Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018) : Gender stereotyping, prejudice, and shifting standards In: Travis, Cheryl B.; White, Jacquelyn W.; Rutherford, Alexandra; Williams, Wendi S.; Cook, Sarah L.; Wyche, Karen Fraser (Hg.): APA handbook of the psychology of women: History, theory, and battlegrounds (Vol. 1): Washington: American Psychological Association, S. 343-361
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000059-017 Abstract: Gender is a salient social category, and no one reading this book will be surprised to learn that gender matters in everyday social perception and interaction. People readily notice others’ (apparent) gender, and they hold gender-based expectations regarding traits, roles, behaviors, and skills. These cognitive proclivities contribute to the tendency for gender to color people’s perceptions and judgments of individual girls and boys, women and men. In academic and work settings, for example, gendered beliefs may lead perceivers to view women as less suitable than men for managerial positions (Koenig, Eagly, Mitchell, & Ristikari, 2011), to notice poor performance in women more quickly than in men (Biernat, Fuegen, & Kobrynowicz, 2010), and to give women less credit than men for successful team performance (Heilman & Haynes, 2005). These examples may not rise to the level of blatant sex discrimination captured in the TV series Mad Men or in Supreme Court cases such as Price Wa terhouse v. Hopkins (1989; failure to promote a qualified woman) or Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986; sexual harassment), but even subtle biases can accrue over time, affecting women’s advancement and pay (see Martell, Lane, & Emrich, 1996). As I write this chapter, five women from the World Cup–winning U.S. women’s national soccer team have filed a wage discrimination suit against the U.S. Soccer Federation, claiming they are paid 4 times less than their male counterparts (Das, 2016). One does not need to look far to see evidence that gender continues to affect workplace outcomes. In this chapter, I will consider the research literature on how gendered beliefs affect the way individuals are perceived, evaluated, and treated, particularly in work and academic settings. I will also point to the complexity of these judgmental patterns, noting that counterstereotypical effects may occur under some conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved )
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(2018) : From modern sexism to gender microaggressions. Understanding contemporary forms of sexism and their influence on diverse women In: Travis, Cheryl B.; White, Jacquelyn W.; Rutherford, Alexandra; Williams, Wendi S.; Cook, Sarah L.; Wyche, Karen Fraser (Hg.): APA handbook of the psychology of women: History, theory, and battlegrounds (Vol. 1): Washington: American Psychological Association, S. 381-397
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000059-019 Abstract: Sexism can operate on both an overt, conscious level and a subtle, unconscious level (Sue, 2010). Swim and Hyers (2009) defined sexism as 'individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, and organizational, institutional, and cultural practices that either reflect negative evaluations of individuals based on their gender or support unequal status of women and men' (p. 407). Some examples of overt manifestations of sexism include sexual harassment, domestic violence, and discriminatory hiring practices. Similar to other overt forms of discrimination, overt sexism is often less accepted in contemporary society. Thus, many well-intentioned men may hold sexist views about women that are outside their conscious awareness. These subtle forms of sexism can often have a negative effect on women (Sue, 2010). For example, research has indicated that women’s experiences with subtle, everyday forms of sexist discrimination are related to negative mental health outcomes, such as p sycholog ical distress, depression, and anxiety (Moradi & Subich, 2002, 2003). To contextualize the literature on sexism, I introduce a psychosocial model of sexism, which illustrates the ways in which patriarchy is the foundation for various expressions of sexism that have a negative impact on women. Then, I highlight five primary areas of theory and research on contemporary sexism: (a) modern sexism, (b) ambivalent sexism, (c) perceived sexist discrimination, (d) everyday sexism, and (e) gender microaggressions. Given the growing body of research on the deleterious impact of sexism on a range of physical and mental health outcomes for women, this selected literature review focuses on research that highlights the impact of subtle sexism on women’s mental and physical health. This chapter also highlights intersectionality theory and research on contemporary forms of sexism that have focused on intersections of race, sexual orientation, and social class. This chapter ends with direc tions fo r future research on subtle forms of sexism and gender microaggressions, with a particular focus on moving the field of feminist psychology forward in centering an intersectional analysis in the psychological study of women to better understand the experiences of diverse women on the basis of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and social class. