Alle Publikationen
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2016
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(2016): Polite like an Egyptian?. Case Studies of Politeness in the Late Ramesside Letters. In: Journal of Politeness Research 12 (2), S. 149-153. DOI: 10.1515/pr-2016-0007
Abstract: The Late Ramesside Letters, a corpus of over 70 personal communications written in Late Egyptian, form one of the most complete letter collections from ancient Egypt (c. 1099-1069 BCE). A key feature of ancient Egyptian letter writing is the adherence to the social positions of, and relationships between, the interlocutors, allowing scholars to reconstruct the hierarchical network of individuals directly and indirectly included in the corpus. From this understanding, how can modern scholars discern what was considered to be 'polite' communicative behaviour within these relationships and how can developments in historical politeness help us do this? This article will explore three case studies surrounding different aspects of politeness research: first-order politeness, facework, and discernment politeness in order to explore the phenomenon of 'politeness' in Late Egyptian and reflect on the suitability of current politeness frameworks for the analysis of the Late Ramesside Letters.
2015
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(2015): Decorum and Desire. Dance in Renaissance Europe and the Maturation of a Discipline. In: RENAISSANCE QUARTERLY 68 (2), S. 597-612
Abstract: Dance in early modern Europe was actively enganged in by all levels of society. Thus research into past practices has implications for many areas of historical inquiry: music, theater, festivals, visual arts, costume, gesture, literature, garden design, political processes, and intellectual movements, as well as questions of identity, oder and moral virtue.
Keywords: decorum, Geschichte, Kulturelle/soziale Rituale, Renaissance, Soziale Ordnung, Tanz, Werte -
(2015): Decorum and the Meanings of Materials in Triumphal Architecture of Republican Rome. In: JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIANS 74 (3), S. 289-311
Abstract: In Decorum and the Meanings of Materials in Triumphal Architecture of Republican Rome, Maggie L. Popkin argues that the literal and figurative values of materials in republican triumphal architecture stemmed from complex interactions among patron, architect, audience, and sociohistorical context. Several case studies—the Temple of Fortuna Equestris, the Porticus Metelli, the Round Temple on the Tiber, and Temple B in the Area Sacra di Largo Argentina—demonstrate that the juxtaposition of multiple materials, changing historical circumstances, and new groups of viewers resulted in constantly shifting meanings of materials in republican architecture. The Roman notion of decorum helps explain the shifting uses and valuations of materials. Factors such as the monument’s patron, the event that sparked its construction, its location, the monument type, the availability of materials, and the intended audiences affected the choice of materials and their intended and perceived meanings, which had rich conceptual and imaginative potential to evoke Roman conquest, piety, and spectacle.
Keywords: Architektur, Architektur (high and low ranking buildings), Art des Kommunikationsmediums, decorum, Geschichte, Häuser, Kunst, Öffentlicher vs. privater Raum, Raum/Ort, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Social Rank, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Sozialer Wert von Objekten/Prestigeobjekte etc., Strategien zur Erlangung von Sympathie, Wissen um Normen 2014
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(2014): The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press (Oxford studies in sociolinguistics). Online verfügbar unter http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=610156
Abstract: This readable book presents a new general theoretical understanding of politeness. It offers an account of a wide range of politeness phenomena in English, illustrated by hundreds of examples of actual language use taken largely from authentic British and American sources. Building on his earlier pioneering work on politeness, Geoffrey Leech takes a pragmatic approach that is based on the controversial notion that politeness is communicative altruism. Leech's 1983 book, Principles of Pragmatics, introduced the now widely-accepted distinction between pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects of politeness; this book returns to the pragmalinguistic side, somewhat neglected in recent work. Drawing on neo-Gricean thinking, Leech rejects the prevalent view that it is impossible to apply the terms 'polite' or 'impolite' to linguistic phenomena. Leech covers all major speech acts that are either positively or negatively associated with politeness, such as requests, apologies, compliments, offers, criticisms, good wishes, condolences, congratulations, agreement, and disagreement. Additional chapters deal with impoliteness and the related phenomena of irony ("mock politeness") and banter ("mock impoliteness"), and with the role of politeness in the learning of English as a second language. A final chapter takes a fascinating look at more than a thousand years of history of politeness in the English language.
