Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Die feinen Unterschiede. Kritik der gesellschaftlichen Urteilskraft. Unter Mitarbeit von Bernd Schwibs. 26. Auflage 2018. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp (Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch Wissenschaft)Keywords: Bourdieu, Bourdieus Habitustheorie, Einkommen / Beruf, Familiengeschichte, Favoriten, feine Unterschiede, Feld, Geschmack, Gestik/Mimik, Good manners, Habitus, Klasse, Kleidung, Körperhaltung, Macht, Modelle/Theorien, Rollen, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziologie, Sprache, Status / biologische Marker
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(2018): Action Anticipation: Reading the Intentions of Humans and Robots. In: IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 3 (4), S. 4132-4139. DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2018.2861569
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2018.2861569 Abstract: Humans have the fascinating capacity of processing nonverbal visual cues to understand and anticipate the actions of other humans. This “intention reading” ability is underpinned by shared motor repertoires and action models, which we use to interpret the intentions of others as if they were our own. We investigate how different cues contribute to the legibility of human actions during interpersonal interactions. Our first contribution is a publicly available dataset with recordings of human body motion and eye gaze, acquired in an experimental scenario with an actor interacting with three subjects. From these data, we conducted a human study to analyze the importance of different nonverbal cues for action perception. As our second contribution, we used motion/gaze recordings to build a computational model describing the interaction between two persons. As a third contribution, we embedded this model in the controller of an iCub humanoid robot and conducted a second human study, in the same scenario with the robot as an actor, to validate the model's “intention reading” capability. Our results show that it is possible to model (nonverbal) signals exchanged by humans during interaction, and how to incorporate such a mechanism in robotic systems with the twin goal of being able to “read” human action intentionsand acting in a way that is legible by humans
Keywords: Blick / Gaze, Body Movement, EYE GAZE, Gaze, Gesichtserkennung, HRI, human-robot interaction, iCub, Intentionserkennung (Roboter erkennt Menschenintention), Körperbewegung, Körperhaltung, Körpersprache, Nichtverbale Kommunikation, nonverbal, Nonverbal behavior, non-verbal cues, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Soziosensitive Systeme 2017
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(2017): The Embodiment of Power and Visual Dominance Behaviour. In: Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 15 (4), S. 228-241. DOI: 10.7906/indecs.15.4.1
Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify whether the changes in assuming power poses during a conversation between a pair of individuals, who were previously familiar with each other, influence the hierarchy of power, changes in it, as well as maintenance and adoption of different roles in the hierarchy. We assumed changes in roles of power on the basis of changes in visual dominance behaviour, which proved to be a reliable indicator of the social power of the individual in previous researches. Each pair conversed on predefined topics three times for three minutes. By placing individuals in a neutral or expansive posture, the purpose of which was covered by the use of a cover story, we created a difference in nonverbal expression of power between the two individuals. In the first conversation, both individuals adopted a neutral pose. In the second conversation, one individual adopted an expansive posture, while the other remained in a neutral one, and vice versa in the third conversation. Interactions were filmed with two cameras, which enabled us to analyse nonverbal behaviour. The results show that the differences in displays of power with expansive body postures between individuals are not associated with changes in visual dominance behaviour of individuals. From this we conclude that in the relations in which the social hierarchy of power is already established, the use of power poses does not help increase the power of the individual who adopts the posture.
2016
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(2016): DeeperCut. A Deeper, Stronger, and Faster Multi-Person Pose Estimation Model. Online verfügbar unter http://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.03170v3
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to advance the state-of-the-art of articulated pose estimation in scenes with multiple people. To that end we contribute on three fronts. We propose (1) improved body part detectors that generate effective bottom-up proposals for body parts; (2) novel image-conditioned pairwise terms that allow to assemble the proposals into a variable number of consistent body part configurations; and (3) an incremental optimization strategy that explores the search space more efficiently thus leading both to better performance and significant speed-up factors. Evaluation is done on two single-person and two multi-person pose estimation benchmarks. The proposed approach significantly outperforms best known multi-person pose estimation results while demonstrating competitive performance on the task of single person pose estimation. Models and code available at http://pose.mpi-inf.mpg.de
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(2016): The Significance of Posture in Communication Systems †. In: Psychiatry 27 (4), S. 316-331. DOI: 10.1080/00332747.1964.11023403
Abstract: Considers symbols of gesture and posture as clues to interaction patterns of dyads or groups. Concerned mostly with body orientations in the psychotherapy relationship. A broad outline from a Gestalt point of view.
