Alle Publikationen
2013
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(2013) : Social Importance Dynamics. A Model for Culturally-Adaptive Agents In: Aylett, Ruth; Krenn, Brigitte; Pelachaud, Catherine; Shimodaira, Hiroshi (Hg.): Intelligent Virtual Agents: 13th International Conference IVA 2013 Proceedings: Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, S. 325-338
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40415-3_29 Abstract: The unwritten rules of human cultures greatly affect social behaviour and as such should be considered in the development of socially intelligent agents. So far, there has been a large focus on modeling cultural aspects related to non-verbal behaviour such as gaze or body posture. However, culture also dictates how we perceive and treat others from a relational perspective. Namely, what do we expect from others in different social situations and how much are we willing to do for others as well. In this article we present a culturally configurable model of such social dynamics. The aim is to facilitate the creation of agents with distinct cultural behaviour, which emerges from different parametrisations of the proposed model. The practical application of the model was tested in the development of an agent-based application for intercultural training, in which the model is responsible for driving the socio-cultural behaviour of the virtual agents.
Keywords: Adaptive Systeme, Disziplin, doppelter Treffer, Favoriten, Kultur, kulturadaptives System, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtheorie, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modell, Modelle/Theorien, Modellierung, Realtechnik, social importance dynamics, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziosensitive Systeme, soziosensitives System, Technik, Volltreffer -
(2013): Cyborgs and the future of the human spirit. In: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe (53.4), S. 546-557
Abstract: This article reports on the influence of an important project of our time, the creation of thinking machines or cyborgs, on the essence of human spirituality. The popular work of Kurzweil was used as a starting point. Kurzweil believes that the cyborgs or man-machine hybrids will not only be a simulation of human cognition but also of consciousness and spirituality. In fact, they will be more than a simulation; they will enhance and alter consciousness and spirituality in a radical, unfathomable way. The basis of Kurzweil's argument is his law of accelerating returns, which predicts such a progress in technology that, if an algorithm for the working of the brain can be formulated, it will be possible to develop software emulating the conscious brain. In this way, current limitations experienced by human beings, including mortality, will be overcome. This assumption was investigated from an anthropological view using Janicaud's concepts. The cyborg is seen as an illustration of people's innate desire to overcome the human condition. Humanity is characterised by a constant struggle to find a balance between the superhuman and the inhuman as the extreme states of human spirituality. This also characterises human liberty humans are free to choose. Given this characterisation of humanity, the nature of the cyborg as superhuman is then considered. Different possibilities are sketched: the superhuman who will exercise the pure will to power (awakening the inhuman) or a person with a complete naive freedom. The future is not easy to predict. Janicaud considers the view of the cyborg as superhuman to be a myth. The real danger facing humanity is the inhuman. The growth and progress of technology do not guarantee moral progress. Currently, technology seems to create a sharp divide between a privileged few and the rest. The two world wars in the previous century illustrated ways in which technology could be used to commit cold-blooded barbaric acts on a mass scale. In addition, biotechnology and other technological innovations could give rise to new forms of violence which can effectively be spread by new media. The inhuman is a place from where it is difficult to return. The challenge of our time is to carry the responsibility of our freedom in such a way that we can defend ourselves against our inhumanity; but in a manner that would enable us also to open up to the radical creativity and strangeness of superhumans lying dormant in us. It is clear that now, more than ever before, human spirituality needs to be as alive and rich as possible to rise to the challenge. However, the belief in technology as utopia enslaves the human spirit. We forget that we are the creators of technology and fabricate excuses for moral and intellectual abdications. Furthermore, the assumption that cognition can be mechanised or formalised leads to the disembodiment of intelligence and thought. Humans are placed outside of the world to which they belong. We become estranged from ourselves and each other. The human spirit seems to be wounded by the prevailing metaphors of disembodiment and mechanisation accompanying technological dominance. This article contributes to the call for the struggle for the re-enchantment of the human spirit. It is imperative that thinkers and innovators - leaders - create new metaphors to provide richer descriptions of humanity. Social sciences, having studied the human condition for centuries, might contribute valuable ideas. Technology can be used in this struggle, but only if human beings understand their own paradoxical nature as well as that of technology. The fortified spirit is one that accepts its mortality and fragility but takes responsibility for its freedom. In this way, meaning is re-introduced in the lives of human beings.