Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018) : A Computational Framework for Integrating Task Planning and Norm Aware Reasoning for Social Robots: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Nanjing, China: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 282-287
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525577 Abstract: Autonomous robots are envisioned to increasingly become part of our lives in the house, restaurants, hospitals and offices. Additionally, self-driving cars will be soon appearing in city streets and highways and they will have to interact with cars driven by humans as well as other self-driving cars. In these settings the robots not only need to efficiently perform their tasks but also be able to interact with humans in socially appropriate ways. To accomplish this, robots must be able to reason not only on how to perform their tasks, but also incorporate societal values, social norms and legal rules so they can gain human acceptability and trust. Moreover, interactions with these robots will be long term. Long-term human interaction with robots as well as robot combined reasoning about both tasks and social norms generate multiple modeling and computational challenges. In this paper, we address one of the most important of these challenges, namely what is an appropriate and scalable computational framework that enables simultaneous task and normative reasoning. In particular, we report on our work on a novel computational framework, Modular Normative Markov Decision Processes (MNMDP) that integrates reasoning for domain tasks and normative reasoning for long-term autonomy. The MNMDP framework applies normative reasoning considering only the norms that are activated in appropriate contexts, rather than considering the full set of norms, thus significantly reducing computational complexity. The model modularity is also advantageous for long-term human-robot interaction. We present computational experiments that show significant computational improvements as compared with a base Normative Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework that includes the full set of norms.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Autonomous automobiles, autonomous robots, Cognition, Computational complexity, Decision theory, human acceptability, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, inference mechanisms, knowledge based systems, long-term human interaction, Markov processes, MNMDP framework, Mobile robots, modular normative Markov decision processes, norm aware reasoning, normative Markov decision process framework, Normative reasoning, path planning, Planning, robot combined reasoning, self-driving cars, Social Norms, social robots, societal values, Task Analysis, task planning -
(2018): The role of a "common is moral" heuristic in the stability and change of moral norms. In: Journal of experimental psychology. General 147 (2), S. 228-242. DOI: 10.1037/xge0000365
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28891657 Abstract: Moral norms are fundamental for virtually all social interactions, including cooperation. Moral norms develop and change, but the mechanisms underlying when, and how, such changes occur are not well-described by theories of moral psychology. We tested, and confirmed, the hypothesis that the commonness of an observed behavior consistently influences its moral status, which we refer to as the common is moral (CIM) heuristic. In 9 experiments, we used an experimental model of dynamic social interaction that manipulated the commonness of altruistic and selfish behaviors to examine the change of peoples' moral judgments. We found that both altruistic and selfish behaviors were judged as more moral, and less deserving of punishment, when common than when rare, which could be explained by a classical formal model (social impact theory) of behavioral conformity. Furthermore, judgments of common versus rare behaviors were faster, indicating that they were computationally more efficient. Finally, we used agent-based computer simulations to investigate the endogenous population dynamics predicted to emerge if individuals use the CIM heuristic, and found that the CIM heuristic is sufficient for producing 2 hallmarks of real moral norms; stability and sudden changes. Our results demonstrate that commonness shapes our moral psychology through mechanisms similar to behavioral conformity with wide implications for understanding the stability and change of moral norms. (PsycINFO Database Record zitiert von: 1
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(2018): Individual differences in social control. Who 'speaks up' when witnessing uncivil, discriminatory, and immoral behaviours?. In: The British journal of social psychology 57 (3), S. 524-546. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12246
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29468703 Abstract: This research examined the personality characteristics of individuals who 'speak up' and confront perpetrators of norm transgressions. We tested whether those who intervene tend to be 'bitter complainers' or 'well-adjusted leaders'. In four studies (total N = 1,003), we measured several individual differences that are directly implicated by at least one of the two concepts. We also presented participants with uncivil, discriminatory, and immoral behaviours and asked them how likely they would be to intervene if they were to witness each of these behaviours as a bystander. The results confirmed the well-adjusted leader hypothesis: Participants' self-reported tendency to confront perpetrators correlated positively with altruism, extraversion, social responsibility, acceptance by peers, independent self-construal, emotion regulation, persistence, self-directedness, age, occupation, and monthly salary, but not with aggressiveness or low self-esteem. Individuals who confront prejudice also speak up against other immoral and uncivil behaviours. We discuss the implications of these findings for the perpetuation and change of social norms. zitiert von 2