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Social context reveals gender differences in cooperative behavior. In: Journal of Bioeconomics 20 (2), S. 213-225. DOI: 10.1007/s10818-018-9271-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10818-018-9271-5 Abstract: A number of previous researches indicate that men prefer competition over cooperation, and it is sometimes suggested that women show the opposite behavioral preference. In the current study the effects of social context on gender differences in cooperation are investigated. For the purpose, we compared men and women behavior under two social conditions: in groups of strangers and in groups with long-term socialization—groups of friends. The differences were found in changes in the level of cooperation, taking into account the effects of mixing social and gender variables. Social interaction and communication made cooperation of group members strength and sustainable. However, men’s and women’s cooperative behavior in groups differed. Women were initially more inclined to cooperate in interaction with strangers. Men showed greater sensitivity to sociality effects. They tended to make cooperative decisions more often if there were friends in the group. Furthermore, me n cooper ated with previously unknown people after socialization with them significantly more than women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018) : Gender and peer relationships. In: Bukowski, William Michael; Laursen, Brett; Rubin, Kenneth H. (Hg.): Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups.: New York: Guilford Press, S. 571-589
Abstract: In this chapter, we provide contemporary theoretical and empirical information about the role of gender in the peer relations of children and adolescents. We begin by reviewing theoretical perspectives. These theories consider the development of sex-linked peer relationship processes and the impact of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships on their psychological adjustment. In regard to empirical research, research methods used to examine the role of gender in peer relationships are described. In addition, studies are reviewed that describe the nature of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships, including the tendency to segregate by sex and to engage in different activities. Finally, we consider the implications of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships, and their experiences in mixed-sex networks and friendships, on their emotional and behavioral adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Styles of humor and social skills in students. Gender differences. In: Current Psychology 14 (2). DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9770-x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9770-x Abstract: Styles of humor and social skills could significantly determine a person’s functioning. This study aimed to analyze whether styles of humor and social skills correlate, and also the relation that links these variables according to gender. We employed the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) and the Social Skills Scale (EHS, in Spanish) to assess 643 participants. The results showed that males used styles of humor (Affiliative, Self-enhancing, Aggressive and Self-defeating) more than females. We found gender differences for social skills only in the factors Expression of disapproval (higher scores for females) and Say no and interrupt interactions (higher scores for males). The data indicate correlations among the factors styles of humor and social skills, but not in them all. When we formed groups that allowed the classification of participants according to styles of humor and social skills, females showed a more even distribution, while three of every four males obtained h igh leve ls for styles of humor (except for Self-defeating humor) and social skills (except for Making requests). The model created with styles of humor and social skills indicated an optimum fit: χ2(25) = 56.921 p < 0.001; χ2/gl =2.27; CFI = 0.97; NFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.044, 95%CI (0.029–0.060), with minor gender differences in the relation between styles of humor and social skills. In conclusion, this research shows how males scored higher than females for all four humor styles and dimensions, and not only for negative humor styles as in previous research works. We found that gender differences for social skills revealed only two factors, which may be related to the use of negative humor styles (Expression of disapproval and Say no and interrupt interactions). Finally, one in every three males and two in every three females had problems in some, or several, sections to manage styles of humor and social skills. Hence we should work on this matter in classrooms. Furthe r resear ch on the interpersonal context of humor and the role of gender in humor styles and social skills is warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry. Female executives’ perceptions. In: International Journal of Hospitality Management, S. 184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.008
Abstract: Despite the increasing presence of women in the hospitality labour market, empirical evidence shows persistent horizontal and vertical segregation, as well as a pay gap - a situation that perpetuates lost opportunities for the industry. Based on Barbara Risman’s model “Gender as a Social Structure” as a leading reference, the paper provides a gender based approach for the hospitality industry. Risman’s three levels of analysis (Individual, Interactional and Institutional) are completed with an Intersectional level, conforming the “Gender as a Social Structure in the Hospitality Industry” model. This model aims at identifying factors that cause discrimination among female executives. The methodology is based on thirty semi-structured in-depth interviews with female executives in the Spanish hospitality industry. The results show that the influence of self-imposed barriers, gender roles, problems associated with work-life conciliation and issues related to gendered organizations are the main factors that hinder achieving gender equality.