2011
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(2011): Postural control in bipolar disorder. Increased sway area and decreased dynamical complexity. In: PLoS one 6 (5). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019824
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21611126 Abstract: Structural, neurochemical, and functional abnormalities have been identified in the brains of individuals with bipolar disorder, including in key brain structures implicated in postural control, i.e. the cerebellum, brainstem, and basal ganglia. Given these findings, we tested the hypothesis that postural control deficits are present in individuals with bipolar disorder. Sixteen participants with bipolar disorder (BD) and 16 age-matched non-psychiatric healthy controls were asked to stand as still as possible on a force platform for 2 minutes under 4 conditions: (1) eyes open-open base; (2) eyes closed-open base; (3) eyes open-closed base; and (4) eyes closed-closed base. Postural sway data were submitted to conventional quantitative analyses of the magnitude of sway area using the center of pressure measurement. In addition, data were submitted to detrended fluctuation analysis, a nonlinear dynamical systems analytic technique that measures complexity of a time-series, on both the anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions. The bipolar disorder group had increased sway area, indicative of reduced postural control. Decreased complexity in the medio-lateral direction was also observed for the bipolar disorder group, suggesting both a reduction in dynamic range available to them for postural control, and that their postural corrections were primarily dominated by longer time-scales. On both of these measures, significant interactions between diagnostic group and visual condition were also observed, suggesting that the BD participants were impaired in their ability to make corrections to their sway pattern when no visual information was available. Greater sway magnitude and reduced complexity suggest that individuals with bipolar disorder have deficits in sensorimotor integration and a reduced range of timescales available on which to make postural corrections.
2006
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(2006): Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. In: Nature reviews. Neuroscience 7 (3), S. 242-249. DOI: 10.1038/nrn1872
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495945 Abstract: People's faces show fear in many different circumstances. However, when people are terrified, as well as showing emotion, they run for cover. When we see a bodily expression of emotion, we immediately know what specific action is associated with a particular emotion, leaving little need for interpretation of the signal, as is the case for facial expressions. Research on emotional body language is rapidly emerging as a new field in cognitive and affective neuroscience. This article reviews how whole-body signals are automatically perceived and understood, and their role in emotional communication and decision-making.
Keywords: Amygdala, Angst, Animals, Biological, Brain Mapping, dominance, Emotions, entscheiden, Facial Expression, Functional Laterality, Gestik, Humans, Kinesics, Körperhaltung, Mimik, MODELS, Neurobiologie, Neurobiology, Neurowissenschaften, Nonverbale Kommunikation, physiology, Social Perception -
(2006): A PERCEPTUALLY-BASED THEORY OF MIND FOR AGENT INTERACTION INITIATION. In: International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 03 (03), S. 321-339. DOI: 10.1142/S0219843606000783
Abstract: We endow agents with the capability to open interactions based on their perception of the gaze and direction of attention of others in a virtual environment. The capability is geared towards the earliest part of interaction initiation, where agents may be at some distance from each other and may not initially have knowledge of each other's presence. An important idea in our work is that the start of interaction be initiated in a graceful manner involving exchanges of subtle cues before overt interaction commitments are made. Synthetic vision, attention and memory are used to implement the perceptually-based agent theory of mind. Theory of Mind is used to infer information about the intention of the other to interact based on their eye, head and body directions, locomotion and greeting gestures. An agent's interaction behavior is therefore driven not only by its interaction goal, but also by its theory of the goal of the other based on perception. We have implemented this system and used it to automate and evaluate social interaction behaviors between humans and agents in a virtual environment.
