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2018
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(2018): They did it again!. Social control responses to repeated incidences of deviance in small groups / ¡Lo han vuelto a hacer! Respuestas de control social a la incidencia repetida de la desviación en grupos pequeños. In: Revista de Psicología Social 33 (3), S. 578-619. DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2018.1482055
Abstract: Deviant group members who break group norms often challenge social validity and group locomotion, invoking varying types of social control responses. The current study (N = 95) investigated changes over time in the use of four social control responses of varying severity (persuasion, embarrassment, temporary exclusion and permanent exclusion) employed in response to deviance. It also tested the roles that perceived effectiveness of and social support for various responses play in response selection. Findings show severity of social control response selection is driven by both pragmatic and identity-based concerns: Over time, responses become more severe, driven in part by effectiveness and social support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Highly identified power-holders feel responsible. The interplay between social identification and social power within groups. In: The British journal of social psychology 57 (1), S. 112-129. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12225
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28983928 Abstract: Power relations affect dynamics within groups. Power-holders' decisions not only determine their personal outcomes, but also the outcomes of others in the group that they control. Yet, power-holders often tend to overlook this responsibility to take care of collective interests. The present research investigated how social identification - with the group to which both the powerful and the powerless belong - alters perceived responsibility among power-holders (and the powerless). Combining research on social power and social identity, we argue that power-holders perceive more responsibility than the powerless when strongly (rather than when weakly) identifying with the group. A study among leaders and an experiment supported this, highlighting that although power-holders are often primarily concerned about personal outcomes, they do feel responsible for considering others' interests when these others are included in the (social) self.
2017
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(2017): Perceiving and Confronting Sexism. The Causal Role of Gender Identity Salience. In: Psychology of Women Quarterly 41 (1), S. 65-76. DOI: 10.1177/0361684316670628
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316670628 Abstract: Although many researchers have explored the relations among gender identification, discriminatory attributions, and intentions to challenge discrimination, few have examined the causal impact of gender identity salience on women's actual responses to a sexist encounter. In the current study, we addressed this question by experimentally manipulating the salience of gender identity and assessing its impact on women's decision to confront a sexist comment in a simulated online interaction. Female participants (N = 114) were randomly assigned to complete a short measure of either personal or collective self-esteem, which was designed to increase the salience of personal versus gender identity. They were then given the opportunity to confront a male interaction partner who expressed sexist views. Compared to those who were primed to focus on their personal identity, participants who were primed to focus on their gender identity perceived the interaction partner's remarks as more sexist and were more likely to engage in confrontation. By highlighting the powerful role of subtle contextual cues in shaping women's perceptions of, and responses to, sexism, our findings have important implications for the understanding of gender identity salience as an antecedent of prejudice confrontation. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index.
2016
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(2016): Beyond dependence. An identity approach to social power and domination. In: Human Relations 59 (1), S. 105-139. DOI: 10.1177/0018726706062760
Abstract: Outlines a new approach to the social psychology of power. Specifically, it challenges the currently influential conflict-oriented dependence analysis in which power operates as an almost exclusively repressive force. Drawing on relevant work from other social science disciplines, the article presents an identity model of power in which both consensus and conflict play important roles. The model theorizes power as a productive as well as repressive force, and differentiates between social power to achieve desired outcomes and social power over others (domination). The implications of the model for two classic issues in the power literature are considered: the relationship between power and status, and challenges to power (resistance and social change). The model's empirical potential is also discussed. zitiert von 142
2015
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(2015) : Group Processes, Social Psychology of In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 422-427
Abstract: Groups lie at the core of the human experience. Group processes encompass such a wide range of phenomena that the social psychological study of group processes has many different focuses. The study of group processes, in general, concerns the cognitive and social causes and consequences of human aggregation. This article provides a history and review of group processes research including information on group formation, group performance, and group decision making; of how people are socialized into groups and roles within groups; and of how groups influence their members through persuasion, leadership, and norms.