2017
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(2017): On the cultural basis of gender differences in negotiation. In: Experimental Economics 98 (2). DOI: 10.1007/s10683-017-9547-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-017-9547-y Abstract: We study how culture and social structure influence bargaining behavior across gender, by exploring the negotiation culture in matrilineal and patriarchal societies using data from a laboratory experiment and a natural field experiment. One interesting result is that in both the actual marketplace and in the laboratory bargaining game, women in the matrilineal society earn more than men, at odds with years of evidence observed in the western world. We find that this result is critically driven by which side of the market the person is occupying: female (male) sellers in the matrilineal (patriarchal) society extract more of the bargaining surplus than male (female) sellers. In the buyer role, however, we observe no significant differences across societies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): As You Sow, So Shall You Reap. Gender-Role Attitudes and Late-Life Cognition. In: Psychological science 28 (9), S. 1201-1213. DOI: 10.1177/0956797617708634
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737096 Abstract: Some studies have found that women outperform men in episodic memory after midlife. But is this finding universal, and what are the reasons? Gender differences in cognition are the result of biopsychosocial interactions throughout the life course. Social-cognitive theory of gender development posits that gender roles may play an important mediating role in these interactions. We analyzed country differences in the gender differential in cognition after midlife using data from individuals age 50 and above ( N = 226,661) from 27 countries. As expected, older women performed relatively better in countries characterized by more equal gender-role attitudes. This result was robust to cohort differences as well as reverse causality. The effect was partially mediated by education and labor-force participation. Cognition in later life thus cannot be fully understood without reference to the opportunity structures that sociocultural environments do (or do not) provide. Global population aging raises the importance of understanding that gender roles affect old-age cognition and productivity. zitiert von 3
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(2017) : Gender socialization. In: Schwarz, Jill E.: Counseling women across the life span: Empowerment, advocacy, and intervention: New York City, USA: Springer Publishing Company, S. 21-38
Abstract: After reading this chapter, you will be able to: (1) Define key terms related to gender and gender socialization. (2) Understand agents and processes of gender socialization. (3) Gain awareness of one's own gender socialization experience. (4) Identify individual and societal consequences of gender norms and stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Gender, Geschlechterforschung, Gesellschaft, Sex Roles, Social Norms, Socialization, society -
(2017): Kant, Oppression, and the Possibility of Nonculpable Failures to Respect Oneself. In: The Southern Journal of Philosophy 55 (3), S. 285-305. DOI: 10.1111/sjp.12242
Abstract: I argue that Kant's ethical framework cannot countenance a certain kind of failure to respect oneself that can occur within oppressive social contexts. Kant's assumption that any person, qua rational being, has guaranteed epistemic access to the moral law as the standard of good action and the capacity to act upon this standard makes autonomy an achievement within the individual agent's power, but this is contrary to a feminist understanding of autonomy as a relational achievement that can be thwarted by the systematic attack on autonomy that occurs within oppressive social conditions. Insofar as Kant's negative duty of self-respect is unable to accommodate the ways immersion in oppressive social environments can warp an individual's understanding of what she is owed and capable of as a moral agent, it perpetuates the cruelty of unjust social systems in the guise of respecting individual autonomy. I conclude by considering Carol Hay's argument that those who are oppressed have an obligation to themselves to resist their own oppression, in order to explore how this limitation in how Kant conceives of the duty to respect the self may reach expression in contemporary ethical theory inspired by Kant.
