amy Alkon rips the doily off the manners genre and gives us a new set of rules for our twenty first century lives. With wit, style, and a dash of snark, Alkon explains that we now live in societies too big for our brains, lacking the constraints on bad behavior that we had in the small bands we evolved in. Alkon shows us how we can reimpose those constraints, how we can avoid being one of the rude, and how to stand up to those who are. Foregoing prissy advice on which utensil to use, Alkon answers the twenty first century's most burning questions about manners.
Keywords: Kommunikation, Umgangsformen -
(2014): Umwelt or Umwelten? How should shared representation be understood given such diversity?. In: Semiotica (198), S. 137-158. DOI: 10.1515/sem-2013-0105
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2013-0105 Abstract: It is a truism among ethologists that one must not forget that animals perceive and represent the world differently from humans. Sometimes this caution is phrased in terms of von Uexkull's Umwelt concept. Yet it seems possible (perhaps even unavoidable) to adopt a common ontological framework when comparing different species of mind. For some purposes it seems sufficient to anchor comparative cognition in common-sense categories; bats echolocate insects (or a subset of them) after all. But for other purposes it seems necessary to find out more about how organisms organize their perceptions into biologically significant and perhaps cognitively meaningful states. Complex animals have high bandwidth sensory channels that feed into large nerve networks with very complex dynamics. Even for relatively simple animals belonging to species believed to have a small, fixed number of neurons, the odds are very much against any two animals of the same species, let alone different species, having exactly the same couplings to the environment, the same dimensionality in their nervous systems, or the same dynamics. Given such diversity (which von Uexkull himself recognized), how should we think about shared representation, shared meaning, and cognitive similarity between individuals and species?
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(2014): Teaching Ethical Decision Making. Helping Students Reconcile Personal and Professional Values. In: Journal of Counseling & Development 92 (2), S. 154-161. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00143.x
Abstract: Because conflicts between personal and professional values can interfere with ethical decision making, a goal of counselor education must be helping students reconcile such conflicts. This article describes one counselor educator's experience teaching ethical decision making and the effects on student learning. Growth was observed in increased tolerance for ambiguity, awareness of how values influenced decision making, use of multiple factors in decision making, and emphasis on the welfare of clients. Implications for teaching and future research directions are discussed.
Keywords: Design -
(2014): The taxicab-hailing encounter. The politics of gesture in the interaction order. In: Semiotica (202), S. 609-629. DOI: 10.1515/sem-2014-0047
Abstract: The forms of emblematic gesture and other communicative moves used in hailing taxicabs are shaped by the urban built environment and by the micropolitics sparked by what Goffman called the "loose coupling" of the interaction and social orders. Cabdrivers evaluate street hails and choose whether or not to stop for prospective passengers; hailers seek to communicate their desirability as passengers within the limited mode of the street hail. The conditions and constraints that underlie the practice and reception of street hailing are considered. A survey on methods used to hail taxis was sent to a listserv of taxi drivers in San Francisco, California. The drivers evaluated street hails in terms of two axes clarity and propriety - and three levels of context: the immediate interactional context of the street; the anticipated interactional context of the cab ride; and the political context, or the political discourse framing taxicab regulation in the city.
