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  • 2015

  • Wiltshire, Travis J. (2015): A prospective framework for the design of ideal artificial moral agents: Insights from the science of heroism in humans. In: Minds and Machines: Journal for Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy and Cognitive Science 25 (1), S. 57-71. DOI: 10.1007/s11023-015-9361-2

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-015-9361-2 

    Abstract: The growing field of machine morality has becoming increasingly concerned with how to develop artificial moral agents. However, there is little consensus on what constitutes an ideal moral agent let alone an artificial one. Leveraging a recent account of heroism in humans, the aim of this paper is to provide a prospective framework for conceptualizing, and in turn designing ideal artificial moral agents, namely those that would be considered heroic robots. First, an overview of what it means to be an artificial moral agent is provided. Then, an overview of a recent account of heroism that seeks to define the construct as the dynamic and interactive integration of character strengths (e.g., bravery and integrity) and situational constraints that afford the opportunity for moral behavior (i.e., moral affordances). With this as a foundation, a discussion is provided for what it might mean for a robot to be an ideal moral agent by proposing a dynamic and interactive connectionist model of robotic heroism. Given the limited accounts of robots engaging in moral behavior, a case for extending robotic moral capacities beyond just being a moral agent to the level of heroism is supported by drawing from exemplar situations where robots demonstrate heroism in popular film and fiction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

    Keywords: affordances, Artificial intelligence, Character strengths, Connectionism, Heroes, Heroism, machine learning, Machine morality, Moral & Ethik, Moral agency, Morality, Robotics

  • 2012

  • Kals, Elisabeth; Maes, Jürgen (2012): Justice and Conflicts. Theoretical and Empirical Contributions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

    Abstract: Explained the complex construct of moral courage. Moral courage is defined as courageous behavior accompanied by anger and indignation which intends to enforce societal and ethical norms without regard to one's own social costs. It is the risk of negative social consequences that distinguishes moral courage from other forms of prosocial behavior. Similarities and differences between moral courage, heroism, and social control are discussed. Determinants promoting or inhibiting morally courageous behavior include situational factors and particular personality traits including justice sensitivity, empathy, high self-assurance, and open-mindedness. The presence or absence of others has been found to be a particularly significant determinant of helping behavior but not morally courageous behavior. Training programs designed to promote moral courage are outlined. In summary, moral courage is an important concept and should be promoted within society. zitiert von: 59

    Keywords: Altruism, Anger, Assistance (Social Behavior), Courage, Heroes, Justice, Moral, Morality, Prosocial Behavior, Risk Taking, Social Justice, Social Responsibility, Verhaltensforschung

  • 2010

  • Osswald, Silvia; Greitemeyer, Tobias; Fischer, Peter; Frey, Dieter (2010) : What is moral courage? : Definition, explication, and classification of a complex construct In: Pury, Cynthia L. S.; Lopez, Shane J. (Hg.): The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue: 1st ed.: Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association (Decade of behavior, 2000-2010), S. 149-164

    Abstract: Examined the prosocial behavior of moral courage, also known as civil courage. In this overview, the authors attempt to highlight this construct by comparing it to other prosocial behaviors like helping behavior and heroism. The authors note that moral courage differs from other prosocial constructs in that negative social consequences can also accompany acts of moral courage. Research about classical determinants of helping behavior that do not affect moral courage and determinants that foster moral courageous behavior are included. Models for moral courage as well as scales to measure it are presented. Practical implementations, such as moral courage training workshops, are discussed. It is concluded that moral courage should be examined as an independent subtype of prosocial behavior and not be subsumed under prosocial behaviors such as helping behavior or heroism.

    Keywords: Courage, FEAR, Heroes, Intention, Moral, Morality, social control, Social Norms, Sympathy, Terminology, Verhaltensforschung, Zivilcourage
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