Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017) : Culture, Brain, and Behavior In: Tibayrenc, Michel; Ayala, Francisco José (Hg.): On human nature: Biology, psychology, ethics, politics, and religion: Amsterdam; Boston; Heidelberg; London; New York; Oxford; Paris; San Diego; San Francisco; Singapore; Sydney; Tokio: Academic Press an imprint of Elsevier, S. 579-597
Abstract: This chapter discusses the reciprocal development of genes, brain, and culture in shaping significant aspects of social and political behavior. The interaction between biology and culture is mutually reciprocal and intertwined. Processes of neural plasticity allow cultural practices to inform brain development in a profoundly social context just as human imagination and invention can shift cultural practices over time. This chapter outlines work that has examined these interconnections and ways in which future research might study developmental effects to enlighten our understanding of important social and political phenomena, including the emergence and manifestation of mental illness and political polarization.
2016
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(2016): Die epistemologischen Jahre. Dissertation. Zürich, Schweiz: Chronos Verlag (Interferenzen)
2014
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(2014): Call playback artificially generates a temporary cultural style of high affiliation in marmosets. In: Animal Behaviour 93, S. 163-171. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.027
Abstract: Cultural variation can be conceptualized in two main ways: as culture-specific qualitative differences in behavioural form, and also as quantitative variation in performance of constellations of universal behaviours (cultural style). Despite observation of both types in wild nonhuman primates, diffusion of qualitative culture has been scrutinized extensively experimentally while within-species transmission of cultural style has remained entirely unexplored. Here we investigated whether a cultural style of high affiliation could be artificially generated in a nonhuman primate (Callithrix jacchus), by daily playback of conspecific affiliative calls simulating nearby amicable individuals. We found that vocalization playback influenced monkeys to spend more time in affiliative behaviours outside playback hours, relative to silent playback. The effect was specific to affiliation, with no impact on other categories of affect. This change did not persist into the final phase of observation after all playbacks were complete. Findings are consistent with a temporary shift in cultural style effected through vocalization playback, supporting existence of this conception of culture in wild primates and indicating auditory social contagion as a potential diffusion mechanism. The method presented here will allow researchers to test hypotheses concerning cultural transmission of cultural style, and the underlying processes, across a range of contexts and species.
Keywords: BEHAVIOR, behaviour, Biologie, Callithrix jacchus, CALLITHRIX-JACCHUS, CAPUCHIN MONKEYS, CHIMPANZEES, COMMON MARMOSETS, Culture, culture specific, enrichment, Evolution, FOOD, Geräusch/Klang, nonhuman primate, SOCIAL DIFFUSION, social influence, Status / biologische Marker, traditions, transmission 2012
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(2012): Infants prefer the faces of strangers or mothers to morphed faces. An uncanny valley between social novelty and familiarity. In: Biology letters 8 (5), S. 725-728. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0346
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696289 Abstract: The 'uncanny valley' response is a phenomenon involving the elicitation of a negative feeling and subsequent avoidant behaviour in human adults and infants as a result of viewing very realistic human-like robots or computer avatars. It is hypothesized that this uncanny feeling occurs because the realistic synthetic characters elicit the concept of 'human' but fail to satisfy it. Such violations of our normal expectations regarding social signals generate a feeling of unease. This conflict-induced uncanny valley between mutually exclusive categories (human and synthetic agent) raises a new question: could an uncanny feeling be elicited by other mutually exclusive categories, such as familiarity and novelty? Given that infants prefer both familiarity and novelty in social objects, we address this question as well as the associated developmental profile. Using the morphing technique and a preferential-looking paradigm, we demonstrated uncanny valley responses of infants to faces of mothers (i.e. familiarity) and strangers (i.e. novelty). Furthermore, this effect strengthened with the infant's age. We excluded the possibility that infants detect and avoid traces of morphing. This conclusion follows from our finding that the infants equally preferred strangers' faces and the morphed faces of two strangers. These results indicate that an uncanny valley between familiarity and novelty may accentuate the categorical perception of familiar and novel objects.