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, cyborg, Cyborgs, human condition, human spirit, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, man-machine, mechanisation, Mensch und Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Ontologische Differenzierungen: Tier, Mensch, Maschine, post-humanism, Posthumanismus, re-enchantment of the spirit, Reflexionen über MTR, superhuman, technology, the inhuman -
(2013): Making the Connection: Social Bonding in Courtship Situations. In: American Journal of Sociology 118 (6), S. 1596-1649. DOI: 10.1086/670240
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/670240 Abstract: Sociologists have long argued that the force of a social bond resides in a sense of interpersonal connection. This is especially true for initial courtship encounters when pairs report a sense of interpersonal chemistry.The authors explore the process of romantic bonding by applying interaction ritual theory, extended and integrated with methods from computational linguistics, to the study of courtship encounters and, specifically, heterosexual speed dating. The authors find that the assortment of interpersonal moves associated with a sense of connection characterizes a conventionalized form of initial courtship activity. The game is successfully played when females are the point of focus and engaged in the conversation and males demonstrate alignment with and understanding of the female. In short, initial heterosexual courtship encounters are associated with a sense of bonding when they reflect a reciprocal asymmetrical performance in which differentiated roles are mutually coordinated.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy -
(2013): The racial rhetoric of cuteness as decorative decorum. In: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 73 (10-A(E))
Abstract: This work looks at the trope of cuteness as a means of investigating the topological phenomena of race and public space, particularly in regards to African American rhetorical modes of visual and spatial practice. By introducing a sociological coinage known as the 'teddy-bear effect,' this work explores how racialized expressions of cuteness give off the impression of a demurring civility surrounding the social expectations associated with the cultural norms of gender and class. As a preferred characteristic of information design and strategically deployed for the tactic of racialized passings in the face of increasingly regulated forms of 'post-racial' gate-keeping and contemporary color politics, this research interrogates how racial cutification animates certain generational differences within African American communities while simultaneously shaping mainstream conceptualizations of what constitutes appropriate public decorum. Of specific concern is the cultural logic of 'minoritization' on people of color as far as the techno-spatial processes of race and racism for how it serves as a means by which global citizenship continues to be fashioned, especially in civic politics, black women's hair care and identity, social networking, and multimodal writing and pedagogy. Finally, this work asserts the ascendance of cuteness as a paradoxical sign of excess and miniaturization related to notions of multicultural authority and power and tracks the influence of this popularly imagined iconography of African Americanicity across the public sphere. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): Automated Proxemic Feature Extraction and Behavior Recognition. Applications in Human-Robot Interaction. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (3), S. 367-378. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0189-8
Abstract: Abstract In this work, we discuss a set of feature representations for analyzing human spatial behavior (proxemics) motivated by metrics used in the social sciences. Specifically, we consider individual, physical, and psychophysical factors that contribute to social spacing. We demonstrate the feasibility of autonomous real-time annotation of these proxemic features during a social interaction between two people and a humanoid robot in the presence of a visual obstruction (a physical barrier). We then use two different feature representations-physical and psychophysical-to train Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to recognize spatiotemporal behaviors that signify transitions into (initiation) and out of (termination) a social interaction. We demonstrate that the HMMs trained on psychophysical features, which encode the sensory experience of each interacting agent, outperform those trained on physical features, which only encode spatial relationships. These results suggest a more powerful representation of proxemic behavior with particular implications in autonomous socially interactive and socially assistive robotics.
