Alle Publikationen
2016
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(2016): Hurt Feelings among New Acquaintances. Moderating Effects of Interpersonal Familiarity. In: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 18 (3), S. 315-326. DOI: 10.1177/0265407501183001
Abstract: Previous research suggests that people's feelings are hurt more frequently by those whom they know well than by strangers and acquaintances, but these findings are based on retrospective accounts of hurtful events. This study examined the moderating effect of familiarity on hurt feelings among people who have recently become acquainted. Participants were led to experience either a relatively low or high degree of familiarity with a confederate. Afterwards, the confederate chose to listen either primarily to them or another participant as they talked about themselves. Results showed that participants were significantly more hurt when they were ignored by a confederate who barely knew them than by a confederate who was more familiar with them. Effects of being ignored showed a similar pattern on a measure of state self-esteem.
2015
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(2015): What does your selfie say about you?. In: Computers in Human Behavior 52, S. 443-449. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.032
Abstract: Selfies refer to self-portraits taken by oneself using a digital camera or a smartphone. They become increasingly popular in social media. However, little is known about how selfies reflect their owners' personality traits and how people judge others' personality from selfies. In this study, we examined the association between selfies and personality by measuring participants' Big Five personality and coding their selfies posted on a social networking site. We found specific cues in selfies related to agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. We also examined zero-acquaintance personality judgment and found that observers had moderate to strong agreement in their ratings of Big Five personality based on selfies. However, they could only accurately predict selfie owners' degree of openness. This study is the first to reveal personality-related cues in selfies and provide a picture-coding scheme that can be used to analyze selfies. We discussed the difference between personality expression in selfies and other types of photos, and its possible relationship with impression management of social media users.
2014
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(2014): The role of the degree of acquaintance with teachers on students’ interpersonal perceptions of their teacher. In: Social Psychology of Education 17 (1), S. 127-140. DOI: 10.1007/s11218-013-9234-6
Abstract: Some researchers suggest that the way a teacher is perceived during the first encounter with a classroom group resembles, and therefore is predictive of, later classroom processes as perceived by students. This study investigated the degree to which interpersonal ratings (i.e., control and affiliation), given by secondary school students to teachers unknown to them, are comparable to ratings given by students who are well acquainted with that teacher, by means of a quasi-experimental design. Ratings concerning a teacher students had not met before, based on a 5 min video vignette, were compared to ratings given by students who had been taught by the same teacher for at least a year (N 489). Students at no acquaintance perceived a teacher's interpersonal traits in a similar way as students who were familiar with that teacher. It is concluded that students' early interpersonal perceptions of a teacher largely resemble perceptions formed by students that know this teacher well.
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(2014): Consumer Decision-making Processes in Mobile Viral Marketing Campaigns. In: Journal of Interactive Marketing 28 (1), S. 43-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.intmar.2013.08.001
Abstract: The high penetration of cell phones in today's global environment offers a wide range of promising mobile marketing activities, including mobile viral marketing campaigns. However, the success of these campaigns, which remains unexplored, depends on the consumers' willingness to actively forward the advertisements that they receive to acquaintances, e.g., to make mobile referrals. Therefore, it is important to identify and understand the factors that influence consumer referral behavior via mobile devices. The authors analyze a three-stage model of consumer referral behavior via mobile devices in a field study of a firm-created mobile viral marketing campaign. The findings suggest that consumers who place high importance on the purposive value and entertainment value of a message are likely to enter the interest and referral stages. Accounting for consumers' egocentric social networks, we find that tie strength has a negative influence on the reading and decision to refer stages and that degree centrality has no influence on the decision-making process.
2013
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(2013): Collaboration factors, teamwork satisfaction, and student attitudes toward online collaborative learning. In: Computers in Human Behavior 29 (3), S. 922-929. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.019
Abstract: This study examined online courses with collaborative learning components from 197 graduate students across three consecutive academic years. A student attitude survey containing 20 items and a student teamwork satisfaction scale containing 10 items on a 5-point Likert-type scale with three open-ended questions regarding their online collaborating experiences were collected during the final week of each semester. Results revealed that the three extracted online collaboration factors (Team Dynamics, Team Acquaintance, and Instructor Support) from the student attitude survey had moderate to high degrees of correlation with teamwork satisfaction. Results also revealed that the three collaboration factors accounted for 53% of the variance in online teamwork satisfaction. In addition, results from both surveys and open-ended questions revealed students favored working collaboratively in an online environment.