Keywords: agency, Autonomie, Diskriminierung, Disziplin, Ethik, feminism, Feminismus, Gender, Handlungsmacht, Hay, Kant, Macht, Modelle/Theorien, Moral, moral agents, moralische Gesetze, moralisches Wissen, Moralphilosophie, oppressive social systems, Philosophie, Respekt, social systems, ethics, Three main normative ethic perspectives Kant, Utilitarismus virtue ethics, Unterdrückungssysteme -
(2017): A social-cognitive approach to understanding gender differences in negotiator ethics. The role of moral identity. In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 138, S. 28-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.11.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.11.003 Abstract: To date, gender differences in ethics have received little theoretical attention. We utilize a social-cognitive framework to explain why these differences emerge and when women engage in less unethical negotiating behavior than do men. We propose that, relative to men’s, women’s stronger moral identities suppress unethical negotiating behavior. Study 1 establishes a gender difference in moral identity strength through a meta-analysis of over 19,000 people. Study 2 observes gender differences in two aspects of negotiator ethics—moral disengagement and opportunism. Study 3 establishes moral identity strength as an antecedent to negotiator ethics. Finally, Studies 4 and 5 explore financial incentives as a situational moderator. Because financial incentives temporarily decrease the salience of moral identity, they could mitigate gender differences in negotiator ethics, leading women to act more like men. Across both studies, financial incentives impacted women’s (but not men⍊ s) unethical negotiating behavior. Our findings help to explain why and when gender differences in ethics emerge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 7
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Korabik, Karen (2017): The Work-Family Interface in Global Context. Milton: Taylor and Francis. Online verfügbar unter https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gbv/detail.action?docID=4838146
Abstract: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Contributors -- Part I Examining the Impact of Culture on the Work-Family Interface -- 1 Introducing Project 3535: Lessons Learned from a Multicultural Collaborative Research Project on the Work-Family Interface -- 2 Methodology, Measurement, and Country Classification -- 3 The Impact of National Context and Organizational Policies: A Cross-Cultural Analysis -- Part II The Work-Family Interface in Different Countries in the World -- 4 The Work-Family Interface in the United States -- 5 The Work-Family Interface in Canada -- 6 The Work-Family Interface in Australia -- 7 The Work-Family Interface in Israel -- 8 The Work-Family Interface in Turkey -- 9 The Work-Family Interface in India -- 10 The Work-Family Interface in Indonesia -- 11 The Work-Family Interface in the People's Republic of China -- 12 The Work-Family Interface in Taiwan -- Part III Work-Family Issues in Global Context -- 13 An Integrative Model of Work-Family Conflict: Pan-Cultural Effects and Cross-Cultural Differences -- 14 Positive Spillover of the Work and Life Domains -- 15 Understanding the Role of Personal Coping Strategy in Decreasing Work and Family Conflict: A Cross-Cultural Perspective -- 16 Social Support and the Work-Family Interface From a Cross-Cultural Perspective -- 17 The Role of Work-Family Guilt in the Work-Family Interface: A Cross-Cultural Analysis -- 18 Work-Family Conflict and Positive Spillover: Examining the Interaction of Gender, Gender-Role Ideology, and National Gender Equity Culture -- 19 Exploring the Interaction of Culture and Contextual Factors on the Work-Family Interface -- 20 Conclusion: Contributions of Project 3535 to Theory, Research, and Practice -- Index
Keywords: Gender -
(2017) : Work-family conflict and positive spillover: Examining the interaction of gender, gender-role ideology, and national gender equity culture. In: Korabik, Karen: The Work-Family Interface in Global Context: Milton: Taylor and Francis, S. 392-417
Abstract: The aim of this chapter was to uncover the main and interaction effects of gender, gender-role attitudes, and macro aspects of a country's gender culture on W-F interface dependent variables. Thus, two broader sets of gender-related variables— gender-role ideology (GRI) and national gender equity (NGE)—were included in analyses, besides physical gender, in order to extend our understanding of the role of gender in the W-F interface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): The relationship between gender and mobile technology use in collaborative learning settings. An empirical investigation. In: Computers & Education 113, S. 61-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.05.005