Keywords: Assistenztechnik, doppelter Treffer, Favoriten, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Interaktion, Interaktionsaustritt, Interaktionseintritt, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Proxemik, Realtechnik, Soziale Robotik, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, sozialintervenierende Agenten, Soziosensitive Systeme, Status / biologische Marker, Technik, termination of social interaction -
(2013) : Artificial Emotion and Social Robotics In: Parker, Lynne E.; Bekey, George; Barhen, Jacob (Hg.): Distributed autonomous robotic systems 4, 4: [Place of publication not identified]: Springer Verlag, Japan, S. 121-130
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(2013): Gender and moral judgments. The role of who is speaking to whom. In: Journal of Gender Studies 22 (4), S. 423-443. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2012.719314
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2012.719314 Abstract: This paper describes the significance of interpersonal context in the making of moral judgments. The study reveals the dynamics of moral development with regard to gender and age. The article draws on the social comparison orientation (Guimond et al. 2006) and questions Gilligan’s (1977) structuralist position. The study focuses on the developmental aspect of morality in children aged between 7 and 12, and it specifies how gender identities are context and social role-specific and their impact on information processing. The study engaged some 240 children who finished incomplete narratives. The basic question concerned the process of solving implicit moral dilemmas and its possible dependence on care orientation (associated with femininity) or justice orientation (associated with masculinity). The analysis showed significant developmental changes with age: girls become more care-oriented but only towards opposite-sex peers, whereas boys become more justice-oriented but also onl y towards opposite-sex peers. The results of this study suggest, in accordance with Gilligan to some extent, that ‘care’ and ‘justice’ become naturalized ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ identities. However, in contrast to Gilligan’s theory, we observe that these identities develop only in opposition to each other, are social context-specific, and coincide with gender role acceptance in the early teenage years. In other words, the study suggests that in the course of social comparisons, gender becomes an important catalyst for moral conduct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 7
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(2013): Ethical Considerations Regarding the Use of Social Robots in the Fourth Age. In: GeroPsych 26 (2), S. 121-133. DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000088
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000088 Abstract: The debate about the use of robots in the care of older adults has often been dominated by either overly optimistic visions (coming particularly from Japan), in which robots are seamlessly incorporated into society thereby enhancing quality of life for everyone; or by extremely pessimistic scenarios that paint such a future as horrifying. The authors reject this dichotomy and argue for a more differentiated ethical evaluation of the possibilities and risks involved with the use of social robots. In a critical discussion surrounding the capabilities approach to the ethical evaluation of quality of life, an ethical framework is developed that is more appropriate to the situation of the oldest old. The authors urge employment of a context-dependent approach to the ethical evaluation of new technologies in the care and therapy of older adults, and using the example of the robotic seal Paro, they show how this can be accomplished in a sensible and practical way.
Keywords: Ethik, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion -
Mohiyeddini, Changiz; Eysenck, Michael; Bauer, Stephanie (Hg.) (2013): Handbook of psychology of emotions. Recent theoretical perspectives and novel empirical findings. Volume 2. New York: Nova Science Publishers
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(2013): Social construction of gender-(un)fairness : An analysis of educational material and individual language use. kumulative Dissertation. FU Berlin, Berlin. Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie. Online verfügbar unter http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000095308-9, zuletzt geprüft am 30.05.2018
Abstract: In four contributions, this cumulative dissertation examined two ways in which communication may foster or decrease gender stereotypes and gender unfairness - educational material and individual language use. - (1) Moser, F., & Hannover, B. (2013). How gender fair are German schoolbooks in the twenty-first century? An analysis of language and illustrations in schoolbooks for mathematics and German. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 29, 387-407. DOI: 10.1007/s10212-013-0204-3 Titel anhand dieser DOI in Citavi-Projekt übernehmen. (2) Moser, F., Hannover, B., & Becker, J. (2013). Subtile und direkte Mechanismen der sozialen Konstruktion von Geschlecht. Vorstellung eines Kategoriensystems zur Analyse der Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit von Texten und Bildern. Gender - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft , 3, 77-93. (3) Moser, F., & Masterson, J. (2013, in press). Are there signs of change in gendered language use in children's early reading material? Gender and Language. (4) Sczesny, S., Moser, F., & Wood, W. (2013, submitted). Who uses gender-inclusive language? On the importance of practice and intention.
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(2013): The role of norms in virtual work. A review and agenda for future research. In: Journal of personnel psychology 12 (1)Keywords: Arbeits - und Organisationspsychologie, Normen
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(2013): Foreign-language users confronting anti-normative politeness in a Mexican university. In: Intercultural Pragmatics 10 (1), S. 101-130. DOI: 10.1515/ip-2013-0004
Abstract: When foreign-language learners abandon the relative safety of the classroom and confront actual language use, they face decisions regarding how they wish to participate in a given target-language group. They may find that different interactional patterns and practices reflect a community's norms and how its members come across: Interactants may employ, for instance, seemingly impolite words and expressions in inoffensive ways. Although this phenomenon has been categorized as mock impoliteness, I will adopt the term anti-normative politeness (adapted from Zimmerman 2003) since interactants are ultimately engaging in polite rather than impolite practices. The foreign-language user's decision as to whether to engage in such practices will depend to a large extent on pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic understandings and how she wants to come across - and is allowed to come across in the target language. In this paper, I examine how French and German exchange students at a Mexican university approached and confronted the use of the normally insulting word guey, which seems to have become more and more prevalent in Mexican society. Findings indicate that foreign-language learners of Spanish understand the friendly intention underscoring the use of anti-normative politeness but fail to fully appreciate "positive politeness" (Brown and Levinson 1987) such a key feature of Mexican interpersonal language use.