2012
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(2012): The Intelligibility in Context Scale. Validity and Reliability of a Subjective Rating Measure. In: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 55 (2). DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0130)
Abstract: Purpose: To describe a new measure of functional intelligibility, the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS), and evaluate its validity, reliability, and sensitivity using 3 clinical measures of severity of speech sound disorder: (a) percentage of phonemes correct (PPC), (b) percentage of consonants correct (PCC), and (c) percentage of vowels correct (PVC). Method: Speech skills of 120 preschool children (109 with parent-/teacher-identified concern about how they talked and made speech sounds and 11 with no identified concern) were assessed with the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (Dodd, Hua, Crosbie, Holm, & Ozanne, 2002). Parents completed the 7-item ICS, which rates the degree to which children's speech is understood by different communication partners (parents, immediate family, extended family, friends, acquaintances, teachers, and strangers) on a 5-point scale. Results: Parents' ratings showed that most children were always (5) or usually (4) understood by parents, immediate family, and teachers, but only sometimes (3) by strangers. Factor analysis confirmed the internal consistency of the ICS items; therefore, ratings were averaged to form an overall intelligibility score. The ICS had high internal reliability (alpha=.93), sensitivity, and construct validity. Criterion validity was established through significant correlations between the ICS and PPC (r=.54),PCC (r=.54), and PVC (r=.36). Conclusions: The ICS is a promising new measure of functional intelligibility. These data provide initial support for the ICS as an easily administered, valid, and reliable estimate of preschool children's intelligibility when speaking with people of varying levels of familiarity and authority.
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(2012): “Cars have their own faces”. Cross-cultural ratings of car shapes in biological (stereotypical) terms. In: Evolution and Human Behavior 33 (2), S. 109-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.06.003
Abstract: It was recently shown that Austrians associate car front geometry with traits in a way that could be related to face shape geometry mapping to those same overall suites of traits. Yet, possible confounding effects of familiarity with the car models, media coverage and entertainment could not be ruled out. In order to address this, the current study uses a cross-cultural comparison. Adult subjects in two countries (Austria and Ethiopia, n=129) were asked to rate person characteristics of 46 standardized front views of automobiles on various trait scales. These two countries differ substantially with regard to their experience with car models and brands, as well as car marketing and media coverage. Geometric morphometrics was then used to assess the shape information underlying trait attribution. Car shapes for perceived maturity, maleness and dominance were highly similar in both countries, with patterns comparable to shape changes during facial growth in humans: Relative sizes of the forehead and windshield decrease with age/growth, eyes and headlights both become more slit-like, noses and grilles bigger, lips and air-intakes are wider. Austrian participants further attributed various degrees of some interpersonal attitudes and emotions, whereas neither Austrians nor Ethiopians congruently ascribed personalities. Morphological correlates of personal characteristics are discussed, as are person perception and its overgeneralization to inanimate objects. Cross-cultural similarities and differences are addressed, as well as implications for car styling, follow-up studies on driving and pedestrian behavior, and fundamental dimensions in inference from (human) faces.
2010
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(2010): Self–other rating agreement in leadership. A review. In: The Leadership Quarterly 21 (6), S. 1005-1034. DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.006
Abstract: This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on self-other rating agreement (SOA) related to leadership in the workplace focusing primarily on research published between 1997 (the year of Atwater & Yammarino s seminal paper on SOA) and the present. Much of the current interest in SOA derives from its purported relationships with self-awareness and leader effectiveness The literature however has used a variety of metrics to assess SOA resulting in discrepancies between findings across studies As multi-rater (360-degree multisource) feedback instruments continue to be widely used as a measure of leadership in organizations it is important that we more clearly understand the relationships between SOA and its predictors and outcomes To this end in this article we review (a) models of agreement (b) factors affecting self ratings and the congruence between self-others ratings (c) factors affecting others ratings (d) correlates of agreement and (e) measurement issues and data analytic techniques We conclude with discussions of practitioner issues and directions for future research.