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(2018) : The multi-norm structural social-developmental model of children's intergroup attitudes: Integrating intergroup-loyalty and outgroup fairness norms. In: Vala, Jorge; Waldzus, Sven; Calheiros, Maria Manuela (Hg.): The Social Developmental Construction of Violence and Intergroup Conflict: Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer SE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42727-0 Abstract: This chapter presents a new complete theoretical model of intergroup attitudes of children—the Multi-Norm Structural Social-Developmental (MNSD) model. The MNSD offers a comprehensive and integrative approach that builds on three extant social-developmental theories that explain the dynamic variation of prejudiced responses during child development. The unique contribution of MNSD is in integrating hypotheses on the role of competing social norms, using social-developmental and social psychological theory. The MNSD proposes that two strong social norms, the ingroup loyalty norm and the norm not to be prejudiced (outgroup fairness norm), operate in a complementary rather than mutually exclusive way in social-developmental intergroup contexts. In specifying when and how these norms become influential and shape intergroup biases of children, the MNSD proposes two kinds of hypotheses, one regarding lasting changes in the availability and internalization of these norms and o ne regar ding the situational and context dependent salience of them. With this the authors explain existing results and generate novel untested systematic hypotheses on how the dynamic relationship between groups' complex normative repertoires and socio-structural variables proposed by social identity theory (status differences, their stability and legitimacy) might operate insidiously to protect or reify the status quo within asymmetric intergroup contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) Document Type:
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(2018): Moral cognition and its basis in social cognition and social regulation.. New York: Guilford Press, zuletzt geprüft am 25.04.2018
Abstract: What is the basis of moral cognition? Moral judgments are grounded in a number of cognitive and social cognitive processes, which guide the social regulation of behavior and are, in turn, constrained by such regulation to be fair and evidence-based. Human beings live complex social lives, composed of various types of relationships across nested social hierarchies, all structured by rights, rules, and obligations. However, selfish goals persist, and keeping individuals’ goals in line with community interests has become the primary challenge of modern morality. To meet this challenge, human societies have developed two major social-cultural tools: a vast network of rules, norms, and values and complex social practices of norm enforcement, such as blame, praise, apology, and reconciliation. This kind of social-cultural morality has to be taught, learned, and enforced by community members, even by the youngest among them. Acquiring norms likely benefits from early-appearing prefere nces for prosocial agents over antisocial agents, but socially mature moral capacities rely heavily on nonmoral capacities: those of social cognition. Social cognition encompasses a hierarchy of interdependent concepts, processes, and skills that allow individuals to perceive, understand, and—most important for the present topic—evaluate one another. For example, norm enforcers infer the mental processes that generated a transgressive behavior (e.g., motive, belief, intention) before blaming the transgressor. The transgressor must likewise infer the mental processes that generated the social act of blaming (e.g., the norm enforcer’s goals, knowledge, and power of enforcing sanctions) when deciding to deny or admit, maintain or correct the norm-violating behavior. These, then, are the phenomena this chapter aims to illuminate. We show how the elements of social cognition ground people’s moral cognition and how social and moral cognition together guide the social regul ation of behavior by moral norms. We aim to identify the concepts, mechanisms, and practices that go into making various kinds of moral judgments and the forms and functions of socially expressing those judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 4
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(2018): Normative expectations about fairness. The development of a charity norm in preschoolers. In: Journal of experimental child psychology 165, S. 66-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.016
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28477951 Abstract: This study investigated preschool children's normative expectations about the fair distribution of resources. We examined whether preschool children have a norm of charity, that is, a norm to give more to poor individuals than to wealthy individuals. To this end, we presented 3- to 6-year-olds (N=81) with two different resource allocation situations. In one situation, an agent complied with a norm of charity by allocating more resources to a poor recipient than to a rich recipient. In the other situation, a different agent violated the norm by allocating more resources to a wealthy recipient. We assessed (a) children's verbal protest and affirmation during the resource allocation situations, (b) their punishing and rewarding behavior toward the agents, and (c) their evaluations of the agents' behavior. The results show that older (5- and 6-year-old) preschool children enforced norm-compliant behavior and protested against the norm violation of the protagonist who gave more items to the wealthy recipient, but this was not the case in younger preschool children. These findings demonstrate that older preschool children consider charity as a norm and enforce this norm toward third parties.