Abstract: Mobile technology offers educators new potential for course and learning material construction. Empirical best practices research is scarce, particularly in secondary and higher education settings. This article provides a field experiment using a 2 (individual vs. group) x 2 (text vs. video) design in a secondary school context with students engaged in learning activities related to either text or video content on mobile devices. We structured material to benefit either individual or collaborative learning practices and examined gender as a critical factor to understand ways to improve teaching approaches. The study used an ANOVA with repeated measures to understand impacts of various attributes on outcomes such as material experience duration, perceived peer influenced learning, satisfaction, perceived understanding, and performance. This study provides empirical evidence in a mobile learning environment that suggests female students engaged in group learning modes, supported with video material, had different engagement patterns than male students. Females spent more time in the application consistent with earlier research suggesting females are more likely to use strategies such as active listening, asking questions, and soliciting input. In addition, female students engaged in group learning mode, supported with video material, had higher peer-influenced learning scores than male students. Holistically, this evidence supports the view that females use learning strategies that benefit from group learning and features provided by mobile technologies. The results help direct future research regarding design and implementation of learning in secondary school settings and may help remove gender disparities. zitiert von 2
Keywords: Cooperative/collaborative learning, Gender, Gender Studies, Geschlechterforschung, Gruppenverhalten, Human-computer interface, Improving classroom teaching, Lerntheorien, Mensch-Technik-Relation, Mobile learning, Multimedia/hypermedia systems, science direct, Secondary education, Teaching/learning strategies -
(2017): Of Tooth and Claw. Predator Self-Identifications Mediate Gender Differences in Interpersonal Arrogance. In: Sex Roles 77 (3-4), S. 272-286. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0706-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0706-y Abstract: Men often score higher than women do on traits or tendencies marked by hostile dominance. The purpose of the present research was to contribute to an understanding of these gender differences. Four studies (total N = 494 U.S. undergraduates) administered a modified animal preference test in which participants could choose to be predator or prey animals, but not labeled as such. Men were consistently more interested in being predator animals than women were, displaying a sort of hostile dominance in their projective preferences. Predator self-identifications, in turn, mediated gender differences in outcomes related to hostile dominance. Studies 1 and 2 provided initial evidence for this model in the context of variations in interpersonal arrogance, and Studies 3 and 4 extended the model to nonverbal displays and daily life prosociality, respectively. The findings indicate that gender differences in hostile dominance are paralleled by gender differences in preferring to thi nk about the self in predator-like terms. Accordingly, the findings provide new insights into aggressive forms of masculine behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 2
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(2017): Power, Dominance and Homosocial Solidarity in Young Men’s Cyber Talk. In: Akademika 87 (1), S. 327-342. DOI: 10.17576/akad-2017-8701-25
Abstract: Men and women speak differently as their linguistic behavior reflects their gender identity and signifies their position in the society. This article discusses the conversational style of men in the online communication environment, using the Kiesling's framework of men's language. A documentation of naturally occurring conversations on Facebook was made over a 12-month period whereby data is categorized and analysed using Content Analysis, WordSmith Tools 5.0 and MS Word Advanced Find Function. Purposive sampling was employed in selecting the participants. The sample consisted of 60 males and 60 females to allow for comparison. Language produced by the male participants, however, remained as the central issue of the analysis as well as discussion. If Kiesling's framework discusses men's language from the western sociocultural perspectives, findings of the present research indicated a list of variables of men's discourse in the specific context of the Malaysian online communication environment. Apart from that, the findings have demonstrated some culturally-embedded elements of power, dominance, and homosocial solidarity as well as a strong use of masculine speech forms in this specific context of male's interaction. Finally, the findings have also suggested some significant aspects of men's discourse in the specific context of the Malaysian online communication environment.
Keywords: dominance, Gender, Gender Studies, Genderabhängigkeit, Konversationsanalyse, Linguistik, Sprache -
(2017): High power mindsets reduce gender identification and benevolent sexism among women (But not men). In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 68, S. 162-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.012
Abstract: We examine how feelings of power affect gender identification and the endorsement of sexism. Participants wrote essays about a time when they felt powerful or powerless (Studies 1–3) or about an event unrelated to power (Studies 2–3). Then, they reported how much they identified with their gender group. When primed with high power, women reported lower levels of gender identification, as compared to those primed with low power (Studies 1–2) and to a control condition (Studies 2–3). In Study 3, we also found that women primed with high power endorsed benevolent (but not hostile) sexism less than women in both the low power and control conditions. Power had no impact on men's gender identification or sexism.
