Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): As You Sow, So Shall You Reap. Gender-Role Attitudes and Late-Life Cognition. In: Psychological science 28 (9), S. 1201-1213. DOI: 10.1177/0956797617708634
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737096 Abstract: Some studies have found that women outperform men in episodic memory after midlife. But is this finding universal, and what are the reasons? Gender differences in cognition are the result of biopsychosocial interactions throughout the life course. Social-cognitive theory of gender development posits that gender roles may play an important mediating role in these interactions. We analyzed country differences in the gender differential in cognition after midlife using data from individuals age 50 and above ( N = 226,661) from 27 countries. As expected, older women performed relatively better in countries characterized by more equal gender-role attitudes. This result was robust to cohort differences as well as reverse causality. The effect was partially mediated by education and labor-force participation. Cognition in later life thus cannot be fully understood without reference to the opportunity structures that sociocultural environments do (or do not) provide. Global population aging raises the importance of understanding that gender roles affect old-age cognition and productivity. zitiert von 3
2016
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(2016): Assessing the Moral Coherence and Moral Robustness of Social Systems. Proof of Concept for a Graphical Models Approach. In: Science and engineering ethics 22 (6), S. 1761-1779. DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9743-0
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26689413 Abstract: This paper presents a proof of concept for a graphical models approach to assessing the moral coherence and moral robustness of systems of social interactions. "Moral coherence" refers to the degree to which the rights and duties of agents within a system are effectively respected when agents in the system comply with the rights and duties that are recognized as in force for the relevant context of interaction. "Moral robustness" refers to the degree to which a system of social interaction is configured to ensure that the interests of agents are effectively respected even in the face of noncompliance. Using the case of conscientious objection of pharmacists to filling prescriptions for emergency contraception as an example, we illustrate how a graphical models approach can help stakeholders identify structural weaknesses in systems of social interaction and evaluate the relative merits of alternate organizational structures. By illustrating the merits of a graphical models approach we hope to spur further developments in this area.
Keywords: Disziplin, doppelter Treffer, Graphic model concerning "moral robustness" and "moral coherence", graphical models approach, Human Rights, Humans, Kommunikations-/Interaktionsprinzipien, machine learning, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Models, Theoretical, Moral, moral agents, moralische Gesetze, moralische Kohärenz, moralische Robustheit, Moralphilosophie, Morals, non/compliance, Philosophie, Respektieren und Erfüllen von Interessen von Agenten, Respektieren von Rechten und Pflichten von Agenten, Social Environment, social interaction, Social Responsibility, Moraltheorie, soziale Interaktion, Soziale Angemessenheit, strukturelle Schwächen in sozialen Systemen, Technikphilosophie, Überblick 2013
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(2013): The impact of social context and language comprehension on behaviour. A kinematic investigation. In: PLoS one 8 (12). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085151
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24376869 Abstract: We investigated whether and how comprehending sentences that describe a social context influences our motor behaviour. Our stimuli were sentences that referred to objects having different connotations (e.g., attractive/ugly vs. smooth/prickly) and that could be directed towards the self or towards "another person" target (e.g., "The object is ugly/smooth. Bring it to you/Give it to another person"). Participants judged whether each sentence was sensible or non-sensible by moving the mouse towards or away from their body. Mouse movements were analysed according to behavioral and kinematics parameters. In order to enhance the social meaning of the linguistic stimuli, participants performed the task either individually (Individual condition) or in a social setting, in co-presence with the experimenter. The experimenter could either act as a mere observer (Social condition) or as a confederate, interacting with participants in an off-line modality at the end of task execution (Joint condition). Results indicated that the different roles taken by the experimenter affected motor behaviour and are discussed within an embodied approach to language processing and joint actions. zitiert von 4
Keywords: Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology, Comprehension/physiology, Context, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Interaction, Italy, Language, Motor Activity/physiology, Male, Motor Processes, Neuropsychological Tests, Observers, Sentence Comprehension, Social Environment, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult 2012
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(2012): Young children enforce social norms selectively depending on the violator's group affiliation. In: Cognition 124 (3), S. 325-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766522 Abstract: To become cooperative members of their cultural groups, developing children must follow their group's social norms. But young children are not just blind norm followers, they are also active norm enforcers, for example, protesting and correcting when someone plays a conventional game the "wrong" way. In two studies, we asked whether young children enforce social norms on all people equally, or only on ingroup members who presumably know and respect the norm. We looked at both moral norms involving harm and conventional game norms involving rule violations. Three-year-old children actively protested violation of moral norms equally for ingroup and outgroup individuals, but they enforced conventional game norms for ingroup members only. Despite their ingroup favoritism, young children nevertheless hold ingroup members to standards whose violation they tolerate from outsiders.