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(2010): Age Differences and Degree of Acquaintance as Determinants of Interpersonal Distance. In: The Journal of Social Psychology 93 (1), S. 133-134. DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1974.9923137
2009
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(2009): The effects of degree of acquaintance, plate size, and sharing on food intake. In: Appetite 52 (3), S. 595-602. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.02.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501755 Abstract: This study examined the effects of degree of acquaintance, plate size, and sharing on the amount of pasta individuals served themselves and subsequently consumed and whether or not they took second helpings. Fifty-seven pairs of female participants ate a meal of pasta; the members of each pair were either friends or strangers. During the meal, they served themselves either from a common serving bowl or from individual serving bowls and onto either small or large plates. The findings indicated that participants who ate with a friend served and consumed more than those who ate with a stranger, and those who shared served and consumed less than those who did not share. However, this sharing effect seemed to occur only when participants ate from small plates. Whether or not participants reported taking second helpings was influenced by all three of the independent variables.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Bekanntheitsgrad, Cross-Over Studies, Cues, degree of acquaintance, Disziplin, Eating/psychology, Energy Intake, entscheiden, essen, Feeding Behavior/psychology, Female, Humans, Interpersonale Wahrnehmung, Psychologie, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Facilitation, Surveys and Questionnaires, SV, Verhalten, Visual Perception, Young Adult 2008
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(2008): How extraverted is honey.bunny77@hotmail.de?. Inferring personality from e-mail addresses. In: Journal of Research in Personality 42 (4), S. 1116-1122. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.001
Abstract: Computer mediated communication (CMC) plays a rapidly growing role in our social lives. Within this domain, e-mail addresses represent the thinnest slice of information that people receive from one another. Using 599 e-mail addresses of young adults, their self-reported personality scores and the personality judgments of 100 independent observers, it was shown that personality impressions based solely on e-mail addresses were consensually shared by observers. Moreover, these impressions contained some degree of validity. This was true for neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and narcissism but not for extraversion. Level of accuracy was explained using lens model analyses: Lay observers made broad use of perceivable e-mail address features in their personality judgments, features were slightly valid and observers were sensitive to subtle differences in validity between cues. Altogether, even the thinnest slice of CMC-the mere e-mail address-contains valid information about the personality of its owner.
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(2008): Sexual coercion and the misperception of sexual intent. In: Clinical psychology review 28 (1), S. 48-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.002
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17462798 Abstract: Misperceiving a woman's platonic interest as sexual interest has been implicated in a sexual bargaining process that leads to sexual coercion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of sexual misperception, including gender differences in perception of women's sexual intent, the relationship between sexual coercion and misperception, and situational factors that increase the risk that sexual misperception will occur. Compared to women, men consistently perceive a greater degree of sexual intent in women's behavior. However, there is evidence to suggest that this gender effect may be driven largely by a sub-group of men who are particularly prone to perceive sexual intent in women's behavior, such as sexually coercive men and men who endorse sex-role stereotypes. Situational factors, such as alcohol use by the man or woman, provocative clothing, and dating behaviors (e.g., initiating the date or making eye contact), are all associated with increased estimates of women's sexual interest. We also critique the current measurement strategies and introduce a model of perception that more closely maps on to important theoretical questions in this area. A clearer understanding of sexual perception errors and the etiology of these errors may serve to guide sexual-assault prevention programs toward more effective strategies.
Keywords: Alcohol Drinking, Biologische Marker, Coercion, Control, degree of acquaintance, eye-contact, Female, Gender Identity, Gestik, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mimik, MODELS, Numerical Data, Perceptual Distortion, Postkasten, Prevention, Psychological, Psychologie, PSYCHOLOGY, Rape, Sex Factors, Sexual Behaviour, Social Perception, Statistics, Status, SV -
(2008): Dynamic phenomena and human activity in an artificial society. In: Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics 78 (6 Pt 2). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.066110
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19256908 Abstract: We study dynamic phenomena in a large social network of nearly 3x10;{4} individuals who interact in the large virtual world of a massive multiplayer online role playing game. On the basis of a database received from the online game server, we examine the structure of the friendship network and human dynamics. To investigate the relation between networks of acquaintances in virtual and real worlds, we carried out a survey among the players. We show that, even though the virtual network did not develop as a growing graph of an underlying network of social acquaintances in the real world, it influences it. Furthermore we find very interesting scaling laws concerning human dynamics. Our research shows how long people are interested in a single task and how much time they devote to it. Surprisingly, exponent values in both cases are close to -1 . We calculate the activity of individuals, i.e., the relative time daily devoted to interactions with others in the artificial society. Our research shows that the distribution of activity is not uniform and is highly correlated with the degree of the node, and that such human activity has a significant influence on dynamic phenomena, e.g., epidemic spreading and rumor propagation, in complex networks. We find that spreading is accelerated (an epidemic) or decelerated (a rumor) as a result of superspreaders' various behavior.