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(2013): What makes a sanction 'stick'? The effects of financial and social sanctions on norm compliance. In: Social Influence 8 (1), S. 70-80. DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2012.729493
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2012.729493 Abstract: The present research shows that, like financial sanctions, social punishment (the mere expression of disapproval with another person's conduct) induces compliance with norms for cooperation in a social dilemma. More importantly, after removing the sanctioning opportunity levels of cooperation decrease more under former financial than under former social sanctioning systems. Hence social sanctions are more effective than financial sanctions at inducing 'sticky' norms that guide behavior even in the absence of punishment cues. Public policy implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: sanctions, Verhaltensforschung -
(2013): Alienation and empathy as mediators of the relation between Social Dominance Orientation, Right-Wing Authoritarianism and expressions of racism and sexism. In: Personality and Individual Differences 55 (3), S. 294-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.009 Abstract: Prior research has established a link between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), empathy, and generalized measures of prejudice. Whether empathy functions as a mediator for more specific forms of prejudice has not been studied. Furthermore, alienation and its role in predicting prejudice have been given little attention in the literature. Our results found that empathy functioned as a mediator for SDO, but only for sexism, not racism. Alienation was found to act as a mediator between SDO and both racism and sexism. The relation between Right-Wing Authoritarianism and racism and sexism was not mediated by alienation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 32
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(2013) : Fantasy and Reality ?? Electric Motors within the Human Body In: VDE: Innovative Small Drives and Micro-Motor Systems; 9. GMM/ETG Symposium: Nuremberg, Germany: VDE, S. 1-5. Online verfügbar unter https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6624102/
Abstract: What arose from the realm of fantasy just a few decades ago is reality today thanks to available micro drives. Advances in the miniaturization of technical systems have made this possible. Today, micro motors are already routinely used by physicians for carrying out demanding examinations and treatments in the human body. The following article discusses the state of the art exemplified by two motorized cardiac catheters and a swallowable capsule which performs radiological examinations for early detection of colorectal cancer. The article is rounded off by considering the pros and cons of autonomous robots in the human body.
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(2013): Human-like interaction skills for the mobile communication robot Robotinho. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (4), S. 549-561. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0206-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0206-y Abstract: The operation of robotic tour guides in public museums leads to a variety of interactions of these complex technical systems with humans of all ages and with different technical backgrounds. Interacting with a robot is a new experience for many visitors. An intuitive user interface, preferable one that resembles the interaction between human tour guides and visitors, simplifies the communication between robot and visitors. To allow for supportive behavior of the guided persons, predictable robot behavior is necessary. Humanoid robots are able to resemble human motions and behaviors and look familiar to human users that have not interacted with robots so far. Hence, they are particularly well suited for this purpose. In this work, we present our anthropomorphic mobile communication robot Robotinho. It is equipped with an expressive communication head to display emotions. Its multimodal dialog system incorporates gestures, facial expression, body language, and speech. We describe the behaviors that we developed for interaction with inexperienced users in a museum tour guide scenario. In contrast to prior work, Robotinho communicated with the guided persons during navigation between exhibits, not only while explaining an exhibit. We report qualitative and quantitative results from evaluations of Robotinho in RoboCup@Home competitions and in a science museum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2013): Sozialisation, Sozialverhalten und psychosoziale Auffälligkeiten. Eine Einführung in die Bewältigung sozialer Aufgabenstellungen. Weinheim [u.a.]: Beltz Juventa (Grundlagentexte Soziale Berufe)
Abstract: Mit Blick auf die Zielgruppe der Sozialarbeiterinnen/Sozialarbeiter und Erzieherinnen/Erzieher werden psychologische Grundlagen von Sozialisation, Sozialverhalten und psychosozialen Auffälligkeiten vermittelt. Unter anderem werden Antworten auf folgende Fragen gegeben: Wie entsteht durch Entwicklung, Erziehung und Sozialisation Persönlichkeit? Wieson wird Interaktion durch Einstellungen und Vorurteile gestört? Wie entstehen Konflikte und wie werden Wertebewusstsein und prosoziales Verhalten vermittelt? Welche Möglichkeiten gibt es, bei psychischen Erkrankungen und ungünstigen Lernprozessen, bei Angst, Depression, Aggression, sexueller Devianz und Sucht zu einem gelingenden Leben beizutragen? - Inhalt: (1) Das Entstehen der Persönlichkeit (Entwicklung; Erziehung; Sozialisation; Persönlichkeit). (2) Soziale Wahrnehmung (Attribution; Einstellung; Vorurteil). (3) Sozialverhalten (Konflikt; Gehorsam; Moral; prosoziales Verhalten). (4) Psychosoziale Auffälligkeiten (Normalität und Behinderung; Psychosen, Neurosen, Persönlichkeitsstörungen; Angst und Phobien; Depression und Suizid; Aggression und Gewalt; sexuelle Devianz; Sucht und Abhängigkeit).