Keywords: Child, Preschool, Children, Disziplin, Entwicklungspsychologie, Female, Good manners, Group Processes, Gruppennorm, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Male, Morals, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Reproducibility of Results, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Identification, social learning, Soziale Angemessenheit, Urban Population, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2011
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(2011): Dissociable brain mechanisms for processing social exclusion and rule violation. In: NEUROIMAGE 54 (3), S. 2462-2471. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.049
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974272 Abstract: Social exclusion inherently involves an element of expectancy violation, in that we expect other people to follow the unwritten rule to include us in social interactions. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we employed a unique modification of an interactive virtual ball-tossing game called "Cyberball" (Williams et al., 2000) and a novel paradigm called "Cybershape," in which rules are broken in the absence of social exclusion, to dissociate brain regions that process social exclusion from rule violations more generally. Our Cyberball game employed an alternating block design and removed evoked responses to events when the participant was throwing the ball in inclusion to make this condition comparable to exclusion, where participants did not throw. With these modifications, we replicated prior findings of ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), insula, and posterior cingulate cortex activity evoked by social exclusion relative to inclusion. We also identified exclusion-evoked activity in the hippocampi, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and left middle temporal gyrus. Comparing social exclusion and rule violation revealed a functional dissociation in the active neural systems as well as differential functional connectivity with vACC. Some overlap was observed in regions differentially modulated by social exclusion and rule violation, including the vACC and lateral parietal cortex. These overlapping brain regions showed different activation during social exclusion compared to rule violation, each relative to fair play. Comparing activation patterns to social exclusion and rule violation allowed for the dissociation of brain regions involved in the experience of exclusion versus expectancy violation. zitiert von 96
Keywords: Brain/physiology, Cerebral Cortex/physiology, Computer Graphics, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Games, Experimental, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Interpersonal Relations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net/physiology, Neural Pathways/physiology, Neurowissenschaften, Psychophysics, Rejection (Psychology), rules, science direct, Social Environment, Social Perception, Young Adult -
(2011): Assessment of awareness of connectedness as a culturally-based protective factor for Alaska native youth. In: Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology 17 (4), S. 444-455. DOI: 10.1037/a0025456
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988583 Abstract: Research with Native Americans has identified connectedness as a culturally based protective factor against substance abuse and suicide. Connectedness refers to the interrelated welfare of the individual, one's family, one's community, and the natural environment. We developed an 18-item quantitative assessment of awareness of connectedness and tested it with 284 Alaska Native youth. Evaluation with confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory identified a 12-item subset that functions satisfactorily in a second-order four-factor model. The proposed Awareness of Connectedness Scale (ACS) displays good convergent and discriminant validity, and correlates positively with hypothesized protective factors such as reasons for living and communal mastery. The measure has utility in the study of culture-specific protective factors and as an outcomes measure for behavioral health programs with Native American youth.
Keywords: Adolescent, Alaska, Awareness, Child, "Connectedness", Culture, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Indians, North American/psychology, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Rural Population, social connectedness, Social Environment, Social Identification, Substance-Related Disorders/ethnology/prevention & control, Suicide/ethnology/prevention & control, Surveys and Questionnaires, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten, Zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen / Social Interaction -
(2011): Etiquette and effort. Holding doors for others. In: Psychological science 22 (5), S. 584-588. DOI: 10.1177/0956797611406444
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21515739 Abstract: Psychol Sci 2011.22:584-588 PMID: 21515739 Accession: 2011-09890-004
2010
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(2010): Moral satisficing. Rethinking moral behavior as bounded rationality. In: Topics in cognitive science 2 (3), S. 528-554. DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01094.x
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25163875 Abstract: What is the nature of moral behavior? According to the study of bounded rationality, it results not from character traits or rational deliberation alone, but from the interplay between mind and environment. In this view, moral behavior is based on pragmatic social heuristics rather than moral rules or maximization principles. These social heuristics are not good or bad per se, but solely in relation to the environments in which they are used. This has methodological implications for the study of morality: Behavior needs to be studied in social groups as well as in isolation, in natural environments as well as in labs. It also has implications for moral policy: Only by accepting the fact that behavior is a function of both mind and environmental structures can realistic prescriptive means of achieving moral goals be developed. zitiert von: 167
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(2010): "Artificial humans": Psychology and neuroscience perspectives on embodiment and nonverbal communication. In: Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society 23 (8-9), S. 1077-1090. DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2010.06.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2010.06.003 Abstract: "Artificial humans", so-called "Embodied Conversational Agents" and humanoid robots, are assumed to facilitate human-technology interaction referring to the unique human capacities of interpersonal communication and social information processing. While early research and development in artificial intelligence (AI) focused on processing and production of natural language, the "new AI" has also taken into account the emotional and relational aspects of communication with an emphasis both on understanding and production of nonverbal behavior. This shift in attention in computer science and engineering is reflected in recent developments in psychology and social cognitive neuroscience. This article addresses key challenges which emerge from the goal to equip machines with socio-emotional intelligence and to enable them to interpret subtle nonverbal cues and to respond to social affordances with naturally appearing behavior from both perspectives. In particular, we propose that the creation of credible artificial humans not only defines the ultimate test for our understanding of human communication and social cognition but also provides a unique research tool to improve our knowledge about the underlying psychological processes and neural mechanisms.