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(2017): Towards a social functional account of laughter. Acoustic features convey reward, affiliation, and dominance. In: PLoS one 12 (8). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183811
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28850589 Abstract: Recent work has identified the physical features of smiles that accomplish three tasks fundamental to human social living: rewarding behavior, establishing and managing affiliative bonds, and negotiating social status. The current work extends the social functional account to laughter. Participants (N = 762) rated the degree to which reward, affiliation, or dominance (between-subjects) was conveyed by 400 laughter samples acquired from a commercial sound effects website. Inclusion of a fourth rating dimension, spontaneity, allowed us to situate the current approach in the context of existing laughter research, which emphasizes the distinction between spontaneous and volitional laughter. We used 11 acoustic properties extracted from the laugh samples to predict participants' ratings. Actor sex moderated, and sometimes even reversed, the relation between acoustics and participants' judgments. Spontaneous laughter appears to serve the reward function in the current framework, as similar acoustic properties guided perceiver judgments of spontaneity and reward: reduced voicing and increased pitch, increased duration for female actors, and increased pitch slope, center of gravity, first formant, and noisiness for male actors. Affiliation ratings diverged from reward in their sex-dependent relationship to intensity and, for females, reduced pitch range and raised second formant. Dominance displayed the most distinct pattern of acoustic predictors, including increased pitch range, reduced second formant in females, and decreased pitch variability in males. We relate the current findings to existing findings on laughter and human and non-human vocalizations, concluding laughter can signal much more that felt or faked amusement.
Keywords: Acoustics, Adult, Aged, Art der Beziehung zum Interaktionspartner, Belohnung, center of gravity, Dauer, Female, formant, Gender, Gestik/Mimik, Humans, Klanghöhe (pitch), Kommunikations-/Interaktionsprinzipien, Lächeln, Lachen, Laughter/psychology, Male, Middle Aged, noisiness, pitch slope, Reward, Sanktionierung, Sex Factors, Social Dominance, Social Identification, Soziale Distanz, Soziale Dominanz, Spontaneität beim Lachen, Status / biologische Marker, Stimmhaftigkeit (voicing), Young Adult, Zugehörigkeit (affiliation) 2016
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Allen, Tammy D. (2016): The Oxford handbook of work and family. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
Keywords: Gender -
Bierhoff, Hans-Werner; Frey, Dieter (Hg.) (2016): Soziale Motive und soziale Einstellungen. 1. Auflage. Göttingen: Hogrefe (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie. Themenbereich C, Theorie und Forschung. Serie VI, Sozialpsychologie)
Keywords: Gender -
(2016) : Detailed Record Title: Geschlechtsunterschiede und Geschlechtsstereotype In: Bierhoff, Hans-Werner; Frey, Dieter (Hg.): Soziale Motive und soziale Einstellungen: 1. Auflage: Göttingen: Hogrefe (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie. Themenbereich C, Theorie und Forschung. Serie VI, Sozialpsychologie), S. 759-793
Abstract: Ein Überblick über die sozialpsychologische Forschung zu Geschlechtsunterschieden und Geschlechtsstereotypen wird gegeben. Nach einleitenden Anmerkungen zur Definition von Geschlecht (biologisches versus soziales Geschlecht, Geschlechtsidentität, Geschlechtsschemata) und Geschlechtsunterschieden sowie zu häufigen Fehlannahmen in Bezug auf Geschlechtsunterschiede werden empirische Befunde zu Geschlechtsunterschieden dargestellt. Die Befunde beziehen sich auf Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen in folgenden Bereichen: kognitive Fähigkeiten; Persönlichkeit; soziales Verhalten; Präferenzen; Konformität; Attributionen; sozialer Vergleich; ethisches bzw. unethisches Verhalten; hilfsbereites Verhalten; Geschlechtsunterschiede im Beruf. Anschließend werden Theorien zur Erklärung von Geschlechtsunterschieden behandelt: evolutionspsychologische Theorie; sozialer Konstruktivismus; biosoziale Theorie; soziokulturelle Theorie. Der nächst Abschnitt beschäftigt sich mit Definitionen, Wirkmechanismen und Inhalten von Geschlechtsstereotypen ("Agency" und "Communion" als fundamentale Basis der sozialen Wahrnehmung; soziale Rollentheorie nach Eagly und Kollegen; das "stereotype content model" nach Fiske und Kollegen), mit der impliziten und expliziten Messung von Geschlechtsstereotypen und mit deren Wirkung ("Women-are-wonderful"-Effekt; "Think manager, think male"-Phänomen; "Lack-of-fit"-Modell; "Backlash"-Effekt; "Double Standards"; Vorurteile gegenüber weiblichen Führungskräften; "Glass-cliff"-Phänomen). Abschließend wird auf die Anwendung der Befunde und auf Perspektiven für die zukünftige Forschung eingegangen. zitiert von 2
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(2016): Status, Sex, and Smiling. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16 (3), S. 531-540. DOI: 10.1177/0146167290163011
Abstract: Based on previous work showing that sex is a "diffuse status cue" (Berger, Rosenholtz, & Zelditch, 1980), the hypothesis that women smile more than men because of status differences between the sexes was evaluated Status was manipulated by assigning men and women to the roles of interviewer (high power) or applicant (low power) in simulated job interviews with either male or female partners. As predicted, overall, applicants smiled more than interviewers, demonstrating that smiling does reflect status. However, the sex composition of the pairs also influenced smiling frequency. Male interviewers smiled significantly less than their applicant partners, whereas female interviewers did not. The results suggest that, compared with females, males may more readily experience power and dominance as concomitants of high-status roles, which may then be reflected in the frequency of their smiling.