2013
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Witruk, Evelin (2013): Historical and cross-cultural aspects of psychology. Frankfurt am Main: Lang (Beiträge zur pädagogischen und Rehabilitationspsychologie)
2011
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(2011): Understanding Historical (Im)Politeness. In: Journal of Historical Pragmatics 12 (1-2), S. 255-282. DOI: 10.1075/jhp.12.1-2.11bax
Abstract: This paper is intended as an overall template of the evolution of (im)politeness. It elucidates how (linguistic) rapport management originated and developed over time, and tries to come to grips with (some of) the sociocultural factors behind such changes. Taking its point of departure in human prehistory (Section 1), the paper argues that, contrary to received wisdom, politeness and impoliteness are not two sides of the same coin (Section 2), and it discusses the dissimilar evolutionary antecedents of politeness and impoliteness (Sections 3 and 4). The paper then maps out three broad-scale diachronic trends regarding the conveyance of interpersonal distance, ipso facto the marking out of socio-proxemic interactional space; namely, (a) from performative to verbal, (b) from self-display to other-concern and (c) from collectivity-oriented to individual-oriented (Section 5).
Keywords: collectivity-oriented vs. individual-oriented politeness, Disziplin, Favoriten, Genese, Geschichte, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, (Im)Politeness Research, Impoliteness, Linguistik, performative vs. verbal politeness, Politeness and impoliteness as fundamentally diferrent principles, Politeness as expression of concern, Proxemik, socio-proxemic, Soziale Angemessenheit, Überblick -
(2011): Dienen lernen, um zu herrschen. Höfische Erziehung im ausgehenden Mittelalter (1450-1550). Berlin: Akademie Verl.. Online verfügbar unter http://www.oldenbourg-link.com/isbn/9783050056050
DOI: http://www.oldenbourg-link.com/isbn/9783050056050 Abstract: Main description: An mittelalterlichen Höfen wurden Fürstenkinder stets in Gemeinschaft mit jungen Adligen erzogen und ausgebildet, um auf herrschaftliche Aufgaben vorbereitet zu werden. Die Erziehung von Fürsten ist deshalb eng mit der höfischen Adelserziehung verbunden. Bisher wurde sie vor allem auf der Grundlage von Traktaten oder literarischen Texten untersucht, doch für die Zeit um 1500 ist es möglich, auch vertrauliche Briefe und Sachquellen heranzuziehen und seltene Einblicke in den Alltag höfischer Erziehung zu gewinnen. Am Beispiel dreier Fürstengeschlechter – Anhaltiner, Hohenzollern und Wettiner – kann gezeigt werden, wie neue Bildungsanforderungen bei Hofe aufgenommen, umgesetzt und angepasst wurden. Gleichzeitig ist zu sehen, dass die alte Verbindung von Erziehung und Hofdienst als ein Kern höfischer Erziehung bestehen blieb. Wer an einen Hof geschickt wurde, um dort etwas zu lernen, der nahm eine dienende Stellung ein. Gemäß dem Grundsatz, dass derjenige, der über andere herrschen will, zunächst lernen muss, sich selbst zu beherrschen, galt das ebenso für Fürstenkinder. Wenn sie sich auch zunehmend über Bücher beugen mussten, so lernten sie bei Hofe doch vor allem durch Nachahmung, ständiges Einüben und Wetteifern, denn nur auf diese Weise ließ sich in Erfahrung bringen, wie Gunst und Ansehen zu erlangen und der eigene Rang zu behaupten oder zu steigern war.
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(2011): Aufforderung im Französischen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte sprachlicher Höflichkeit. Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie). Online verfügbar unter http://www.reference-global.com/isbn/978-3-11-023558-6
Abstract: Historische Aufforderungshandlungen sind gute Quellen für die Erforschung der Höflichkeitsstrategien früherer Epochen. Die Arbeit untersucht an Hand eines Korpus fiktionaler und non-fiktionaler französischer Texte zunächst die Häufigkeit verschiedener Formulierungstypen für unterschiedliche Arten von Aufforderungen, z.B. Bitten, Befehlen, Vor- und Ratschlägen. Neben den unmittelbaren Versprachlichungsstrategien (z.B. der direkten Aufforderung im Imperativ ferme la porte, der konventionell-indirekten Umschreibung pourrais-tu fermer la porte und anderen) wird auch deren Einbettung in das sprachliche Umfeld berücksichtigt, z.B. die Verwendung von Adverbien wie un peu oder vite sowie die Tatsache, dass Aufforderungen oft durch andere Sprechakte, wie etwa Entschuldigungen, Schmeicheleien, aber auch Drohungen usw., unterstützt werden. Aus den Veränderungen der Frequenzverhältnisse im Lauf der Sprachgeschichte ergeben sich Hinweise auf ein Vorherrschen der positive politeness (nach Brown/Levinson 1987) im Mittelalter und eine graduelle Verdrängung durch verschiedene Mittel der negative politeness seit Beginn der frühen Neuzeit. Dieses Phänomen kann durch allgemeine geistesgeschichtliche Entwicklungen erklärt werden.