Keywords: Artificial society, complex networks, Computerspielwissenschaft, degree of acquaintance, dissemination, dynamic systems theory, Favoriten, gaming, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, multiplayer role online game, Netzwerktheorien, real world vs. virtual world, Realtechnik, rumor, spreading, SV, Technik -
(2008): Avoiding the uncanny valley. Robot appearance, personality and consistency of behavior in an attention-seeking home scenario for a robot companion. In: Autonomous Robots 24 (2), S. 159-178. DOI: 10.1007/s10514-007-9058-3
Abstract: This article presents the results of video-based Human Robot Interaction (HRI) trials which investigated people's perceptions of different robot appearances and associated attention-seeking features and behaviors displayed by robots with different appearance and behaviors. The HRI trials studied the participants' preferences for various features of robot appearance and behavior, as well as their personality attributions towards the robots compared to their own personalities. Overall, participants tended to prefer robots with more human-like appearance and attributes. However, systematic individual differences in the dynamic appearance ratings are not consistent with a universal effect. Introverts and participants with lower emotional stability tended to prefer the mechanical looking appearance to a greater degree than other participants. It is also shown that it is possible to rate individual elements of a particular robot's behavior and then assess the contribution, or otherwise, of that element to the overall perception of the robot by people. Relating participants' dynamic appearance ratings of individual robots to independent static appearance ratings provided evidence that could be taken to support a portion of the left hand side of Mori's theoretically proposed 'uncanny valley' diagram. Suggestions for future work are outlined.
Keywords: Anthropomorphisierung, Anthropomorphismus, Bevorzugt bei introvertierten, emotional instabilen Personen, degree of acquaintance, deutsche Community, Disziplin, Favoriten, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Interaktionspartner, Mechanik-betontes Roboterdesign, Mensch oder Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Optik des Roboters/virtuellen Interaktionspartners, Philosophie, Realtechnik, Soziale Robotik, SV, Technik, Technikphilosophie, uncanny valley 2007
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(2007): The Convergent Validity between Self and Observer Ratings of Personality. A meta-analytic review. In: International Journal of Selection and Assessment 15 (1), S. 110-117. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2389.2007.00371.x
Abstract: The convergent validity between self and observer ratings of the Big Five dimensions of personality was examined by cumulating research findings across studies. The mean correlation corrected for coefficient alpha in self-ratings and inter-rater reliability in observer ratings was .46 for agreeableness (N=6359, k=53), .56 for conscientiousness (N=6754, k=58), .51 for emotional stability (N=8000, k=55), .62 for extraversion (N=7725, k=50), and .59 for openness to experience (N=5333, k=38). Results indicate that, although there is a high degree of construct overlap, both self and observer ratings have substantial unique variance. Moderator effects were analyzed. The duration of acquaintance (strangers vs close relatives) as well as observer type (peers at work vs relatives) were analyzed. Acquaintanceship had a large moderating effect whereas observer type did not moderate the level of convergence.
2006
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(2006): Contrasting Approaches to Perceiving and Acting With Others. In: Ecological Psychology 18 (1), S. 1-38. DOI: 10.1207/s15326969eco1801_1
Abstract: How and why the presence of a person directly affects the perception and action of another person is a phenomenon that has been approached in a limited and piecemeal fashion within psychology. This kind of diffuse strategy has failed to capture the jointness of perception and action within and between people. In contradistinction, the authors offer a perspective that retains both integrally social features (e.g., involves interaction) and yet adequately exploits the current state of knowledge regarding the ecological properties of perception-action, while at the same time drawing on aspects of dynamic systems theory. In this article the authors review the best attempts to examine how one individual affects another's perceptions and actions in the emergence of a social unit of action. Two important approaches, the individual-level and cognitive dynamics approaches, have yielded insights that derive in significant degree from principles of ecological psychology and/or dynamical systems theory. Prototypic of the individual-level approach is a focus on what can be perceived by coactors with the aim of uncovering how the dispositional qualities (affordances) of another person are informationally specified during social interaction. In contrast, the cognitive dynamics approach simulates dynamical characteristics of cognition and psychological influence with the aim of uncovering how cooperative interaction emerges out of its component parts. The authors argue that these approaches involve, respectively, insufficient mutuality and insufficient embodiment. Consequently, a social synergy perspective is discussed that approaches the problem of socially cooperative interaction at the relational, nonreductive level, using novel methods to examine how social perception and action emerge through self-organizing processes.