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(2013): Socially Aware Virtual Characters: The Social Signal of Smiles [Social Sciences]. In: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 30 (2), S. 128-132. DOI: 10.1109/MSP.2012.2230541
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2012.2230541 Abstract: At first, machines were mainly used to solve complex mathematical problems. Today, they often embody more and more roles typically endowed by humans, such as a tutor in a virtual learning class or an assistant for virtual task realization. Moreover, the paradigm highlighted in [1] reveals that the user’s relation with the computer is intrinsically social, with high similarities compared to interpersonal relationships. For instance, people have no problem using communicative means (verbal and nonverbal behavior) to interact with artificial entities and apply polite rules. One particularly interesting aspect of the human machine interaction is the bidirectionality of the relation: users exhibit social behaviors to the computer, and the machine’s behavior affects users. Reeves and Nass [1] have shown that people tend to react naturally and socially to computers, as they would do to another person. In such a human-machine interaction, which can be seen as a particular social context with users sensitive to the computer behavior, the development of socially aware virtual characters appears fundamental.
Keywords: Context awareness, Heuristic algorithms, Human Factors, human machine interaction, ieee xplore, interpersonal relationship, Künstliche Intelligenz, Machine intelligence, Man machine systems, Nonverbal behavior, smile, Social Behavior, social sciences, social sciences computing, socially aware virtual character, user interfaces, user relation, Verbal Behavior, Virtual environments, virtual learning class, Virtual reality, virtual task realization -
(2013): Are Liberals Agreeable or Not?. In: Social Psychology 44 (5), S. 354-360. DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000132
Abstract: Documenting the relationship between Agreeableness and political conservatism has proven elusive. We address this anomaly by showing that two aspects of Agreeableness – politeness and compassion – have countervailing relationships with political conservatism through right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). To test this, we analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of New Zealanders (N = 4,553). Politeness was positively, but compassion was negatively, correlated with political conservatism. Consistent with the differential mediation hypothesis derived from the dual process model of ideology and prejudice, these opposing relationships were differentially mediated by RWA and SDO. This attenuated the bivariate relationship between the higher-order trait of Agreeableness and political conservatism. These results demonstrate the complex relationship between personality and political orientation.
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Parker, Lynne E.; Bekey, George; Barhen, Jacob (Hg.) (2013): Distributed autonomous robotic systems 4. [Place of publication not identified]: Springer Verlag, Japan
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(2013) : Bio-inspired solutions for intelligent android perception and control: 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS): Social Implications of Wearable Computing and Augmediated Reality in Everyday Life: Toronto, Canada: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS.2013.6613096 Abstract: Summary form only given. After more than half of century of manufacturing-oriented robotics, robots are now evolving and expanding into new applications involving a human-style interaction with people in unstructured environments. Such an endeavour requires a different set of skills for the new generation of robots, which are expected to exhibit an increased ability to intelligently connect perception to action. Due to their expected omnipresence in the lives of people, the new-generation robots should be sensitive to the attitudes and expectations of normal people. They should be endowed with more efficient interaction capabilities allowing for a higher degree of flexibility and autonomy in order to make appropriate decisions in routine and emergency situations. In order to naturally blend within human society, the new-generation robots should not only look as humans, but should also behave as much as possible as humans. They are in a way expected to be, as initially imagined by Capek in his R.U.R. Rossum’s Universal Robots play, anthropomorphic artefacts, androids, enabled to think on their own and governed by Asimov’s laws of robotics hardwired into every robot’s positronic brain. While for a long time, engineers have built upon mathematics, physics and chemistry in order to develop an ever growing variety of industrial artefacts and machines, this approach cannot anymore rise to the challenge of designing these androids. The time has now arrived to add biology and more specifically, human anatomy, physiology and psychology to the scientific sources of knowledge to develop a new, bio-inspired, generation of intelligent androids. Advocating this emergent trend, this presentation will discuss a number of relevant issues such as bioinspired robot sensors and neural networks, humanrobot interaction techniques for symbiotic partnership, as well as moral, ethical, theological, legal, and social challenges in a soon-to-be cyborgsociety world.