2009
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(2009) : Adolph von Knigges ‚Über den Umgang mit Menschen‘. Transformationen der frühmodernen in die moderne Höflichkeit In: Rudolph, Andre; Stöckmann, Ernst (Hg.): Aufklärung und Weimarer Klassik im Dialog: 1. Aufl.: s.l.: Max Niemeyer Verlag (Untersuchungen zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte), S. 30-53
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(2009): The valentyn case. plagiarism and scientific decorum at the beginning of the eighteenth century. In: TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR NEDERLANDSE TAAL-EN LETTERKUNDE 125 (1), S. 22-40
Abstract: François Valentyn (1666-1727) is the author of Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën, which is the most comprehensive book about Asia published in the eighteenth century. Modern criticism of his work to a large degree revolves around accusations of plagiarism of naturalist Georg Rumphius. This criticism, however, does not take into account early eighteenth-century notions of plagiarism and systems of referencing. This article tries to read the shortcomings (from our perspective) of Valentyn's system of referencing against the background of shifting ideas about scholarly behaviour and referencing within the Republic of Letters around 1700. The argument of the paper focusses both on Valentyn's use of Rumphius and his defence against potential accusations of plagiarism in the case of his assertions about the possible location of biblical Ophir in the book of Kings. It is concluded that Valentyn found himself in an ambiguous discursive position. Although he was acquainted with the stricter guidelines for scholarly referencing in the Republic of Letters, in which he held at most an outsider's position, at the same time he remained caught up in a historiographical discourse which discouraged explicit attribution and, in the case of travel writing, even allowed large scale plagiarism.
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(2009): Humour and Insult in the House of Commons. The Case of Palmerston and Disraeli. In: PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY 28 (2), S. 228-245
Abstract: Formal prohibitions on ‘personalities’ notwithstanding, a constant of parliamentary life is that members regularly insult one another. Within the conventions of 19th-century public decorum, humour served as an effective means for some politicians to deliver personal insults to their opponents.This article examines the nature of the personal attacks made by Disraeli and Palmerston on each other between 1837 and 1865, and describes how their styles of humorous insult were different but equally effective. Analysis of their political contest sheds new light on the careers of the two men, while also providing the basis for broader considerations about the changing nature and functions of humour in political discourse from the 18th to the 20th centuries.
Keywords: Beispiel, beleidigen, Beleidigung, decorum, fluchen, Geschichte, humor, Politik, Sprache, Wandel von Normen 2007
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(2007): A history of modern experimental psychology. From James and Wundt to cognitive science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
2006
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(2006): Alcohol and the Jews (again), race and medicine (again). On race and medicine in historical perspective. In: PATTERNS OF PREJUDICE 40 (4-5), S. 335-352
Abstract: The question of why or whether Jews have a resistance to alcoholism is now the subject of genetic research. Parallel to investigations into such perceived resistance in other groups (such as ‘Asians’), the recent work makes global claims that can be shown to have very specific social and historical origins. The accusation that the Jews abused alcohol was rebutted in the eighteenth century as Jews entered into the German-speaking public sphere. The key to such access was adherence to rules of ‘decorum’, and the public consumption of alcohol was central to this project.