Keywords: Adult, Bekanntheitsgrad, Biologie, Emotions, Entwicklungspsychologie, Erwartungen, erwartungen und Erwartungserwartungen, Eye Movements, Face, familiarity, Female, Humans, Infant, Learning, Male, Mothers, Pattern Recognition, Visual, PERCEPTION, Psychologie, p-zombies, Recognition (Psychology)/physiology, Uncanny Valley Effekt, Visual Perception/physiology 2011
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(2011): Von Natur aus anders. Die Psychologie der Geschlechtsunterschiede. 4., überarb. und erw. Aufl.. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
Abstract: Analysiert wird die aktuelle Befundlage zur Frage der Geschlechtsunterschiede aus einer Synopse kulturwissenschaftlicher, entwicklungspsychologischer und evolutionsbiologischer Perspektiven. Für die 4. Auflage wurde das Buch neu überarbeitet. - Inhalt: (1) Natur und Kultur [Die Macht der Stereotypen; der Wunsch nach Veränderung; die missverstandene Biologie]. (2) Theorien und ihre Beweiskraft [Freud und die Folgen; Dressur und Nachahmung; Kohlbergs Alternative; Stereotypen und Geschlechtsrollenverhalten; Präferenzen]. (3) Biologische Begründungen und ihre Evidenz [Die Evolution der Geschlechtsunterschiede; weibliche Strategien; geschlechtstypische Verhaltensdispositionen beim Menschen; Geschlechtsrollen im Kulturvergleich; Frauen im Kibbuz; die Entstehung von Mann und Frau; Geschlechtsidentität und sexuelle Orientierung; Pubertätsentwicklung]. (4) Interaktion biologischer und soziokultureller Faktoren [Männer und Frauen denken anders; Mathematik, eine Domäne der Männer?; Versuche zur Angleichung; Selbstvertrauen; Geborgenheit und Neugier; Macht und Geltung; Konkurrenz zwischen den Geschlechtern; Fürsorge und Verantwortlichkeit; moralisches Bewusstsein]. (5) Natur und Gesellschaft (6) Wie soll es weitergehen? zitiert von 160
Keywords: Behavioral Genetics, Biologie, Culture (Anthropological), Entwicklungspsychologie, Gender, Gender Identity, Geschlechterforschung, human development, Human Females, Human Males, Human Sex Differences, Nature Nurture, Sex Linked Developmental Differences, Sex Recognition, Sex role, Sex Role Attitudes, Sociocultural Factors, Theory of Evolution -
(2011): Social distance modulates recipient's fairness consideration in the dictator game. An ERP study. In: Biological psychology 88 (2-3), S. 253-262. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.08.009
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889968 Abstract: Previous research showed that social distance (e.g., being friends or strangers) influences people's fairness consideration and other-regarding behavior. However, it is not entirely clear how social distance influences the recipient's evaluation of (un)fair behavior. In this study, we let people play a dictator game in which they received (un)fair offers from either friends or strangers while their brain potentials were recorded. Results showed that the medial frontal negativity (MFN), a component associated with the processing of expectancy violation, was more negative-going in response to unfair than to fair offers from friends whereas it did not show differential responses to offers from strangers. The P300 was more positive for fair than for unfair offers irrespective of friends or strangers making the offers. These results suggest that violation of social norms can be detected at an early stage of evaluative processing and that this detection can be modulated by social distance. zitiert von 66
Keywords: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Biologie, distance, Event-Related Potentials, P300/physiology, Female, Friends/psychology, Frontal Lobe/physiology, Games, Experimental, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Reward, science direct, Social Distance, Social Values, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult 2009
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(2009): The age of empathy. Nature's lessons for a kinder society. 1. paperback ed.. New York NY: Three Rivers Press
Abstract: Are we our brothers' keepers? Do we have an instinct for compassion? Or are we, as is often assumed, only on earth to serve our own survival and interests? In this thought-provoking book, the acclaimed author of Our Inner Ape examines how empathy comes naturally to a great variety of animals, including humans. By studying social behaviors in animals, such as bonding, the herd instinct, the forming of trusting alliances, expressions of consolation, and conflict resolution, Frans de Waal demonstrates that animals–and humans–are "preprogrammed to reach out." He has found that chimpanzees care for mates that are wounded by leopards, elephants offer "reassuring rumbles" to youngsters in distress, and dolphins support sick companions near the water's surface to prevent them from drowning. From day one humans have innate sensitivities to faces, bodies, and voices; we've been designed to feel for one another. De Waal's theory runs counter to the assumption that humans are inherently selfish, which can be seen in the fields of politics, law, and finance, and whichseems to be evidenced by the current greed-driven stock market collapse. But he cites the public's outrage at the U.S. government's lack of empathy in the wake of Hurricane Katrina as a significant shift in perspective–one that helped Barack Obama become elected and ushered in what may well become an Age of Empathy. Through a better understanding of empathy's survival value in evolution, de Waal suggests, we can work together toward a more just society based on a more generous and accurate view of human nature. Written in layman's prose with a wealth of anecdotes, wry humor, and incisive intelligence, The Age of Empathy is essential reading for our embattled times.