Keywords: degree of acquaintance, Disziplin, dynamic systems theory, Favoriten, Gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Interaktanten, Interaktion, Interpersonale Wahrnehmung, Kooperation, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Social Synergy Perspective on cooperation, Soziale Angemessenheit, SV, Überblick, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2004
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(2004): Models of social networks based on social distance attachment. In: Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics 70 (5 Pt 2). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.056122
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15600707 Abstract: We propose a class of models of social network formation based on a mathematical abstraction of the concept of social distance. Social distance attachment is represented by the tendency of peers to establish acquaintances via a decreasing function of the relative distance in a representative social space. We derive analytical results (corroborated by extensive numerical simulations), showing that the model reproduces the main statistical characteristics of real social networks: large clustering coefficient, positive degree correlations, and the emergence of a hierarchy of communities. The model is confronted with the social network formed by people that shares confidential information using the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption algorithm, the so-called web of trust of PGP.
Keywords: Algorithms, Computer Simulation, degree of acquaintance, Disziplin, Favoriten, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, Hierarchy, Social, Interpersonal Relations, Modelle/Theorien, Models, Biological, Netzwerktheorien, Population Dynamics, Residence Characteristics, Social Behavior, Social Change, Social Distance, social networks based on social distance, Social Support, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Distanz, Soziologie, SV 2003
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(2003): Ego-centered networks and the ripple effect. In: Social Networks 25 (1), S. 83-95. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8733(02)00039-4
Abstract: Recent work has demonstrated that many networks have broad distributions of vertex degree. Here we show that this has a substantial impact on the shape of ego-centered networks and on concepts and methods based on ego-centered networks, such as snowball sampling and the "ripple effect". In particular, we argue that one's acquaintances, one's immediate neighbors in the acquaintance network, are far from being a random sample of the population, and that this biases the numbers of neighbors two and more steps away. We demonstrate this concept using data on academic collaboration networks. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
2002
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(2002): Random graph models of social networks. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 991, S. 2566-2572. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.012582999
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11875211 Abstract: We describe some new exactly solvable models of the structure of social networks, based on random graphs with arbitrary degree distributions. We give models both for simple unipartite networks, such as acquaintance networks, and bipartite networks, such as affiliation networks. We compare the predictions of our models to data for a number of real-world social networks and find that in some cases, the models are in remarkable agreement with the data, whereas in others the agreement is poorer, perhaps indicating the presence of additional social structure in the network that is not captured by the random graph.
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(2002): Capitalizing on Diversity. Interpersonal Congruence in Small Work Groups. In: Administrative Science Quarterly 47 (2). DOI: 10.2307/3094807
Abstract: We examine interpersonal congruence, the degree to which group members see others in the group as others see themselves, as a moderator of the relationship between diversity and group effectiveness. A longitudinal study of 83 work groups revealed that diversity tended to improve creative task performance in groups with high interpersonal congruence, whereas diversity undermined the performance of groups with low interpersonal congruence. This interaction effect also emerged on measures of social integration, group identification, and relationship conflict. By eliciting self-verifying appraisals, members of some groups achieved enough interpersonal congruence during their first ten minutes of interaction to benefit their group outcomes four months later. In contrast to theories of social categorization, the interpersonal congruence approach suggests that group members can achieve harmonious and effective work processes by expressing rather than suppressing the characteristics that make them unique.
2001
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(2001): Blirtatiousness. Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences of rapid responding. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 81 (6), S. 1160-1175. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.81.6.1160
Abstract: The Brief Loquaciousness and Interpersonal Responsiveness Test (BLIRT) measures the extent to which people respond to others quickly and effusively. The BLIRT displays desirable psychometric properties and distinguishes people who should theoretically score high (e.g., car salespersons) from those who should score low (e.g., librarians). Scores on the scale predict (a) the amount and rapidity of people's verbal responses in an unstructured interaction, (b) how likable and competent people's classmates perceive them to be early in the semester, (c) how quickly people respond to an obnoxious cell-phone user and how physiologically aroused they become, and (d) how quickly and emphatically people respond to a series of personal insults as well as their degree of physiological arousal. Converging evidence indicates that blirtatiousness is unique in its ability to amplify people's qualities, making these qualities more readily observable to perceivers.