Keywords: Androids, anthropomorphic artefacts, Asimov law, bio-inspired materials, bioinspired robot sensors, bio-inspired solutions, Biology, cyborg society world, Educational institutions, human anatomy, human robot interaction techniques, Humanoid Robots, human-style interaction, ieee xplore, industrial artefacts, industrial machines, intelligent android control, intelligent android perception, intelligent robots, interaction capability, Law, manufacturing-oriented robotics, Moral & Ethik, Neural Networks, new-generation robots, omnipresence, physiology, PSYCHOLOGY, robot positronic brain, Robot sensing systems, service robot, symbiotic partnership, universal robots play, unstructured environments -
(2013): Grenzenlose Freiheit? Zum Sinn von Normen. In: Existenzanalyse 30 (2)
Abstract: Einschränkungen der Freiheit durch Verbote und Vorschriften werden oft als unzulässige Eingriffe in das Selbstbestimmungsrecht empfunden. Andererseits hat die eigene Freiheit ihre Grenze an der Freiheit der anderen, die zu schützen Aufgabe von Normen (moralische Regeln, Gesetze) ist. Dass diese nicht zu Zwangsinstrumenten werden, setzt eine von allen Betroffenen akzeptierte Konsensfindungsstrategie voraus. Implikationen für die therapeutische Begegnung werden erörtert.
Keywords: Normen, Sozialpsychologie -
(2013): Blame It on the Norm. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 44 (2), S. 131-150. DOI: 10.1177/0048393113510468
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(2013): Individual heterogeneity and costly punishment: A volunteer's dilemma. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280 (1759). DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0247
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0247 Abstract: Social control and the enforcement of social norms glue a society together. It has been shown theoretically and empirically that informal punishment of wrongdoers fosters cooperation in human groups. Most of this research has focused on voluntary and uncoordinated punishment carried out by individual group members. However, as punishment is costly, it is an open question as to why humans engage in the punishment of wrongdoers even in one-time-only encounters. While evolved punitive preferences have been advocated as proximate explanations for such behaviour, the strategic nature of the punishment situation has remained underexplored. It has been suggested to conceive of the punishment situation as a volunteer's dilemma (VOD), where only one individual's action is necessary and sufficient to punish the wrongdoer. Here, we show experimentally that implementing the punishment situation as a VOD sustains cooperation in an environment where punishers and non-punishers coexist. Moreover, we show that punishment-cost heterogeneity allows individuals to tacitly agree on only the strongest group member carrying out the punishment, thereby increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of social norm enforcement. Our results corroborate that costly peer punishment can be explained without assuming punitive preferences and show that centralized sanctioning institutions can emerge from arbitrary individual differences.
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(2013): Temporal Embeddedness and Signals of Trustworthiness: Experimental Tests of a Game Theoretic Model in the United Kingdom, Russia, and Switzerland. In: European Sociological Review 29 (5), S. 1010-1023. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcs078
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcs078 Abstract: Based on signalling theory, Posner (1998, 2000) suggests that seemingly irrational behaviour or social norms emerge because they help to distinguish agents who prefer to engage in repeated cooperative interactions (long-term types) from agents with immediate non-cooperative incentives (short-term types). In this article, we formalize Posner’s theory in a signalling trust game, derive hypotheses from our model, and test them empirically in a series of laboratory experiments in the United Kingdom, Russia, and Switzerland. Our results are surprisingly robust across the three countries and in line with most of our hypotheses. However, contrary to our main hypothesis, the introduction of a signalling opportunity does not increase the overall level of trust in our experiments and even reduces it under certain conditions. We argue that this is due to a high proportion of short-term types honouring trust because of non-selfish motives. Our results show that if a priori levels of trust and trustworthiness are high, introducing a signalling opportunity that is meant to distinguish long-term and short-term types may have a counterproductive effect.