Alle Publikationen
2009
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(2009): Understanding Norms Without a Theory of Mind. In: Inquiry 52 (5), S. 433-448. DOI: 10.1080/00201740903302584
Abstract: I argue that having a theory of mind requires having at least implicit knowledge of the norms of the community, and that an implicit understanding of the normative is what drives the development of a theory of mind. This conclusion is defended by two arguments. First I argue that a theory of mind likely did not develop in order to predict behavior, because before individuals can use propositional attitudes to predict behavior, they have to be able to use them in explanations of behavior. Rather, I suggest that the need to explain behavior in terms of reasons is the primary function of a theory of mind. I further argue that in order to be motivated to offer explanations of behavior, one must have at least an implicit understanding of appropriate behavior, which implies at least an implicit understanding of norms. The second argument looks at three cases of nonhuman animal societies that appear to operate within a system of norms. While there is no evidence that any species other than humans have a theory of mind, there is evidence that other species have sensitivity to the normative. Finally, I propose an explanation for the priority of norms over a theory of mind: given an understanding of norms in a society, and the ability to recognize and sanction violations, there developed a need to understand actions that violated the norms, and such explanations could only be given in terms of a person's reasons. There is a significant benefit to being able to explain behavior that violates norms, because explanations of the right sort can also serve to justify behavior.
Keywords: theory of mind -
(2009): Do humans have two systems to track beliefs and belief-like states?. In: Psychological Review 116 (4), S. 953-970. DOI: 10.1037/a0016923
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839692 Abstract: The lack of consensus on how to characterize humans' capacity for belief reasoning has been brought into sharp focus by recent research. Children fail critical tests of belief reasoning before 3 to 4 years of age (H. Wellman, D. Cross, & J. Watson, 2001; H. Wimmer & J. Perner, 1983), yet infants apparently pass false-belief tasks at 13 or 15 months (K. H. Onishi & R. Baillargeon, 2005; L. Surian, S. Caldi, & D. Sperber, 2007). Nonhuman animals also fail critical tests of belief reasoning but can show very complex social behavior (e.g., J. Call & M. Tomasello, 2005). Fluent social interaction in adult humans implies efficient processing of beliefs, yet direct tests suggest that belief reasoning is cognitively demanding, even for adults (e.g., I. A. Apperly, D. Samson, & G. W. Humphreys, 2009). The authors interpret these findings by drawing an analogy with the domain of number cognition, where similarly contrasting results have been observed. They propose that the success of infants and nonhuman animals on some belief reasoning tasks may be best explained by a cognitively efficient but inflexible capacity for tracking belief-like states. In humans, this capacity persists in parallel with a later-developing, more flexible but more cognitively demanding theory-of-mind abilities.
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(2009): Studies of adults can inform accounts of theory of mind development. In: Developmental Psychology 45 (1), S. 190-201. DOI: 10.1037/a0014098
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014098 Abstract: There is strong evidence that developments in children's theory of mind (ToM) at 3?4 years are related to developments in language and executive function. However, these relationships might exist for 2 reasons. First, language and executive function might be necessary for the mature ToM abilities that children are in the process of developing. Second, language and executive function may be necessary for developing ToM but have no necessary role in mature ToM. It is difficult to distinguish between these possibilities if researchers only study young children. Studies of adults can provide direct evidence about the role of language and executive function in mature ToM. Recent work suggests that impaired executive function has multiple roles in adult ToM but that severely impaired grammar can leave ToM structurally intact. While studies of children report that ToM correlates with both language and executive function, findings from adults suggest that these relationships should be interpreted in importantly different ways.