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(2014) : Lässt sich Empathie simulieren? Ansätze zur Erkennung und Generierung empathischer Reaktionen anhand von Computermodellen In: Güntürkün, Onur; Hacker, Jörg (Hg.): Geist - Gehirn - Genom - Gesellschaft. Wie wurde ich zu der Person, die ich bin?. Vorträge anlässlich der Jahresversammlung vom 20. bis 22. September 2013 in Halle (Saale): Stuttgart: wvg Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft (Nova Acta Leopoldina, Neue Folge 120, Nr. 405), S. 81-105. Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdx&AN=0296791&site=ehost-live
Abstract: Ansätze zur Analyse und Nachbildung empathischen Verhaltens mit technischen Systemen werden skizziert. Bislang wurden unterschiedlich komplexe empathische Prozesse untersucht - von der rein reaktiven Spiegelung von Emotionen des menschlichen Gegenübers über das Verständnis der Ursachen von emotionalen Zuständen bis hin zur aktiven Stimulation emotionaler Prozesse. Anhand ausgewählter Beispiele aus dem Bereich virtueller Charaktere und Roboter, die dem Menschen als anthropomorphe Interaktionspartner entgegentreten, wird ein Überblick zum aktuellen Stand der Forschung gegeben, wobei der Fokus auf Techniken zur Modellierung, Erkennung und Generierung von Emotionen sowie der Simulation von empathischem Verhalten liegt. Wachsendes Interesse an diesen Forschungsgebieten lässt erwarten, dass interaktive Artefakte wie etwa virtuelle Charaktere und Roboter künftig mit verfeinerten empathischen Fähigkeiten ausgestattet werden können und damit einem menschlichen Gegenüber zunehmend die Illusion von mitfühlenden Individuen vermitteln. Auf dieser Grundlage eröffnen sich interessante Optionen für die Ausgestaltung der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion sowie für gänzlich neue pädagogische und therapeutische Einsatzfelder. Die Frage, ob virtuelle Charaktere und Roboter jemals echte Gefühle werden empfinden können und inwiefern dies erstrebenswert wäre, ist damit ebenso wenig beantwortet, wie Fragen nach den möglichen sozio-ökonomischen Auswirkungen, die eine mit emotionalen Maschinen durchdrungene Alltagswelt langfristig mit sich brächte - für den Einzelnen und eine Gesellschaft insgesamt.
Keywords: Emotion & Roboter, Social robotic -
(2014): Languaging when contexts collapse. Audience design in social networking. In: Discourse, Context & Media 45, S. 62-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2014.08.006
Abstract: This paper examines strategies of language choice in social networking interactions among multilingual young people on Facebook. In media studies the term "context collapse" describes the process by which online social networks bring together people from various social contexts, thereby creating a diverse networked audience. In online social networks that involve participants from different countries and language communities, language choice becomes a pertinent issue. This paper draws on empirical data from social networks among young multilingual people on Facebook to examine strategies of language choice and negotiation. Drawing on the sociolinguistic framework of audience design, the sociolinguistics of multilingualism and computer-mediated discourse analysis, the analysis examines language choice in initiating and responding contributions, metapragmatic negotiations of language style and the role of English as a resource among networked writers.
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(2014) : Supporting practice-centered awareness in computer-mediated collaboration across communities of practice In: Smari, Waleed W.: International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), 2014: 19-23 May 2014, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA ; [including symposia and workshops]: 2014 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS): Minneapolis, MN, USA: 5/19/2014 - 5/23/2014. Annual IEEE Computer Conference; International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS); International Symposium on Big Data and Data Analytics in Collaboration (BDDAC); International Symposium on Security in Collaboration Technologies and Systems (SECOTS); International Symposium on Collaborative Analysis and Reasoning Systems (CARS); Workshop on Cloud Services and Web 2.0 Technologies for Collaboration (CSWC); International Workshop on Collaborative Robots and Human-Robot Interaction (CR-HRI); International Workshop on Collaborations in Emergency Response and Disaster Management (ERDM); International Workshop on Collaboration Technologies and Systems in Healthcare and Biomedical Fields (CoHeB): Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 64-71
Abstract: Current approaches to supporting awareness in computer-mediated collaboration appear to fall short in two ways - (1) they focus primarily on synchronous collaborations among individuals working on a shared task, and (2) they do not sufficiently take account of the situated and socially mediated nature of work practices. This paper explores an alternative approach to awareness support in computer-mediated collaboration, which focuses on understanding and supporting awareness of activity at the work practice level, and enables coordination among individuals working on separate tasks across communities of practice. We describe a study that suggests how an understanding of the ontological, stereotyped, and situated aspects of human activity leads to awareness support at the work practice level. We outline a set of guidelines for supporting practice-centred awareness in system design, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in enabling decision support among clinicians working separately across boundaries of communities of practice.