2013
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(2013): The power of we. Evidence for group-based control. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49 (1), S. 19-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.014
Abstract: Examined the role that group membership plays in restoring or maintaining perceived control when an individual's sense of global control is threatened. Study 1 examined whether lack of control increased ingroup bias (27 adults mean age 24 years). In Study 2, 93 Germans (mean age 21 years) to test whether the effect of control salience is independent of a possible effect of uncertainty and whether salient intergroup cooperation might reduce the effect of threat on ingroup bias (tested with categorizations of East vs West Germans). In Study 3, a context-free manipulation of control salience and a different intergroup context was used with 105 Austrians, 49 Croatians, and 104 Germans (mean age 28 years) recruited at European soccer matches. Study 4 (213 participants mean age 23 years) focused on threats to ingroup homogeneity. Study 5 (121 human rights volunteers mean age 28 years) extended the focus to both ingroup agency and homogeneity as group features. Assessment methods included the German version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results of the 5 studies provide evidence for specific effects of control threat on ingroup support and defense, thus supporting this novel model of group-based control. Low control increased ingroup bias and pro-organizational behavior, supporting the assumption that people increasingly act in terms of group membership when their sense of global personal control is threatened. The symbolic control restored via group membership, however, can result in increased levels of ethnocentrism and outgroup derogation. zitiert von 124
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(2013): Die Kunst und Wissenschaft der Psychotherapie. Orig.-ausg., 1. Aufl.. Bern: Huber
Abstract: Die Gestaltung der psychotherapeutischen Beziehung als Spiegel der Identität in sozialen Beziehungen und die Rolle der Psychotherapie als Element der modernen Gesellschaft werden erörtert. Nach einer Beschreibung zweier möglicher alternativer Modelle von Psychotherapie (als technisches Verfahren oder als heilende Beziehung) werden Auswirkungen von persönlichen Beziehungen zu "significant others" auf die soziale Integration und das individuelle Wohlbefinden beschrieben. Dabei wird insbesondere auf D. Émile Durkheims Sichtweise über die Gesellschaft als unabhängige, primäre Realität, die Notwendigkeit eines Gleichgewichts zwischen dem Kollektiv und dem Einzelnen und die energetisierende Moral der Gemeinschaft eingegangen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird eine therapeutische Beziehungsgestaltung beschrieben, die personale Gemeinschaft und Solidarität ermöglicht und damit die Voraussetzung für eine aktive Bewältigung schafft. zitiert von 4
2011
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(2011): Social identities, group norms, and threat. On the malleability of ingroup bias. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 37 (1), S. 82-93. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210386120
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956355 Abstract: Ingroup bias is one of the most basic intergroup phenomena and has been consistently demonstrated to be increased under conditions of existential threat. In the present research the authors question the omnipresence of ingroup bias under threat and test the assumptions that these effects depend on the content of social identity and group norm salient in a situation. In the first two studies cross-categorization and recategorization manipulations eliminated and even reversed mortality salience effects on bias in relations between English and Scottish students (Study 1) as well as English and French people (Study 2). In the third study the specific normative content of a given social identity (collectivism vs. individualism) was shown to moderate mortality salience effects on ingroup bias. The results of these studies suggest a social identity perspective on terror management processes. zitiert von 52
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Aggression/psychology, Attribution, Defense Mechanisms, England, European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology, Group Processes, Existentialism, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Female, Ingroup Outgroup, France, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Response Bias, Scotland, Social Behavior, Social Group, Social Identification, Social Identity, Social Norms, Social Values, Students, Threat, Young Adult 2008
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(2008): Women's internalization of sexism: Predictors and antidotes. Dissertation. Universität Marburg, Marburg, zuletzt geprüft am 29.05.2018
Abstract: Sexistische Inhalte werden nicht nur von Männern unterstützt, sondern auch von vielen Frauen befürwortet. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde zunächst der Frage nachgegangen, wie sowohl die unterschiedliche Zustimmung zu Sexismus als auch unterschiedliches Engagement gegen Sexismus von Frauen erklärt werden kann. Daran anschließend wurde untersucht, welche Möglichkeiten es gibt, die Zustimmung zu subtilem Sexismus bei Frauen und Männern zu reduzieren. Es wurde berücksichtigt, dass Frauen sich darin unterscheiden, wie stark sie sich mit der Geschlechtskategorie identifizieren und dass sie unterschiedliche Inhalte mit der Geschlechtskategorie - "progressive" versus "traditionelle" Inhalte - verknüpfen können. Durch die Kombination der Dimensionen Stärke und Inhalt der Identifikation wurde das ,Gender Identity Model" entwickelt, auf dessen Grundlage folgende Hypothesen formuliert wurden: Frauen, die sich stark mit der Kategorie Frau identifizieren und gleichzeitig traditionelle Inhalte mit dieser Kategorie verknüpfen, sollten im Vergleich zu denjenigen, die ebenfalls stark identifiziert sind, aber progressive Inhalte mit der Kategorie verbinden, allen Formen von Sexismus eher zustimmen und sich nicht für eine Veränderung des Status quo einsetzen. Im Gegensatz dazu sollte sich bei niedrig identifizierten Frauen kein Unterschied zwischen denjenigen, die progressive und denjenigen, die traditionelle Inhalte mit der Kategorie Frau verknüpfen, in der Zustimmung zu Sexismus zeigen. Operationalisiert wurde der Inhalt der Identifikation mit der individuellen Geschlechtsrollenpräferenz einer Frau. In einer ersten korrelativen Studie konnten die Hypothesen bestätigt werden. Zwei zusätzliche Experimente lieferten experimentelle Evidenz für die kausale Richtung des Gender Identity Models. Im zweiten Teil der Dissertation wurden Möglichkeiten der Reduktion von Sexismus untersucht. In drei Experimenten wurden die Hypothesen getestet, dass (1) die Akzeptanz von modernem Sexismus durch ein erhöhtes Bewusstsein für die Prävalenz von Sexismus verringert werden kann und (2) die Akzeptanz von benevolentem Sexismus durch erhöhtes Wissen über die negativen Konsequenzen des scheinbar "positiven" Sexismus reduziert werden kann. In einem ersten Experiment wurde zunächst untersucht, ob eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit für Sexismus im Alltag zu veränderten Einstellungen führt. Um die Aufmerksamkeit für Sexismus im Alltag zu erhöhen, wurde US-amerikanische Studierende gebeten, eine Woche lang entweder ein strukturiertes Sexismustagebuch oder ein strukturiertes Stresstagebuch (Kontrollgruppe) auszufüllen. Es zeigte sich, dass eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit für Sexismus die Zustimmung zu benevolentem, modernem und Neosexismus bei Frauen abschwächen kann. In einem zweiten Experiment waren US-amerikanische Studierende aufgefordert einen von drei Informationstexten, (1) über die Prävalenz von Sexismus, (2) über die negativen Konsequenzen des scheinbar "positiven" Sexismus oder (3) über Stress im Leben von Studierenden, zu bewerten. Gemessen wurde, ob die Texte die Zustimmung zu verschiedenen Formen von Sexismus unterschiedlich beeinflussten. Es zeigte sich, dass Information über die Prävalenz von Sexismus zu einer stärkeren Ablehnung von modernem Sexismus führte, während sich Informationen über negative Konsequenzen des scheinbar "positiven" Sexismus in einer stärkeren Ablehnung von benevolentem Sexismus niederschlugen. Ergebnisse eines dritten Experiments replizierten und erweiterten die Befunde der vorangegangen Studie in einem europäischen Kontext. Es zeigte sich, dass die vorurteilsreduzierenden Effekte bei stark mit der Geschlechtskategorie identifizierten Frauen und wenig identifizierten Männern besonders groß waren. In allen drei Studien zeigte sich außerdem, dass eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit für die Prävalenz von Sexismus nicht nur sexistische Einstellungen veränderte, sondern ebenfalls die Tendenz zur Systemrechtfertigung verringerte.
2006
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(2006): Unfair treatment and revenge taking. The roles of collective identification and feelings of disappointment. In: Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 10 (3), S. 220-232. DOI: 10.1037/1089-2699.10.3.220
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.10.3.220 Abstract: In the present research, we examine how procedural justice predicts acts of revenge as a function of members' sense of collective identification. A first scenario study showed that high identifiers expect their own group to be more fair and just than low identifiers, and if this is not the case, they exhibit higher levels of disappointment. A second scenario study showed that unfair procedures (relative to fair procedures) led to acts of revenge, but mainly so when collective identification was high rather than low. In addition, the level of disappointment that members experienced was found to mediate (at least partly) this interactive effect on revenge. A third laboratory study replicated the interactive finding of Study 2. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 57
2005
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(2005): Cognitive and affective experiences of minority and majority members. The role of group size, status, and power. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41 (4), S. 396-413. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.08.006
Abstract: Investigated the cognitive and affective experiences of members of minorities and majorities. Cognitive preoccupation with one's group membership and affective reactions are assumed to influence collective identification. Study 1 assigned subjects (n=61 college students, mean age 24 years) to a numerical majority or minority and measured cognitive preoccupation, emotional state, and collective identification with their ingroup. Minority members were more preoccupied with their group membership, experienced less positive affect, and identified more strongly with their ingroup. Study 2 (n=82, mean age 28 years) replicated these results irrespective of the group's relative status. Study 3 (n=102, mean age 23 years) showed that these findings only applied to groups with low power. However, collective identification was also increased in majorities with high power. The results were replicated in a field study involving a total of 194 college students (mean age 25 years) that categorized themselves as belonging to a majority or minority in one of seven social dimensions. The conceptual distinction of status and power and their interrelation in social groups is discussed, and implications for minority research are outlined. zitiert von 67
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