Alle Publikationen
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2016
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(2016): Genes, Affect, and Reason. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 20 (1), S. 1-15. DOI: 10.5840/techne20162443
Abstract: Many believe that, in addition to cognitive capacities, autonomous robots need something similar to affect. As in humans, affect, including specific emotions, would filter robot experience based on a set of goals, values, and interests. This narrows behavioral options and avoids combinatorial explosion or regress problems that challenge purely cognitive assessments in a continuously changing experiential field. Adding human-like affect to robots is not straightforward, however. Affect in organisms is an aspect of evolved biological systems, from the taxes of single-cell organisms to the instincts, drives, feelings, moods, and emotions that focus human behavior through the mediation of hormones, pheromones, neurotransmitters, the autonomic nervous system, and key brain structures. We argue that human intelligence is intimately linked to biological affective systems and to the unique repertoire of potential behaviors, sometimes conflicting, they facilitate. Artificial affect is affect in name only and without genes and biological bodies, autonomous robots will lack the goals, interests, and value systems associated with human intelligence. We will take advantage of their general intelligence and expertise, but robots will not enter our intellectual world or apply for legal status in the community.
2012
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(2012): “Cars have their own faces”. Cross-cultural ratings of car shapes in biological (stereotypical) terms. In: Evolution and Human Behavior 33 (2), S. 109-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.06.003
Abstract: It was recently shown that Austrians associate car front geometry with traits in a way that could be related to face shape geometry mapping to those same overall suites of traits. Yet, possible confounding effects of familiarity with the car models, media coverage and entertainment could not be ruled out. In order to address this, the current study uses a cross-cultural comparison. Adult subjects in two countries (Austria and Ethiopia, n=129) were asked to rate person characteristics of 46 standardized front views of automobiles on various trait scales. These two countries differ substantially with regard to their experience with car models and brands, as well as car marketing and media coverage. Geometric morphometrics was then used to assess the shape information underlying trait attribution. Car shapes for perceived maturity, maleness and dominance were highly similar in both countries, with patterns comparable to shape changes during facial growth in humans: Relative sizes of the forehead and windshield decrease with age/growth, eyes and headlights both become more slit-like, noses and grilles bigger, lips and air-intakes are wider. Austrian participants further attributed various degrees of some interpersonal attitudes and emotions, whereas neither Austrians nor Ethiopians congruently ascribed personalities. Morphological correlates of personal characteristics are discussed, as are person perception and its overgeneralization to inanimate objects. Cross-cultural similarities and differences are addressed, as well as implications for car styling, follow-up studies on driving and pedestrian behavior, and fundamental dimensions in inference from (human) faces.
2011
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(2011) : Anthropomorphism And Social Robots: Setting Etiquette Expectations In: Hayes, Caroline C.; Miller, Christopher Allan (Hg.): Human-computer etiquette: Cultural expectations and the design implications they place on computers and technology: Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, S. 231-262
Abstract: [-]
Keywords: Anthropomorphisierung, doppelter Treffer, Emotionen, Erwartungen, Etikette, Etiquette as rules of expectation, Favoriten, frames, Gestik/Mimik, Konversationskonventionen als Etikette-Erwartungen, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Mensch-Technische Systeme, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Ohne Abstract oder Text, Realtechnik, Roboter, Rollen, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Sozial Intelligente Agenten, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Robotik, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Soziosensitive Systeme, Status / biologische Marker, Technik 2008
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(2008): Avoiding the uncanny valley. Robot appearance, personality and consistency of behavior in an attention-seeking home scenario for a robot companion. In: Autonomous Robots 24 (2), S. 159-178. DOI: 10.1007/s10514-007-9058-3
Abstract: This article presents the results of video-based Human Robot Interaction (HRI) trials which investigated people's perceptions of different robot appearances and associated attention-seeking features and behaviors displayed by robots with different appearance and behaviors. The HRI trials studied the participants' preferences for various features of robot appearance and behavior, as well as their personality attributions towards the robots compared to their own personalities. Overall, participants tended to prefer robots with more human-like appearance and attributes. However, systematic individual differences in the dynamic appearance ratings are not consistent with a universal effect. Introverts and participants with lower emotional stability tended to prefer the mechanical looking appearance to a greater degree than other participants. It is also shown that it is possible to rate individual elements of a particular robot's behavior and then assess the contribution, or otherwise, of that element to the overall perception of the robot by people. Relating participants' dynamic appearance ratings of individual robots to independent static appearance ratings provided evidence that could be taken to support a portion of the left hand side of Mori's theoretically proposed 'uncanny valley' diagram. Suggestions for future work are outlined.
Keywords: Anthropomorphisierung, Anthropomorphismus, Bevorzugt bei introvertierten, emotional instabilen Personen, degree of acquaintance, deutsche Community, Disziplin, Favoriten, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Interaktionspartner, Mechanik-betontes Roboterdesign, Mensch oder Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Optik des Roboters/virtuellen Interaktionspartners, Philosophie, Realtechnik, Soziale Robotik, SV, Technik, Technikphilosophie, uncanny valley 1998
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(1998): THE ART OF DESIGNING SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGENTS. SCIENCE, FICTION, AND THE HUMAN IN THE LOOP. In: Applied Artificial Intelligence 12 (7-8), S. 573-617. DOI: 10.1080/088395198117550
Abstract: In this article, socially intelligent agents (SIAs) are understood to be agents that do not only from an observer point of view behave socially but that are able to recognize and identify other agents and establish and maintain relationships to other agents. The process of building SIAs is influenced by what the human as the designer considers "social," and conversely, agent tools that are behaving socially can influence human conceptions of sociality. A cognitive technology (CT) approach toward designing SIAs affords an opportunity to study the process of (1) how new forms of interactions and functionalities and use of technology can emerge at the human-tool interface, (2) how social agents can constrain their cognitive and social potential, and (3) how social agent technology and human (social) cognition can co-evolve and co-adapt and result in new forms of sociality. Agent-human interaction requires a cognitive fit between SIA technology and the human-in-the-loop as designer of, user of, and participant in social interactions. Aspects of human social psychology, e.g., storytelling, empathy, embodiment, and historical and ecological grounding, can contribute to a believable and cognitively well-balanced design of SIA technology in order to further the relationship between humans and agent tools. It is hoped that approaches to believability based on these concepts can avoid the "shallowness" chat merely takes advantage of the anthropomorphizing tendency in humans. This approach is put into the general framework of Embodied Artificial Life (EAL) research. The article concludes with a terminology and list of guidelines useful for SIA design.
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