2009
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(2009): Why do dominant personalities attain influence in face-to-face groups? The competence-signaling effects of trait dominance. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 96 (2), S. 491-503. DOI: 10.1037/a0014201
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159145 Abstract: Individuals high in the personality trait dominance consistently attain high levels of influence in groups. Why they do is unclear, however, because most group theories assert that people cannot attain influence simply by behaving assertively and forcefully; rather, they need to possess superior task abilities and leadership skills. In the present research, the authors proposed that individuals high in trait dominance attain influence because they behave in ways that make them appear competent--even when they actually lack competence. Two studies examined task groups using a social relations analysis of peer perceptions (D. A. Kenny & L. LaVoie, 1984). The authors found that individuals higher in trait dominance were rated as more competent by fellow group members, outside peer observers, and research staff members, even after controlling for individuals' actual abilities. Furthermore, frequency counts of discrete behaviors showed that dominance predicts the enactment of competence-signaling behaviors, which in turn predicts peer ratings of competence. These findings extend researchers' understanding of trait dominance, hierarchies in groups, and perceptions of competence and abilities.
Keywords: Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Social Behavior, Social Dominance, Social Environment, Social Perception, Young Adult -
(2009): Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior. The interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 97 (1), S. 123-141. DOI: 10.1037/a0015406
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19586244 Abstract: This article proposes and tests a social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors. The authors hypothesized that if a situational factor increases the current accessibility of moral identity within the working self-concept, then it strengthens the motivation to act morally. In contrast, if a situational factor decreases the current accessibility of moral identity, then it weakens the motivation to act morally. The authors also expected the influence of situational factors to vary depending on the extent to which moral identity was central to a person's overall self-conception. Hypotheses derived from the framework were tested in 4 studies. The studies used recalling and reading a list of the Ten Commandments (Study 1), writing a story using morally laden terms (Study 4), and the presence of performance-based financial incentives (Studies 2 and 3) as situational factors. Participants' willingness to initiate a cause-related marketing program (Study 1), lie to a job candidate during a salary negotiation (Studies 2 and 3), and contribute to a public good (Study 4) were examined. Results provide strong support for the proposed framework. zitiert von: 551
Keywords: Adolescent, Cues, Culture, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Internal-External Control, Male, Moral, Morals, Motivation, Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Sozialpsychologie, Students/psychology, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult -
(2009): The effects of degree of acquaintance, plate size, and sharing on food intake. In: Appetite 52 (3), S. 595-602. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.02.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501755 Abstract: This study examined the effects of degree of acquaintance, plate size, and sharing on the amount of pasta individuals served themselves and subsequently consumed and whether or not they took second helpings. Fifty-seven pairs of female participants ate a meal of pasta; the members of each pair were either friends or strangers. During the meal, they served themselves either from a common serving bowl or from individual serving bowls and onto either small or large plates. The findings indicated that participants who ate with a friend served and consumed more than those who ate with a stranger, and those who shared served and consumed less than those who did not share. However, this sharing effect seemed to occur only when participants ate from small plates. Whether or not participants reported taking second helpings was influenced by all three of the independent variables.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Bekanntheitsgrad, Cross-Over Studies, Cues, degree of acquaintance, Disziplin, Eating/psychology, Energy Intake, entscheiden, essen, Feeding Behavior/psychology, Female, Humans, Interpersonale Wahrnehmung, Psychologie, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Facilitation, Surveys and Questionnaires, SV, Verhalten, Visual Perception, Young Adult 2007
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(2007): Language as context for the perception of emotion. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 11 (8), S. 327-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.003
DOI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2225544 Abstract: In the blink of an eye, people can easily see emotion in another person's face. This fact leads many to assume that emotion perception is given and proceeds independently of conceptual processes such as language. In this paper we suggest otherwise and offer the hypothesis that language functions as a context in emotion perception. We review a variety of evidence consistent with the language-as-context view and then discuss how a linguistically relative approach to emotion perception allows for intriguing and generative questions about the extent to which language shapes the sensory processing involved in seeing emotion in another person's face.
