Alle Publikationen
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2015
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(2015) : Robot Form and Motion Influences Social Attention: 2015 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Portland, Oregon, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 43-50
Abstract: For social robots to be successful, they need to be accepted by humans. Human-robot interaction (HRI) researchers are aware of the need to develop the right kinds of robots with appropriate, natural ways for them to interact with humans. However, much of human perception and cognition occurs outside of conscious awareness, and how robotic agents engage these processes is currently unknown. Here, we explored automatic, reflexive social attention, which operates outside of conscious control within a fraction of a second to discover whether and how these processes generalize to agents with varying humanlikeness in their form and motion. Using a social variant of a well-established spatial attention paradigm, we tested whether robotic or human appearance and/or motion influenced an agent’s ability to capture or direct implicit social attention. In each trial, either images or videos of agents looking to one side of space (a head turn) were presented to human observers. We measured reaction time to a peripheral target as an index of attentional capture and direction. We found that all agents, regardless of humanlike form or motion, were able to direct spatial attention in the cued direction. However, differences in the form of the agent affected attentional capture, i.e., how quickly the observers could disengage attention from the agent and respond to the target. This effect further interacted with whether the spatial cue (head turn) was presented through static images or videos. Overall whereas reflexive social attention operated in the same manner for human and robot social agents for spatial attentional cueing, robotic appearance, as well as whether the agent was static or moving significantly influenced unconscious attentional capture processes. These studies reveal how unconscious social attentional processes operate when the agent is a human vs. a robot, add novel manipulations to the literature such as the role of visual motion, and provide a link between attention studies in HRI, and decades of research on unconscious social attention in experimental psychology and vision science.Categories and Subject Descriptors H.1.2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems -Human factors. H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces - Evaluation/methodology, User-Centered DesignGeneral TermsDesign, Human Factors.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), automatic attention, Biology, Cognition, conscious awareness, conscious control, cued direction, Experimental Psychology, head turn, HRI, human appearance, Human Factors, human observers, human perception, humanlike form, Humanlikeness, human-robot interaction, Human-robot interaction researchers, ieee xplore, implicit social attention, Kinematics, Mobile robots, motion influences social attention, PSYCHOLOGY, reflexive social attention, robot design, robot form, Robot sensing systems, robotic agents, robotic appearance, Social Attention, social robots, social variant, Spatial Attention, spatial attention paradigm, spatial attentional cueing, spatial cue, static images, Time measurement, unconscious attentional capture processes, unconscious social attention, unconscious social attentional processes, user interfaces, User/Machine Systems-Human factors, varying humanlikeness, Videos, visual motion, Visual Perception 2013
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(2013): Socially Aware Virtual Characters: The Social Signal of Smiles [Social Sciences]. In: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 30 (2), S. 128-132. DOI: 10.1109/MSP.2012.2230541
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2012.2230541 Abstract: At first, machines were mainly used to solve complex mathematical problems. Today, they often embody more and more roles typically endowed by humans, such as a tutor in a virtual learning class or an assistant for virtual task realization. Moreover, the paradigm highlighted in [1] reveals that the user’s relation with the computer is intrinsically social, with high similarities compared to interpersonal relationships. For instance, people have no problem using communicative means (verbal and nonverbal behavior) to interact with artificial entities and apply polite rules. One particularly interesting aspect of the human machine interaction is the bidirectionality of the relation: users exhibit social behaviors to the computer, and the machine’s behavior affects users. Reeves and Nass [1] have shown that people tend to react naturally and socially to computers, as they would do to another person. In such a human-machine interaction, which can be seen as a particular social context with users sensitive to the computer behavior, the development of socially aware virtual characters appears fundamental.
Keywords: Context awareness, Heuristic algorithms, Human Factors, human machine interaction, ieee xplore, interpersonal relationship, Künstliche Intelligenz, Machine intelligence, Man machine systems, Nonverbal behavior, smile, Social Behavior, social sciences, social sciences computing, socially aware virtual character, user interfaces, user relation, Verbal Behavior, Virtual environments, virtual learning class, Virtual reality, virtual task realization 2005
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(2005) : Fostering common ground in human-robot interaction: ROMAN 2005. IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2005: ROMAN 2005. IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2005: Nashville, TN, USA: IEEE, S. 729-734
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2005.1513866 Abstract: Effective communication between people and interactive robots would benefit if they have a common ground of understanding. I discuss how the common ground principle of least collective effort can be used to predict and design human robot interactions. Social cues lead people to create a mental model of a robot and estimates of its knowledge. People’s mental model and knowledge estimate would, in turn, influence the effort they expend to communicate with the robot. People would explain their message in less detail to a knowledgeable robot with which they have more common ground. This process can be leveraged to design interactions that have an appropriate style of robot direction and that accommodate to differences among people.