Keywords: BLIRT, Brief Loquaciousness and Interpersonal Responsiveness Test (BLIRT), degree of acquaintance, Gestik/Mimik, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Psychologie, psychometrics, Reaktionsschnelligkeit, response, responsiveness, Sprache, Sprachverstehen, Status / biologische Marker, SV 1997
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(1997): Interpersonal relationships and task performance. An examination of mediation processes in friendship and acquaintance groups. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 72 (4), S. 775-790. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.72.4.775
Abstract: This study used multiple methods to examine group processes (information sharing, morale building, planning, critical evaluation, commitment, monitoring, and cooperation) that mediate the effect of relationship level on group performance. The study uses a 2 by 2 experimental design, crossing relationship (friendship vs. acquaintance) as a between-subjects variable and task type (decision making vs. motor) as a within-subject variable. Fifty-three 3-person groups participated in the study, and data from 4 types of measurement were used to analyze the mediating processes between relationship level and task performance. Friendship groups performed significantly better than acquaintance groups on both decision-making and motor tasks because of a greater degree of group commitment and cooperation. Critical evaluation and task monitoring also significantly increased decision-making performance, whereas positive communication mediated the relationship between friendship and motor task performance.
1996
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(1996): Victim characteristics influencing attributions of responsibility to rape victims. A meta-analysis. In: Aggression and Violent Behavior 1 (2), S. 81-95. DOI: 10.1016/1359-1789(95)00011-9
Abstract: Past research investigating victim blame has shown that there is a tendency for people to hold female victims of rape partly responsible for the attack. The vast majority of the studies have involved college undergraduates reading fictitious vignettes and then rating the victim's responsibility. The purpose of the present study was to use meta-analysis to determine the degree of responsibility third party observers assign to a female rape victim, and to determine which additional variables moderate the tendency to blame the victim. Specifically, the victim's clothing revealingness, character; physical am-activeness, and acquaintance with her attacker were analyzed Results showed that the victim's clothing revealingness and character significantly affect the tendency to blame the victim Implications for future research investigating victim blame and theories of victim blame are discussed.
1994
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(1994): Understanding Attributions of Blame in Stranger Rape and Date Rape Situations. An Examination of Gender, Race, Identification, and Students' Social Perceptions of Rape Victims1. In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24 (19), S. 1719-1734. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01571.x
Abstract: This study examined factors that may influence attributions of rape victims. Three hundred and three university students completed a questionnaire, which included a measure of dispositional empathy and a vignette depicted either a date rape or a stranger rape situation. Subjects rated the extent that they blamed the rape victim as well as the degree to which they identified with the victim and perpetrator. Results indicated that male students blamed the victim to a greater extent than did female students; students consistently attributed more blame to the victim in date rape situations than they did in stranger rape situations; and, while empathy was not associated with students' attributions, perceptions of similarity to the rape victim and perpetrator were both related to attributions of blame. These findings are consistent with the notion of ''judgmental leniency'' presented in Shaver's defensive attribution theory (1970). Implications for rape prevention efforts and future research are also discussed.
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(1994): Enhanced co-orientation in the perception of friends. A social relations analysis. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 67 (6), S. 1024-1033. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1024
Abstract: Newcomb's (1953) idea of co-orientation (interdependence between two persons' attitudes or perceptions) is used as a framework within which interpersonal perception between friends and acquaintances is examined. The principal question is whether co-orientation effects are stronger for friendship dyads than for acquaintance dyads. More specifically, the study examines the degree to which consensus, assimilation, self-other agreement, and assumed similarity differ. The social relations model is used to analyze a data set that included 16 living groups with 119 friend dyads and 1,668 acquaintance dyads. Results indicate that co-orientation effects are more pronounced in friendship dyads. The increment in co-orientation effects is largely due to similarities in the unique or idiosyncratic perceptions that people have of friendship pairs as well as the unique agreement about others that friends have with one another.