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(2009): Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior. The interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 97 (1), S. 123-141. DOI: 10.1037/a0015406
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19586244 Abstract: This article proposes and tests a social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors. The authors hypothesized that if a situational factor increases the current accessibility of moral identity within the working self-concept, then it strengthens the motivation to act morally. In contrast, if a situational factor decreases the current accessibility of moral identity, then it weakens the motivation to act morally. The authors also expected the influence of situational factors to vary depending on the extent to which moral identity was central to a person's overall self-conception. Hypotheses derived from the framework were tested in 4 studies. The studies used recalling and reading a list of the Ten Commandments (Study 1), writing a story using morally laden terms (Study 4), and the presence of performance-based financial incentives (Studies 2 and 3) as situational factors. Participants' willingness to initiate a cause-related marketing program (Study 1), lie to a job candidate during a salary negotiation (Studies 2 and 3), and contribute to a public good (Study 4) were examined. Results provide strong support for the proposed framework. zitiert von: 551
Keywords: Adolescent, Cues, Culture, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Internal-External Control, Male, Moral, Morals, Motivation, Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Sozialpsychologie, Students/psychology, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult -
(2009) : An ethical adaptor: Behavioral modification derived from moral emotions: 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation - (CIRA): Daejeon, Korea: IEEE, S. 381-387
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CIRA.2009.5423177 Abstract: This paper presents the motivation, basis and a prototype implementation of an ethical adaptor capable of using a moral affective function, guilt, as a basis for altering a robot’s ongoing behavior. While the research is illustrated in the context of the battlefield, the methods described are believed generalizable to other domains such as eldercare and are potentially extensible to a broader class of moral emotions, including compassion and empathy.
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(2009): The effect of relational age on older Canadian employees' perceptions of human resource practices and sense of worth to their organization. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (8), S. 1753-1769. DOI: 10.1080/09585190903087156
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190903087156 Abstract: This study examined the effect of older employees' perceived relative age of their organization's workforce, work group members, and immediate supervisor on human resource practices tailored to older employees and older employees' sense of worth. The 291 participants were aged between 50 and 65 years. Perceived organization relative age was associated with the human resource practices, perceived work-group relative age was related to training and respect, and perceived supervisor relative age was associated with respect and fair treatment. All three relational age variables were related to perceived contribution to the organization. It is important for employers to be aware of the age dissimilarities within their organizations and to take steps to bolster older employees' feeling of being valued organizational members.
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(2009) : Face as emergent in interpersonal communication: An alternative to Goffman In: Bargiela-Chiappini, Francesca; Haugh, Michael (Hg.): Face, communication and social interaction: First published 2009: Sheffield, United Kingdom: Equinox Publishing Ltd, S. 33-54Keywords: Angesicht, Communication, Conversation, Disziplin, Dritte Welle, Face, Face-Constituting View, Facework, Favoriten, Gesichtswahrung, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der dritten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Interaction, Kultur, Kulturtheorie, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprachgebrauch, Status / biologische Marker
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(2009) : But that was in another country: Agents and intercultural empathy In: Sierra, Carles; Castelfranchi, Cristiano (Hg.): Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multimagent Systems: May 10-15, 2009, Budapest, Hungary: Richland, S.C.: International Foundation for Autonomous Agent and Multiagent Systems (ACM conference proceedings series), S. 329-336
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Bargiela-Chiappini, Francesca; Haugh, Michael (Hg.) (2009): Face, communication and social interaction. First published 2009. Sheffield, United Kingdom: Equinox Publishing Ltd
Abstract: It is an enduring theme of humanity that people are concerned about what others think of them. The notion of face has thus become firmly established as a means of explaining various social phenomena in a range of fields within the social sciences, including anthropology, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and psychology. Yet face has also become increasingly entrenched in the literature as a kind of pre-existing sociocultural construct. This book offers an alternative in focusing on the ways in which face is both constituted in and constitutive of social interaction, and its relationship to self, identity and broader sociocultural expectations. There are three main themes explored in this volume. Part I, ‘Face in interaction’, encompasses contributions that deal with face as it emerges in interaction in various institutional and non-institutional settings. In Part II, the relationship between self, identity and face is investigated in the context of interpersonal communication. The final part considers various approaches to establishing links between individual interactions (the so-called micro) and broader sociocultural expectations or ‘norms’ that interactants bring into interactions (the so-called macro).
Keywords: Disziplin, Dritte Welle, Emergence of face in interaction, Face (general), Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, (Im)Politeness Research, Interkationale Ansätze, Linguistik, Mikro- (individuelle) vs. Makro- (normative) Ebene von Interaktion, Politeness, postmodern, Soziale Angemessenheit, Theories of identity -
(2009): The Yardstick of Manners. In: Society 46 (4), S. 363-367. DOI: 10.1007/s12115-009-9223-8
Abstract: The interdependence of etiquette consumers and producers makes the contemporary etiquette guide a book of rules informed by realism rather than one etched from the behavior of the comfortable. While the acquisition of good manners facilitates comfort and mobility, the yardstick of behavior, like the measure of standard language, evolves with the times and thus is never a mere instrument of conformity.