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(2006): Idiocy in Virginia, 1616-1860. In: BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 80 (4), S. 677-701
Abstract: Like the English, Virginians tended to think that idiocy, a condition analogous to intellectual disability in the twenty-first century, was congenital, untreatable, and incurable, and they adopted legal remedies that corresponded closely to the laws of England. In addition, concepts of idiocy reflected some of the unique aspects of Virginia's social system, which was dominated by a coterie of powerful men. With a need to preserve social order and maintain decorum, the Virginia legislature established in 1769 the Eastern State Hospital to house unruly and objectionable people who were mentally disabled. Although idiots were among the hospital's first patients, they were eventually banished due to their presumed failure to respond to treatment. The social stigma attached to idiocy extended from Virginia's city streets and jails to the private homes of prominent families. Personal reticence regarding shameful family matters hid the identity of people thought to be intellectually disabled. Even Thomas Jefferson, a prolific author, entered only cryptic notes about the limitations of his sister, Elizabeth. In summary, Virginians' response to idiocy suggests a two-tiered approach: public disclosure and disdain of poor and dependent people with intellectual disabilities, and silent avoidance of the problem in prominent families. In both situations, idiocy represented images of shame and humiliation that threatened the social order.
Keywords: Beeinflussung sozial angemessenen Verhaltens, Beispiel, chemisch / neurologisch / medikamentös / durch Substanzen, decorum, Diskriminierung, Fehlverhalten, Geschichte, Gesellschaftsprofit, "idiocy", Medizin, Mental Health, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Soziale Ordnung, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext 2004
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(2004): Regel und Interpretation. Eine Untersuchung zur sozialen Struktur sprachlicher Praxis. Zugl.: Gießen, Univ., Diss., 2001. 1. Aufl.. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft
Abstract: Dass sprachliche Praxis eine soziale Praxis ist, gilt der Sprachphilosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts als selbstverständlich. Aber wie genau sollen wir das Verhältnis der einzelnen Sprecherinnen und Sprecher zueinander und zu der Gemeinschaft, die sie als Sprecherinnen und Sprecher einer Sprache bilden, im Rahmen einer philosophischen Theorie sprachlicher Bedeutung konzipieren? Sind Sprecher als solche notwendig auf die Existenz anderer Sprecher oder einer Sprachgemeinschaft, der sie angehören, angewiesen? In welcher Weise sind sie von den sprachlichen Normen einer Gemeinschaft bestimmt? In welcher Weise bestimmen sie diese Normen? Und in welcher Weise bestimmen sie einander?
1995
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(1995): One Story Map Does Not Fit All. A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Children's Written Story Retellings. In: Journal of Narrative and Life History 5 (1), S. 1-19. DOI: 10.1075/jnlh.5.1.01one
Abstract: Narrative is acknowledged to be a primary means by which children develop the voice of their own culture. In recent years, and as a result of the increased interest in story grammar research, retellings have also become a useful tool for assessing children's understanding of stories and teaching comprehension. The assumption across most previous studies is that narrative, especially folktales, provides the same story-schema support, no matter what the culture of the child may be. This cross-cultural study examines the relative effects of literacy and culture on the narrative form of written story retellings. Empirical findings confirm the hypothesis that two disparate populations, otherwise equated for levels of literacy, western-style schooling, and cognitive development, differ significantly in the structural components of their written story retellings. The story grammar of Mandler and Johnson (1977) was evaluated for discriminatory power. Categorizations of specific components of the story grammar showed qualitative differences from culture to culture. Results support culture-specific theories of story schema. (Sociolinguistics, Education)
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Montandon, Alain (1995): Dictionnaire raisonné de la politesse et du savoir-vivre. Du Moyen Âge à nos jours. Paris: Éds. du Seuil (La couleur de la vie)
Abstract: Ce Dictionnaire raisonné permet d’aborder l’histoire et le sens des termes propres au savoir-vivre et à la politesse, au croisement de nombreuses disciplines, littéraires, historiques, esthétiques, sociologiques. Les traités de civilité et de savoir-vivre ont un caractère fondateur bien trop sous-estimé dans la culture occidentale. Les concepts et les attitudes qu’ils mettent en œuvre font partie de l’héritage de l’Europe. Que savons-nous aujourd’hui de cette tradition ? Quelle en est la permanence et l’évolution ? Comment nous la réapproprier ? Chaque article de ce dictionnaire sémantique et historique forme un tout, mais chacun des quarante-deux articles renvoie également à d’autres termes repérables, soit en fin de texte, soit dans l’index qui répertorie l’ensemble des notions présentes au fil de l’ouvrage. Ainsi se juxtapose, à l’ordre alphabétique du dictionnaire, la possibilité de lectures croisées. Une lecture promenade est donc offerte, autorisant plusieurs parcours au lecteur, autour de ces notions essentielles à la culture sociale. Ouvrage de référence, outil de travail, l’ensemble de cette série d’essais originaux comble une lacune importante quant à ces concepts majeurs qui structurent les représentations de la communication sociale. Cette archéologie du savoir-vivre permet de mieux nous comprendre, dans nos racines et notre modernité.