Keywords: Begrüßungsgesten, Blick / Gaze, Blickrichtung, Favoriten, Fortbewegung/locomotion, Gesten, Gestik/Mimik, Körperhaltung, Modell zur Interpretation von Handlungsvorhaben für Roboter, Richtung der Kopfhaltung, Richtung der Körperhaltung, Subtilität der Kommunikationsgestik, theory of mind, Weltwissen 1999
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(1999): The chameleon effect. The perception–behavior link and social interaction. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 76 (6), S. 893-910. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893
Abstract: The chameleon effect refers to nonconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners, such that one's behavior passively rind unintentionally changes to match that of others in one's current social environment. The authors suggest that the mechanism involved is the perception-behavior link, the recently documented finding (e.g., J. A. Bargh, M. Chen, & L. Burrows, 1996) that the mere perception of another' s behavior automatically increases the likelihood of engaging in that behavior oneself Experiment 1 showed that the motor behavior of participants unintentionally matched that of strangers with whom they worked on a task. Experiment 2 had confederates mimic the posture and movements of participants and showed that mimicry facilitates the smoothness of interactions and increases liking between interaction partners. Experiment 3 showed that dispositionally empathic individuals exhibit the chameleon effect to a greater extent than do other people.
1998
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(1998): Smiles, Speech, and Body Posture. How Women and Men Display Sociometric Status and Power. In: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 22 (4), S. 209-228. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022967721884
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022967721884 Abstract: This study found that power and status have different effects on nonverbal behavior. Participants lived together for a term in ten member groups (50 women, 29 men) and rated their housemates on characteristics related to power (toughness and leadership) and sociometric status (popularity and being well-known). Smiling, arm and leg position, and total talking time were recorded in group discussions, one with housemates only and one with strangers included. Power, but not sociometric status, was associated with open-body postures in women and with frequency of talking in women and men. Smiling was unrelated to power and was positively correlated with sociometric status. Male body posture was more open, but women and men did not differ in frequency of talking or smiling.
Keywords: Antworten im Rahmen einer Konversation, Anwesenheit nur von Bekannten/Freunden vs. Anwesenheit von Fremden, Biologische Marker, Dauer, Häufigkeit, Menge des Sprechens eines Konversationspartners, Gender, Gestik, Konversationsanalyse, Körperhaltung, Korrespondenz, Kultureller Kontext, Lächeln, Offenheit vs. Geschlossenheit der Körperhaötung, Öffentlicher vs. privater Raum, (Position der) Extremitäten, Sozialer Raum, Sprachgebrauch, Sprechzeit, Status, Turn-taking innerhalb der Konsersation 1996
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(1996): "Motto : bleibt natürlich!" : zur Vermittlung geschlechtsspezifischer Körpersprache in Anstandsbüchern. In: Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde 92 (1), S. 63-78
Abstract: Der Titel «Motto: Bleibt natürlich! - Zur Vermittlung geschlechtsspezifischer Körpersprache in Anstandsbüchern» ist streng genommen ein Widerspruch. Denn auf der einen Seite macht die Aufforderung «Bleibt natürlich!» glauben, daß Anstandsbücher den Menschen einen Anspruch auf eine wie auch immer verstandene Selbstverwirklichung zugestehen, andererseits verweist der Untertitel «Vermittlung geschlechtsspezifischer Körpersprache» eher auf das Gegenteil, auf den Prozeß der Sozialisation, auf Vermittlung also, hier verstanden als Akt der Erziehung. Die Auflösung dieses Widerspruches führt mitten hinein in die Problematik, nämlich in die Frage, welche Funktion und Bedeutung Anstandsbücher seit Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts besaßen. Besonders thematisiert werden soll dabei ein Aspekt, der angesichts der vielfältigen Anleitungen zum richtigen Benehmen bei Tisch, bei Besuchen, in der Sommerfrische usw. schnell übersehen wird, nämlich daß die Anstandsbücher jener Zeit wie kaum je zuvor Bilder von Männlich und Weiblich festgeschrieben haben. Das Arrangement der Geschlechter, das die bürgerliche Familie konstituierte und zu einem Gutteil bis heute ausmacht, fand seine Entsprechungen bis in die Körpersprache hinein.