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(2009): Doing gender differently-The interplay of strength of gender identification and content of gender identity in predicting women's endorsement of sexist beliefs. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 39 (4), S. 487-508. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.551
Abstract: Investigated reasons for women's endorsement of sexist beliefs using the gender identity model (GIM) based on social-identity theory and social-role theory. The strength of gender identity (high identification vs low identification) and content of gender identity (progressive vs traditional gender role), combined with the engagement in collective action to improve conditions for women, are expected to predict the individual endorsement of 3 sexist beliefs: benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, and modern sexism. In Study 1, 250 women (aged 20-65 years) completed a gender role preference scale, a gender identification scale, a sexism scale, and a collective-action scale to assess the assumptions of the GIM. Results showed that strength of gender identity and identity content were significantly associated with the endorsement of sexist beliefs. Highly identified women with traditional identity contents endorsed all forms of sexist beliefs more strongly than highly identified women with progressive identity content. In contrast, low gender identity was related to lower endorsement of sexist beliefs. In Study 2 (222 women aged 16-66 years) and Study 3 (106 women aged 16-61 years) an online experiment was conducted which additionally manipulated the gender role of the participants to measure its impact on sexist attitudes. Results revealed that highly identified women primed to a progressive gender role expressed stronger rejection of sexism, whereas highly identified women primed to a traditional role expressed stronger endorsement of sexism, substantiating the assumptions of the GIM. The proposed GIM is concluded to explain that gender identification and content of identity strongly affect the endorsement of sexist beliefs among women. zitiert von 72
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(2009) : Adolph von Knigges ‚Über den Umgang mit Menschen‘. Transformationen der frühmodernen in die moderne Höflichkeit In: Rudolph, Andre; Stöckmann, Ernst (Hg.): Aufklärung und Weimarer Klassik im Dialog: 1. Aufl.: s.l.: Max Niemeyer Verlag (Untersuchungen zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte), S. 30-53
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(2009): Neutralisationen und Normaktivation. Empirische Modellintegration der Neutralisationtheorie von Sykes und Matza (1975) und des Normaktivationsmodells von Schwartz (1977) im Umweltbereich. Dissertation
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(2009) : Non-facial and non-verbal affective expression in appearance-constrained robots for use in victim management: Robots to the rescue!: 2009 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): 2009 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1514095.1514130 Abstract: This video presents a visual summary of large-scale, complex human study in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) designed to evaluate whether humans would view interactions with two non-anthropomorphic robots more positively and calming when the robots were operated in an emotive mode versus a standard, non-emotive mode. The video presents actual participants' reactions, the study design, and images from search and rescue operations.
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(2009): Behavioral and Cognitive Readiness for School: Cross-Domain Associations for Children Attending Head Start. In: Social development (Oxford, England) 18 (2), S. 305-323. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00490.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00490.x Abstract: Utilizing a diverse sample of 356 4-year-old children attending Head Start, this study examined the degree to which behavioral aspects of school readiness, including classroom participation, prosocial behavior, and aggression control were related to direct assessments of child cognitive readiness (academic knowledge, executive function skills) at the start of the pre-kindergarten year. Classroom participation and prosocial behavior each accounted for unique variance in cognitive readiness. Aggressive behavior, in contrast, was not correlated with academic knowledge, and was associated with low levels of executive function skills. In multiple regressions, aggressive behavior paradoxically enhanced the prediction of child cognitive readiness. Profile analyses strengthened the conclusion that the promotion of competencies associated with classroom participation and prosocial behavior may be particularly critical to cognitive readiness in pre-kindergarten. Implications are discussed for developmental models of school readiness and preschool classroom practice.
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(2009): Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extrarole behavior. In: Journal of Applied Psychology 94 (2), S. 445-464. DOI: 10.1037/a0013935
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271800 Abstract: Two field studies tested and extended the group engagement model (Tyler & Blader, 2000, Tyler & Blader, 2003) by examining the model with regard to employee extrarole behavior. Consistent with the group engagement model's predictions, results of these studies indicate that the social identities employees form around their work groups and their organizations are strongly related to whether employees engage in extrarole behaviors. Moreover, the studies demonstrated that social identity explains the impact of other factors that have previously been linked to extrarole behavior. In particular, the findings indicate that social identity mediates the effect of procedural justice judgments and economic outcomes on supervisor ratings of extrarole behavior. Overall, these studies provide compelling indication that social identity is an important determinant of behavior within work organizations and provide strong support for the application of the group engagement model in organizational settings.