2005
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(2005): Evolution of indirect reciprocity. In: Nature 437 (7063), S. 1291-1298. DOI: 10.1038/nature04131
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251955 Abstract: Natural selection is conventionally assumed to favour the strong and selfish who maximize their own resources at the expense of others. But many biological systems, and especially human societies, are organized around altruistic, cooperative interactions. How can natural selection promote unselfish behaviour? Various mechanisms have been proposed, and a rich analysis of indirect reciprocity has recently emerged: I help you and somebody else helps me. The evolution of cooperation by indirect reciprocity leads to reputation building, morality judgement and complex social interactions with ever-increasing cognitive demands.
Keywords: Altruism, Biological Evolution, Biologie, Cooperative Behavior, Evolutionsbiologie, Genese von Normen, Good manners, Humans, Indirekte Reziprozität, Kooperation, Models, Biological, Morals, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Reziprozität, Soziale Angemessenheit, Trust, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2004
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(2004): Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 8 (2), S. 60-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.12.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15588809 Abstract: Animals often aid others without gaining any immediate benefits. Although these acts seem to reduce the donor's fitness, they are only apparently altruistic. Donors typically help because they or their kin receive future benefits or avoid costly punishment. Reciprocal altruism--alternating the roles of donor and recipient--has been a well-studied form of cooperation among non-kin because of its intuitive appeal in explaining human cooperation. Despite immense theoretical interest, little empirical evidence substantiates the biological importance of reciprocal altruism in non-human animals. We propose that this is because psychological mechanisms constrain its application in cooperative contexts. In particular, we contend that cognitive limitations such as temporal discounting, numerical discrimination and memory make reciprocity difficult for animals.
Keywords: Altruism, Animals, Biologie, Cooperative Behavior, Evolutionsbiologie, Game Theory, Genese, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Humans, Interaktion, Kooperation, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Problem Solving, reziproker Altruismus, Reziprozität, Social Behavior, Soziale Angemessenheit, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2002
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(2002): Biology, culture, and child rearing. The development of social motives
Abstract: Presents a theoretical model of the interaction of culture and biology in the development of social motives. Initially, results of a cross-cultural longitudinal study on the development of aggression and altruism in European and Asian children are presented: Mothers' child-rearing techniques correlated with children's aggressiveness and children's motives nine years later, children' motives were different across cultures, and culture-specific mother-child relationships were related to children's later social motives. Furthermore, the role of the cultural context in which child rearing is embedded is described by contrasting cultural norms, beliefs, and behaviors in Germany and Japan, including tradition, naive personality theories, value systems, self-concept, religion, seniority, and teachers' authority. Additionally, the role of biological factors in the development of social motives is discussed, including heritability, neuroanatomy, and chemical factors. Finally, cultural and biological factors are integrated in a model of social motive development, which assumes a decisive role of the attachment process between mother and child. Thus, motives are described as behavioral systems with a strong interconnection between culture and biology. zitiert von 23
1993
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(1993): Geschlecht, soziale Rolle und aggressives Handeln: Sind Männer aufgrund ihrer physischen Ausstattung aggressiver als Frauen?. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 24 (1)
Abstract: Presents a critical review of biological explanations for gender differences in aggressiveness. The central argument concerns the feasibility of separating biological and environmental factors in empirical research. Results from ethological and psychophysiological studies reveal that even hormonal influences cannot be seen as independent of psychosocial conditions. On the basis of these and other empirical results, it cannot be concluded that men are more aggressive than women because of biological factors. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 5
1975
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(1975): Mate selection - A selection for a handicap. In: Journal of theoretical biology 53 (1), S. 205-214Keywords: Biologie
1920
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(1920): Theoretische Biologie. Berlin: Paetel
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