1994
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(1994): The behavioural cues of familiarity during social interactions among human adults. A review of the literature and some observations in normal and demented elderly subjects. In: Behavioural Processes 33 (1-2), S. 189-211. DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(94)90066-3
Abstract: The present paper deals with the non-verbal expression of individual recognition in normal and pathological populations. In the first part, the literature on non-verbal communication is surveyed with a selective attention given to observational studies comparing encounters between friends and between strangers in young adult subjects. To begin with, it is shown that in some cases external observers can discriminate above chance level silent films showing interactions between familiar and unfamiliar persons. Then, potential cues enabling such a performance are searched for by analysis of familiarity effects on interpersonal distance, touching gesture, visual and postural orientation, and facial or manual movements expressing affiliation or reticence. Finally, these observations are discussed in relation to several underlying processes: learning of interaction rules, involvement of an affiliative motivational system, and regulation of arousal. The problem of assessing the directionality of the familiarity effects is also raised. The second part of the paper addresses the issue of non-verbal expression of recognition in subjects who show impaired person recognition in the verbal modality. A pilot study compares the behaviour of older institutionalised women, either normal or suffering from senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, during conversations with a member of the medical team and with another unfamiliar person. The methodological problems raised by the planning of the experimental situation are discussed.
1991
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(1991): Verbal, prosodic, and kinesic emotive contrasts in speech. In: Journal of Pragmatics 15 (6), S. 521-549. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(91)90110-J
Abstract: The signaling of logical relations between, and emotive reactions to, subjects in face-to-face speech are complexly interrelated processes, making it sometimes difficult to fully distinguish what people say from how they say it. Emotive communication, an aspect of the latter (style, rhetoric, speech strategy), may be viewed, following Stankiewicz (1964), as the culturally learned, cognitively mediated use of nonpropositional signals to express feelings, manage impressions, and reach goals in speech. The paper introduces some pragmatically relevant American English verbal, vocal, and kinesic emotive contrasts, e.g., shifts of verbal explicitness, verbal value-ladenness, verbal intensity, vocal emphasis, intonation, gaze, facial expression, body posture and so on, and discusses their functions in speech as signals of (un)assertiveness, (non)affiliation, and (un)involvement. Methodological and theoretical questions raised by the nondiscrete, gradient, ‘more/less’ nature of emotive contrasts are discussed, and some conventional cross-modal emotive strategies in American English are explained. The paper is at once an introduction to basic problems in the study of emotive communication, and an invitation to a synthesis of cognitive and emotive standpoints in pragmatic research on face-to-face speech.
Keywords: Ausdruck von (Nicht-)Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl, Betonung, Blick / Gaze, Brown & Levinson, Disziplin, Emotive Kommunikation, Erste Welle, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Gestik/Mimik, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der ersten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Klarheit/Eindeutigkeit der Ausdrucksweise, Körperhaltung, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Politeness, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprachgebrauch, Sprechmelodie/Prosody, Supportive Facework, Übermitteln von Gefühlen/Emotionen, Wortbedeutung 1982
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(1982): Die feinen Unterschiede. Kritik der gesellschaftlichen Urteilskraft. 1. Auflage. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp VerlagKeywords: Bourdieus Habitustheorie, Einkommen / Beruf, Familiengeschichte, Favoriten, Frankreich, Geschmack, Geschmack <Ästhet.>, Gesellschaftsordnung, Gestik/Mimik, Habitus, Kapitalismus, Kleidung, Körperhaltung, Kultur, Kultursoziologie, Macht, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Rollen, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Klasse, Soziale Schicht, Soziale Schichtung, sozialer Status, Soziales Prestige, Status / biologische Marker
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