Keywords: Airports, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Cognitive robotics, Cognitive Science, common ground principle, Communication effectiveness, Human robot interaction, Humanoid Robots, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, interactive robots, knowledge estimation, mental model, Orbital robotics, Robot kinematics, Security, social robots, Testing, user interfaces -
(2005): Active affective State detection and user assistance with dynamic bayesian networks. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 35 (1), S. 93-105. DOI: 10.1109/TSMCA.2004.838454
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCA.2004.838454 Abstract: With the rapid development of pervasive and ubiquitous computing applications, intelligent user-assistance systems face challenges of ambiguous, uncertain, and multimodal sensory observations, user’s changing state, and various constraints on available resources and costs in making decisions. We introduce a new probabilistic framework based on the dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) to dynamically model and recognize user’s affective states and to provide the appropriate assistance in order to keep user in a productive state. We incorporate an active sensing mechanism into the DBN framework to perform purposive and sufficing information integration in order to infer user’s affective state and to provide correct assistance in a timely and efficient manner. Experiments involving both synthetic and real data demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework as well as the effectiveness of the proposed active sensing strategy.
Keywords: active affective state detection, active fusion, active sensing mechanism, affective state detection, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Bayesian methods, Bayesian networks (BNs), belief networks, Context modeling, Costs, dynamic Bayesian networks, Face detection, ieee xplore, information integration, Information theory, Intelligent networks, Intelligent sensors, Intelligent Systems, intelligent user assistance system, probabilistic framework, sensor fusion, Systems engineering, theory, Ubiquitous computing, user assistance, user interfaces 1998
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(1998): Computer-assisted conversation for nonvocal people using prestored texts. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 28 (3), S. 318-328. DOI: 10.1109/5326.704557
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/5326.704557 Abstract: The challenges faced by people who are severely physically impaired and nonspeaking are demonstrated by the fact that, even with current technology, the word rates that they can achieve using current communication systems tend to range from two to ten words per min. We have been investigating ways in which prestored reusable texts might assist in improving the performance of such systems. Beginning with a study of the acceptability and effects of including prestored texts in a conversation, this investigation examined a series of methods of increasing complexity that had the system itself perform some of the cognitive and manipulative tasks required to locate suitable texts for a user to include in conversation. These methods have included logging conversational paths for potential reuse in future interactions, using a hypertext structure for storing and navigating through conversational texts, employing fuzzy information retrieval, and building a system based on scripts, plans, and goals. Seeing the possible conversation modes as occurring at varying levels of novelty, from predictable routines through reusable texts to uniquely created utterances, the most likely area for significant improvement then is in the storage and retrieval of large amounts of reusable text. Research needs to discover ways of making the retrieval process as effortless and efficient as possible to free the user to concentrate on the interaction itself.
Keywords: Alltag, Buildings, computer assisted conversation, conversation modes, conversational paths, conversational texts, future interactions, fuzzy information retrieval, Fuzzy systems, handicapped aids, Human Factors, Humans, hypertext structure, ieee xplore, Information retrieval, INSPEC: Controlled Indexing, interactive systems, Interaktionsforschung, manipulative tasks, Navigation, nonvocal people, physically impaired, Physics computing, Portable computers, potential reuse, Power engineering computing, prestored reusable texts, prestored texts, retrieval process, reusable texts, speech, Switches, uniquely created utterances, user interfaces, word processing, word rates 1993
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(1993) : Communicating conceptual integrity in distributed systems through intelligent assistance: IEEE Colloquium on AI (Artificial Intelligence) in Enterprise Modelling: London, United Kingdom: IET, S. 4/1-4/3
Abstract: Increased globalisation and de-regulation in the commercial environment has given rise to requirements for a new generation of software tools capable of supporting complex, dispersed inter-organisational projects and decision making. A major difficulty in designing such systems relates to the fact that the ultimate users of such tools are commonly from varying backgrounds, have different conceptualisations, frequently use different terms and have varying perceptions of the events, procedures and objects represented within the system. The design of online user assistance for such systems is frequently passive, responding only to requests from the user for help. The author highlights the need for interactive online assistance capable of functioning both in ’reactive’ and ’pro-active’ modes, with the system instigating interaction when necessary. In particular, it is, therefore, concerned with discussing the appropriate timing and content of the ’triggers’ necessary to proactive functioning. A set of design principles for an adaptive assistant which are derived from earlier work on intelligent tutoring system design are described (B. Cox et al., 1988, 1989).<>
Keywords: adaptive assistant, administrative data processing, BUSINESS, commerce, commercial environment, conceptualisations, Data processing, Decision Making, design principles, dispersed inter-organisational projects, distributed computing, distributed processing, distributed systems, ieee xplore, intelligent assistance, Intelligent tutoring system, interactive online assistance, interactive systems, knowledge based systems, Künstliche Intelligenz, online user assistance, proactive functioning, software tools, timing, triggers, user interfaces
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