Keywords: Alltag, clinicians, Collaboration, Communities, Communities of practice, computer-mediated collaboration, Context, decision support, decision support systems, Encoding, groupware, GUIDELINES, Hospitals, human activity, ieee xplore, Interaktionsforschung, Interviews, medical computing, ontological aspects, ontologies (artificial intelligence), practice-centered awareness, situated aspects, stereotyped aspects, synchronous collaborations, work practice level -
(2014): Le travail émotionnel du client. La structure séquentielle des émotions dans les usages problématiques d’un serveur vocal. In: Social Science Information 53 (3), S. 311-340. DOI: 10.1177/0539018414523520
Abstract: Recent developments in the service sector have led sociologists to suggest that customers are increasingly encouraged to work' for service organizations. This article develops the hypothesis that the clients who work in this service sector may experience an emotional dimension to their work. In support of this hypothesis, a revision of the notion of emotion work' is proposed on the basis of a study on the problematic usages of a phone interface service supplied by a telecommunications operator. The study made use of a group of genuine calls that were transcribed and coded; utterances were described objectively regarding pitch and intensity; finally, a statistical method for detecting sequential patterns was applied. The results suggest that clients respond emotionally to usability problems, and that their emotions unfold according to a recurrent sequential structure. Goffman's remedial interchange' provides the point of reference for the interpretation, which leads to the suggestion that the emotional patterns revealed are of a social origin, though not socially situated.
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(2014): The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors. A review of research and theory. In: Personality and social psychology review: An official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 18 (2), S. 139-152. DOI: 10.1177/1088868314523838
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24577101 Abstract: We review research and theory on the HEXACO personality dimensions of Honesty-Humility (H), Agreeableness (A), and Emotionality (E), with particular attention to the following topics: (1) the origins of the HEXACO model in lexical studies of personality structure, and the content of the H, A, and E factors in those studies; (2) the operationalization of the H, A, and E factors in the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised; (3) the construct validity of self-reports on scales measuring the H factor; (4) the theoretical distinction between H and A; (5) similarity and assumed similarity between social partners in personality, with a focus on H and A; (6) the extent to which H (and A and E) variance is represented in instruments assessing the "Five-Factor Model" of personality; and (7) the relative validity of scales assessing the HEXACO and Five-Factor Model dimensions in predicting criteria conceptually relevant to H, A, and E.
Keywords: Behavioral Research, Big Five, Disziplin, Emotions, Entwicklungspsychologie, Good manners, HEXACO, Humans, Modelle/Theorien, Models, Psychological, Personality, Personality Inventory, Persönlichkeitsforschung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Reproducibility of Results, Soziale Angemessenheit, Überblick -
(2014) : Socially-appropriate approach paths using human data: The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication: Edinburgh, Scotland: IEEE, S. 1037-1042
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2014.6926389 Abstract: For service robots operating in indoor environments, the crucial task of navigation is often complicated by the presence of people. Simply treating humans in the environment as additional (often moving) obstacles can violate the complex set of social rules by which people navigate around each other. In contrast, emulating human behavior and navigating in a socially appropriate manner could positively affect people’s comfort with a robot’s presence and motion. We present a method of generating social paths for a robot to approach a person based on a small amount of human data. We also conducted a study in which a robot approached participants using both these social paths and straight-line, nonsocial paths. We found that both approaches were rated comparably when the robot approached from the participant’s front or side, but the social approach was significantly preferred when the robot came from behind the participant.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Collision avoidance, Data models, Distance measurement, Human behavior, ieee xplore, Legged locomotion, Magnetic heads, motion control, moving obstacles, Navigation, navigation task, person approach, robot motion, robot presence, service robot, social path, social path generation, social rules, socially-appropriate approach path, straight-line nonsocial path, Torso -