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(1995): Etiquette Books and Emotion Management in the 20th Century. Part Two--The Integration of the Sexes. In: Journal of Social History 29 (2), S. 325-339. DOI: 10.1353/jsh/29.2.324
Abstract: This paper is the second part of a report on a comparative study of changes in twentieth-century American, Dutch, English and German etiquette books, focusing on connections between changes in ranking and formality, especially with regard to classes and sexes, and changes in emotion management. This part concentrates on the diminishing social and psychic distance between the sexes, and on changes in the demands on emotion management in the process of women's emancipation and social integration. A sketch of the expansion of upper- and middle-class women's sources of power and identity focuses on aspects such as the development of codes of behaviour for new situations: dances, dates, the workplace, etc., as women succeeded in getting rid of the system of chaperonage and in 'escaping' from the imprisonment of the 'home'. The concluding sections of this part focus on the intensified tug-of-war between old and new relational ideals and sources of power, and concomitant: feelings of ambivalence in both women and men.
Keywords: Etikette, Etiquette, Favoriten, Gender, Geschichte, Historical shifts of politeness forms, Kulturelle/soziale Rituale, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Ratgeber, Ratgeberforschung, Sexes, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialgeschichte, Tanz, Überblick -
(1995): Etiquette Books and Emotion Management in The 20th Century. Part One--The Integration of Social Classes. In: Journal of Social History 29 (1), S. 107-124. DOI: 10.1353/jsh/29.1.107
Abstract: This is the first part of a comparative study of changes in twentieth-century American, Dutch, English and German etiquette books, focusing on connections between changes in ranking and formality, especially with regard to classes and sexes, and changes in emotional management. Direct references to differences in class, status and gender, particularly with regard to feelings of superiority and inferiority, have diminished or even vanished from the social codes as workers and women came to be further integrated into their national states. Within the consequential narrower limits these codes have become more lenient and varied for a wider and more differentiated public: an informalization process. After a preliminary section on etiquette books as a source of evidence, this first report concentrates on the diminishing social and psychical distance between people of different class and rank. It presents examples of changes in what was written on the 'dangers' of social mixing, familiarity, the use of Christian names and 'social kissing'. These examples indicate an expanding social integration and identification as well as a change in the regimes of power and emotions in the direction of increasing social constraint towards 'unconstrained self-restraint'.
1979
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Oelmüller, Willi (1979): Normen und Geschichte. Paderborn: UTB (Materialien zur Normendiskussion)
Keywords: Disziplin, Ethik, Geschichte, Geschichtswissenschaft, norm, Philosophie, Soziale Norm, sozialer Wandel, Sozialer Wert 1977
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(1977): Resilience, Hypotheticality and Computers. Designing Social Systems under Uncertainty. In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (121/5), S. 346-349
Abstract: OVER TWO THOUSAND years ago, Archimedes invented some formidable, for his time, machines. And, in a moment of forgivable boastfulness, he isreported to have said: "Give me where to stand, and I shall move the earth." Since his day, man- kind has generated the energy to move the earth and has set about transforming it, often to our satisfaction, not infrequently to our regret. And we know where is Archimedes' place to stand: technology. About twenty-five years ago, computing machines made their appearance. A computing machine is a means for multiplying mankind's capacity to generate, manage, and apply information, just as Archimedes' machines were force- multiplying devices. Where energy machines give us the power to alter natural systems, to fashion the physical world to a state we believe we shall like better, information machines may give us expanded analytical power to foresee the conse- quences of technological choice. However, much of the computer simulation of social and physical systems falls far short of demonstrating the reality of this hope. Economic models do not yet provide unambiguous direction to economic planners. The use by the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth project, of what Gerald Piel calls the "awesome authority of the computer" to forecast a dismal fate for mankind, undoubtedly helped catch the public's attention. But whether it advanced the reputation of computer simulation of complex social processes is more debatable.
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