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(2016) : The development of other-gender interactions: Behavioral, biological, cognitive, and contextual influences. In: Roberts, Tomi-Ann: Feminist perspectives on building a better psychological science of gender: Berlin, Germany: Springer, S. 121-139
Abstract: The goal of this chapter is to present a model that considers how biology, early peer experiences, cognitive, and contextual factors may relate to changes in other-gender interactions. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section describes the normative developmental patterns of children's and adolescents' same- and other-gender peer interactions and does this by reviewing the existing literature from early childhood through adolescence. The second section is largely theoretical and considers the influence of behavioral characteristics (e.g., early peer experiences), biological development (e.g., pubertal development), social cognitions (e.g., expectancies and efficacy), and contextual factors (e.g., family characteristics and school composition) and the influence these factors might have on individual differences in the development of other-gender/mixed gender interactions. The final sections highlight the importance of other-gender interactions and prov ide futu re directions and suggestions for studying and understanding individual differences in children's and adolescents' other-gender interactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 2
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(2016): Gender, Sociological Theory and Bourdieu’s Sociology of Practice. In: Theory, Culture & Society 23 (6), S. 119-134. DOI: 10.1177/0263276406069778
Abstract: While feminist sociology has succeeded in being recognized as a legitimate field of sociological research (yet mainly as a limited field within the broader discipline), its core objective-namely, to reconfigure the discipline, instating gender as a central analytic category-has not yet been achieved. This article argues that Bourdieu's sociology of practice offers a theoretical framework for fundamentally reconstructing sociology to integrate gender as a central category. After a brief outline of Bourdieu's reasoning in Masculine Domination and of the controversy surrounding this essay, I discuss the concept of habitus, which forms the theoretical core of Masculine Domination, in the broader context of Bourdieu's work. Habitus: is air analytical tool that overcomes the discipline's theoretical barriers to the integration of the category of gender on a central point: the concept of the social agent. I will demonstratethis by opposing the concept of habitus to the construct of the social role that, up to this day, is most influential in shaping the sociological understanding of the social agent.
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(2016) : Gender and the work-family domain: A social role-based perspective. In: Allen, Tammy D.: The Oxford handbook of work and family: Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, S. 53-67
Abstract: This chapter advances a social role perspective on gender and the work–family domain—defined to include work and family time investments and attitudes and the work–family intersection (e.g., work–family conflict). A traditional view of social roles suggests that (1) gender has a main effect on the work–family domain, such that men (women) tend to have more work-oriented (family-oriented) and less family-oriented (work-oriented) experiences than women (men) and (2) gender moderates the effect of the work–family domain on valued outcomes (e.g., career success, family satisfaction, health), such that men and women have more favorable outcomes when work–family experiences align with traditional gender roles. In contrast, a dynamic view of social roles suggests that gender has little relevance for understanding the work–family domain. A narrative review of recent research reveals that gender differences often fail to align with traditional gender-based social r oles, bu t also reflect some vestiges of traditional gender-based expectations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)