(2014): Opinion expressions under social sanctions. In: International Review of Law and Economics 38, S. 58-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2014.03.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.03.002 Abstract: I study a social debate where individuals are subject to informal sanctions if their expressions or silence signal the opinions of a minority group. Individual preferences are peaked at the expression of true opinions and there is a loss of utility from keeping silent. The model generates predictions about how equilibrium expressions change as a function of model primitives such as sanction intensity, disutility of silence and size of the minority group. A dynamic extension sheds light on the limit distribution of opinions if unvoiced …
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(2014): Eyes and IQ: A meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and “Reading the Mind in the Eyes”. In: Intelligence 44, S. 78-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.001
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(2014): Spuren der Anerkennung. Studien zu einer sozial- und erziehungswissenschaftlichen Kategorie. Wiesbaden: Springer. Online verfügbar unter http://gbv.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1731325
DOI: http://gbv.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1731325 Abstract: Der Anerkennungsbegriff ist heute zum Schlusselbegriff der Ethik geworden und hat als ein solcher zunehmend auch im sozial- und erziehungswissenschaftlichen Diskurs an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dabei gilt Anerkennung vielfach als normative Richtschnur, mit der sich (padagogische) Beziehungen und Praxen bewerten lassen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unternimmt die Arbeit eine Spurensuche zur Anerkennungskategorie. Mittels Rekonstruktion verschiedener Anerkennungskonzepte werden Bedeutungsgehalte und Dimensionen der ?Anerkennung' herausgearbeitet und auf sozial- und erziehungswissenschaftliche Problemstellun
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(2014): Glossary Fifty Key Terms in the Works of Gilbert Simondon, S. 203-231. Online verfügbar unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fc9d84a1d8ea917ec54f3df3c96abdbef543cbda
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(2014): Habermas’ sociological theory of law and democracy. In: Philosophy & Social Criticism 40 (2), S. 225-234. DOI: 10.1177/0191453713518327
Abstract: In Between Facts and Norms (1996) Habermas presents the more straightforward normative discourse theory of law and democracy, in terms of contemporary legal orders, and then examines, in terms of social theory, whether the theory is plausible, given the complex nature of today's conditions. The following article focuses in particular on Habermas' social theory. It is critical of Habermas' idea of 'the lifeworld' and discusses whether the circulation-of-power model might be mapped onto the system-lifeworld model.
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(2014): Compliance with Cultural Rules of Children Having Different Level of Creativity. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 146, S. 192-195. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.109
Abstract: The objective of the research is to reveal 5-6-year-old children's observation of rules generally accepted in culture. We assumed that children with a high level of creativity display less compliance with rules in comparison with children having a low level of creativity. The results of the research have confirmed this assumption: children with high creativity have less degree of compliance with cultural rules. The empirical research reveals creativity through studying of children's drawings when the child is offered to finish the drawing of the given figures. Child's compliance with rules – cultural congruence - is found out by means of the technique based on parents’ expert evaluations. The revealed connection between creativity and cultural congruence is of practical value when it comes to the assessment of the child's behavior with a high level of creativity. The obtained results can be used in the psychological follow-up of gifted children with a high level of creativity experiencing difficulties of non-compliance with typical cultural rules in the standard social interaction. zitiert von 10
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(2014): Ways to Go. Men's and Women's Support for Aggressive and Nonaggressive Confrontation of Sexism as a Function of Gender Identification. In: Journal of Social Issues 70 (4), S. 668-686. DOI: 10.1111/josi.12085
Abstract: This research examines male and female perceivers' reactions to a female target who (1) confronted sexism nonaggressively, (2) confronted sexism aggressively (by slapping the perpetrator), or (3) did not confront sexism. Results (N = 152) indicated that, overall, both women and men responded most favorably to the female target who confronted nonaggressively. Nonaggressive confrontation was perceived as relatively unthreatening for women and relatively threatening for men, whereas the remaining responses were all perceived as threatening for women. Results were further moderated by participants' a priori levels of gender identification: women who were weakly identified with their gender and men who were highly identified with their gender were less supportive of aggressive confrontations. Implications regarding the optimal way to confront sexism are discussed. zitiert von 19