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(2009): Impoliteness and identity in the American news media. The “Culture Wars”. In: Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 5 (2). DOI: 10.1515/JPLR.2009.014
Abstract: This paper argues that identity theory can be a useful analytical tool for the scholar of relational work (Locher and Watts 2005). By focusing oil current news interviews broadcast in the USA, it shows how impoliteness is inextricably linked to the (co) construction of the identity of the hosts, the guests and the audience of an emergent "new" news genre; news as confrontation (Garces-Conejos Blitvich 2007, forthcoming). Impoliteness is defined as a negative identity practice (Bucholtz 1999) used by the hosts to position themselves within their own community of practice. Applying Anton and Peterson's (2003) model of subject positions, an alternative definition is proposed that posits that impoliteness - and confrontation - may ensue when there is a mismatch between self asserted subject positions, i. e., the positions we temporarily choose to assume, and other asserted subject positions, i. e., the positions that others impose on us. By challenging our self asserted subject positions, the view of the world that comes along with them is questioned as well. Impoliteness is also used to forge the collective identity of one of the factions, here identified with the target audience of shows included in the study, currently waging the "Culture Wars". This metaphor has long been used to claim that political conflict within the USA is due to a conflict between "traditional" and "progressive" values.
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Bode, Harald (2009): Sozialpädiatrie in der Praxis. 1. Aufl.. München: Elsevier, Urban & Fischer
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(2009): Norm negotiation in online multi-player games. In: Knowledge and Information Systems 18 (2), S. 137-156. DOI: 10.1007/s10115-008-0162-2
Abstract: In this paper, we introduce an agent communication protocol and speech acts for norm negotiation. The protocol creates individual or contractual obligations to fulfill goals of the agents based on the so-called social delegation cycle. First, agents communicate their individual goals and powers. Second, they propose social goals which can be accepted or rejected by other agents. Third, they propose obligations and sanctions to achieve the social goal, which can again be accepted or rejected. Finally, the agents accept the new norm by indicating which of their communicated individual goals the norm achieves. The semantics of the speech acts is based on a commitment to public mental attitudes. The norm negotiation model is illustrated by an example of norm negotiation in multi-player online gaming.
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(2009): Labour, exchange and recognition. Marx contra Honneth. In: Philosophy & Social Criticism 35 (8), S. 935-959. DOI: 10.1177/0191453709340637
Abstract: This article explores Marx's contention that the achievement of full personhood and, not just consequently, but simultaneously, of genuine intersubjectivity depends upon the attainment of recognition for one's place in the social division of labour, recognition which is systematically denied to some individuals and groups of individuals through the capitalist organization of production and exchange. This reading is then employed in a critique of Axel Honneth's theory of recognition which, it is argued, cannot account for the systematic obstacles faced by some struggles for recognition.
Keywords: Anerkennung, Disziplin, Favoriten, Honneth, Honneth und aktuelle Kritische Theorie, Kampf um Anerkennung, Konstitution des Selbst, Konstitutionen des Selbst (Anerkennung), Lebenswelt, Marx, Marxens Begriff(e) der Anerkennung, Modelle/Theorien, Personhood, Philosophie, RECOGNITION, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialphilosophie -
(2009): Entwurf einer Theorie der Praxis. Auf der ethnologischen Grundlage der kabylischen Gesellschaft. Unter Mitarbeit von Cordula Pialoux und Bernd Schwibs. 2. Aufl.. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp
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(2009): Planning for human-robot interaction: Representing time and human intention. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Abstract: This thesis proposes a novel approach to planning for a specific class of human-robot interaction domains: those in which robots engage in tasks with humans that are governed by social conventions. When humans perform these tasks, they try to achieve individual goals in an environment that they share with other people. Social conventions exist as a guideline for how to interact with others so that all parties involved can achieve their goals efficiently without interfering with one another. Recognizing what goals others are trying to achieve and performing actions at the appropriate time in the interaction are critical abilities for social competence. The approach to human-robot social interaction taken in this thesis focuses on creating more accurate models of social tasks for planning. Because the human participants are modeled as a part of the environment, the world state in these problems is dynamic and partially observable. Human intention is represented as hidden state in a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and the time-dependence of action outcomes are explicitly modeled. A model structure designed by a human expert is combined with human task performance data. The resulting models are large and complex. State aggregation over the time dimension of the state space is used to trade off between the accuracy of the representation and its size in order to find sufficiently expressive models that can also be solved tractably. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by implementing a controller for a mobile robot that rides elevators with people and an agent in a driving simulator that performs the Pittsburgh left with human drivers. Performance is evaluated by comparing the policies obtained using the proposed modeling technique to policies developed using less expressive representations. In an interactions with human participants, the policies for time-dependent POMDP models with human intention as hidden state outperform the other policies, achieving both higher rewards and more positive evaluations for naturalness and social propriety of behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2009): Systematic observation of social competences. Video analysis of an animal-assisted training with children and adolescents. In: PSYCHOLOGY 24
Abstract: Poster presentation at the 23rd Conference of the European Health Psychology Society, Pisa, Italy, September 23-26, 2009
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(2009): Usability ist nicht alles Wege zu attraktiven Produkten (Beyond Usability Appeal of interactive Products). In: i-com Zeitschrift für interaktive und kooperative Medien 1 (1/2002). DOI: 10.1524/icom.2002.1.1.032
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1524/icom.2002.1.1.032 Abstract: Usability oder die offizielle deutsche Übersetzung der DIN EN ISO 9241-11 (1998) Gebrauchstauglichkeit“ ist als Qualitätsmerkmal von Software und interaktiven Geräten kurz interaktiven Produkten auf breiter Basis anerkannt. Ebenso setzt sich ein benutzerzentrierter Gestaltungsprozess, wie er beispielsweise in der DIN EN ISO 13407 (1999) beschrieben ist, als erfolgversprechender Weg zur Erreichung des Qualitätsmerkmals Usability zunehmend durch. In letzter Zeit werden weitere Qualitätsaspekte interaktiver Produkte diskutiert. Zu diesen Themen gehören joy of use“ bzw. Spaß und Freude an der Nutzung oder die Bedeutung von Emotionen im Umgang mit interaktiven Produkten. In diesem Artikel wird ein Zwei-Komponentenmodell, bestehend aus der wahrgenommenen pragmatischen und hedonistischen Qualität, vorgestellt. Die wahrgenommene pragmatische Qualität setzt sich zusammen aus Usability und Nutzen. Sie ist eine aufgabenbezogene Qualität. Die wahrgenommene hedonistische Qualität bezieht sich auf nicht aufgabenbezogene Aspekte eines interaktiven Produktes, wie beispielsweise dessen Originalität“ oder Exklusivität“. Die Wahrnehmung beider Qualitäten beeinflusst das Gesamturteil der Attraktivität. Um gezielt Produkte zu gestalten, die sowohl pragmatische als auch hedonistische Qualität aufweisen, werden entsprechende Methoden zur Anforderungserhebung und analyse, Gestaltung und Evaluation benötigt. Der Artikel diskutiert erste methodische Ansätze und präsentiert Beispielprojekte, bei denen die Berücksichtigung hedonistischer Qualität eine entscheidende Rolle gespielt hat.
Keywords: Bedienung & Handhabung -
(2009): Development during adolescence of the neural processing of social emotion. In: Journal of cognitive neuroscience 21 (9), S. 1736-1750. DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21121
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21121 Abstract: In this fMRI study, we investigated the development between adolescence and adulthood of the neural processing of social emotions. Unlike basic emotions (such as disgust and fear), social emotions (such as guilt and embarrassment) require the representation of another's mental states. Nineteen adolescents (10-18 years) and 10 adults (22-32 years) were scanned while thinking about scenarios featuring either social or basic emotions. In both age groups, the anterior rostral medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) was activated during social versus basic emotion. However, adolescents activated a lateral part of the MPFC for social versus basic emotions, whereas adults did not. Relative to adolescents, adults showed higher activity in the left temporal pole for social versus basic emotions. These results show that, although the MPFC is activated during social emotion in both adults and adolescents, adolescents recruit anterior (MPFC) regions more than do adults, and adults recruit posterior (temporal) regions more than do adolescents.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Development, Adult, Age Factors, Brain Mapping, Brain/anatomy & histology/blood supply/physiology, Emotions/physiology, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Mother-Child Relations, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen/blood, Self Concept, Social Perception, Young Adult