2004
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(2004): Social norms and human cooperation. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 8 (4), S. 185-190. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.02.007
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15050515 Abstract: The existence of social norms is one of the big unsolved problems in social cognitive science. Although no other concept is invoked more frequently in the social sciences, we still know little about how social norms are formed, the forces determining their content, and the cognitive and emotional requirements that enable a species to establish and enforce social norms. In recent years, there has been substantial progress, however, on how cooperation norms are enforced. Here we review evidence showing that sanctions are decisive for norm enforcement, and that they are largely driven by non-selfish motives. Moreover, the explicit study of sanctioning behavior provides instruments for measuring social norms and has also led to deeper insights into the proximate and ultimate forces behind human cooperation.
Keywords: Cooperative Behavior, Disziplin, Entwicklungspsychologie, Favoriten, Games, Experimental, Good manners, Humans, Interaktion, Interpersonal Relations, Kooperation, Kooperationsvermögen, Modelle/Theorien, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Sanktionierung, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Sozialkompetenz, Überblick, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2003
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(2003): Persecutors or victims? The moral logic at the heart of eating disorders. In: Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy 11 (3), S. 219-228. DOI: 10.1023/B:HCAN.0000005494.66782.4e
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14708934 Abstract: Eating Disorders, particularly anorexia and bulimia, are of immense contemporary importance and interest. News stories depicting the tragic effects of eating disorders command wide attention. Almost everybody in society has been touched by eating disorders in one way or another, and contemporary obsession with body image and diet fuels fascination with this problem. It is unclear why people develop eating disorders. Clinical and sociological studies have provided important information relating to the relational systems in which eating disorders are mainly found. This paper shows that their explanations are not conclusive and points out that the reasons why people develop eating disorders should not be found in the dysfunctional interactions occurring in both familial and social systems, but in the moral beliefs that underlie these interactions. Eating disorders are impossible to understand or explain, unless they are viewed in the light of these beliefs. A moral logic, that is a way of thinking of interpersonal relations in moral terms, gives shape to and justifies the clinical condition, and finds consistent expression in abnormal eating behaviour. The analysis offered here is not mainstream either in philosophy (eating disorders are in fact seldom the subject of philosophical investigation) or in clinical psychology (the methods of philosophical analysis are in fact seldom utilised in clinical psychology). However, this paper offers an important contribution to the understanding of such a dramatic and widespread condition, bringing to light the deepest reasons, which are moral in nature, that contribute to the explanation of this complex phenomenon.
Keywords: Beeinflussung der Bewertung moralischer Urteile, Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), Culture, Disziplin, Ethnographie, Feeding and Eating Disorders/ethnology/psychology, Health Behavior/ethnology, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Moral, Moral und Kognition, Morals, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Pathologie, Philosophie, Philosophie in der Psychologie, Psychologie, Social Environment, Sozialverhalten 2002
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(2002): From embodied to socially embedded agents – Implications for interaction-aware robots. In: COGNITIVE SYSTEMS RESEARCH 3 (3), S. 397-428. DOI: 10.1016/S1389-0417(02)00050-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-0417(02)00050-5 Abstract: First, this article proposes a minimal definition of embodiment that can be applied across animals and artefacts. We discuss the potential contributions of this operational definition with respect to assessing and measuring the degree of embodiment in different biological and artificial systems. Second, we outline how this definition can be extended to lead to the particular notion of social embeddedness. Socially embedded agents are structurally coupled with their social environment, in that their sensorimotor activity is grounded in the social environment that the agent is surrounded by. Lastly, based on research in the social sciences on human–human interaction, we discuss perceptual requirements for interaction-aware robotic agents—agents whose identification and interpretation of the (social) environment is facilitated by awareness of the structure of agent–agent interactions (including humans ‘in the loop’). We suggest relevant concepts and heuristics that can contribute to studies of degrees of embodiment of robots that interact with social environments. Manipulating and systematically investigating these heuristics permits variation of the degree of embodiment of such interaction-aware robots.
1993
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(1993): Four systems for emotion activation: cognitive and noncognitive processes. In: Psychological Review 100 (1), S. 68-90. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.100.1.68
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.100.1.68 Abstract: The significant role of emotions in evolution and adaptation suggests that there must be more than 1 mechanism for generating them. Nevertheless, much of current emotion theory focuses on cognitive processes (appraisal, attribution, and construal) as the sole, or primary, means of eliciting emotions. As an alternative to this position, the present model describes 4 types of emotion-activating systems, 3 of which involve noncognitive information processing. From an evolutionary-developmental perspective, the systems maybe viewed as a loosely organized hierarchical arrangement, with neural systems, the simplest and most rapid, at the base and cognitive systems, the most complex and versatile, at the top. The emotion-activating systems operate under a number of constraints, including genetically influenced individual differences. The hierarchical organization of the systems for generating emotions provides an adaptive advantage.
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