Keywords: Child, Child Behavior/psychology, Child, Preschool, Entstehung von Normen, Entwicklungspsychologie, Fairness, Female, Gerechtigkeit, Gerechtigkeit in Bezug auf demographische Observablen, Gleichverteilung, Humans, Male, Moral Development, Normenwandel, Psychology, Child, Punishment, Resource Allocation, Reward, Social Justice/psychology, Social Norms, Werte 2017
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(2017): Norms in the wild. How to diagnose, measure, and change social norms. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Abstract: 'Norms in the Wild' takes a look at social norms, answering questions about diagnosis (how can we tell that a shared practice is a social norm?), measurement (how do we measure expectations and preferences?), and change (which tools can we adopt to effect norm change?). The theories developed in the work are brought to life by examining real-life cases of norm creation and abandonment, the rationale behind policy interventions, and how change can be spearheaded by various types of trendsetters, be they individuals, groups, or the media
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(2017): Learning from moral inconsistency. In: Cognition 167, S. 46-57. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.006
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28522269 Abstract: Moral inconsistency is an understudied phenomenon in cognitive moral psychology and deserves in depth empirical study. Moral inconsistency, as understood here, is not formal inconsistency but inconsistency in moral emotion and belief in response to particular cases. It occurs when persons treat cases as morally different that are really morally the same, even from their moral perspective. Learning to recognize and avoid such moral inconsistency in non-trivial but is a form of moral learning that complements and enhances other psychological and social mechanisms through which persons learn how to apply shared moral norms when their applications are uncertain and threaten to lapse into moral inconsistency. The same psychological process also can function to revise current moral norms when their straightforward applications are morally inconsistent with more basic moral commitments. Through this moral learning and related kinds, people can learn how to identify issues of moral priority when moral norms conflict and, when necessary, how to revise their moral norms. The recent revolution in dominant moral norms around gay sex and gay marriage in Europe and North America provides a possible illustration. When coupled with other modes of moral learning in the context of ambiguous but deeply rooted moral norms, such as those of sanctity and authority, reflection on moral inconsistency can help to justify this large-scale moral change, even among those who find gay sex, by its nature, morally repugnant. zitiert von: 3
Keywords: Emotions, Humans, Kognitionswissenschaften, Learning, Lerntheorien, Moral, Morals, science direct, Social Norms -
(2017): Sources of deviant behavior. Contrasting alternative explanations in the laboratory. In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 71, S. 31-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2017.07.003
Abstract: We explore the driving factors behind deviant behavior by contrasting three theoretical frameworks: stable preference for deviant behavior, impact from social history on pro-social behaviors, and contingent cooperation with social norms. Subjects in our experiment first play a repeated Trust Game to create social histories in the laboratory, before engaging in a Common Resource Game, to measure deviant behavior. The results suggest that social history is an important determinant. Those who experienced deterioration in the evolution of play were more likely to extract large amounts from the common resource. We also document that anticipated social norms in the Trust Game explain extraction in the Common Resource Game, independently from the observed outcomes and the anticipated norms of deviance. This suggests an under-adjustment in behavior to changes in norms. The findings do not support a stable preference for deviant behavior. Thus, our results suggest policy, intended to counteract social history and influence social norms, may be more effective than sanctions in combating deviant behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017) : Gender socialization. In: Schwarz, Jill E.: Counseling women across the life span: Empowerment, advocacy, and intervention: New York City, USA: Springer Publishing Company, S. 21-38
Abstract: After reading this chapter, you will be able to: (1) Define key terms related to gender and gender socialization. (2) Understand agents and processes of gender socialization. (3) Gain awareness of one's own gender socialization experience. (4) Identify individual and societal consequences of gender norms and stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Gender, Geschlechterforschung, Gesellschaft, Sex Roles, Social Norms, Socialization, society -
(2017): The importance of peers for compliance with norms of fair sharing. In: European Economic Review 97, S. 72-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.06.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.06.001 Abstract: A burgeoning literature in economics has started examining the role of social norms in explaining economic behavior. Surprisingly, the vast majority of this literature has studied social norms in asocial decision settings, where individuals are observed to act in isolation from each other. In this paper we use a large-scale dictator game experiment (N = 850) to show that “peers” can have a profound influence on individuals’ perceptions of norms of fair sharing, which we elicit in an incentive compatible way. However, in contrast to these strong peer effects in social norms of fair sharing, we find limited evidence of the influence of norms and peers on actual sharing behavior. We discuss how these results can be explained by heterogeneity in normative views as well as in willingness to comply with norms.
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(2017): Supplemental Material for Consequences, Norms, and Generalized Inaction in Moral Dilemmas. The CNI Model of Moral Decision-Making. In: Journal of personality and social psychology, S. 343-376. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000086.supp
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000086.supp Abstract: Research on moral dilemma judgments has been fundamentally shaped by the distinction between utilitarianism and deontology. According to the principle of utilitarianism, the moral status of behavioral options depends on their consequences; the principle of deontology states that the moral status of behavioral options depends on their consistency with moral norms. To identify the processes underlying utilitarian and deontological judgments, researchers have investigated responses to moral dilemmas that pit one principle against the other (e.g., trolley problem). However, the conceptual meaning of responses in this paradigm is ambiguous, because the central aspects of utilitarianism and deontology—consequences and norms—are not manipulated. We illustrate how this shortcoming undermines theoretical interpretations of empirical findings and describe an alternative approach that resolves the ambiguities of the traditional paradigm. Expanding on this approach, we present a multinom ial model that allows researchers to quantify sensitivity to consequences (C), sensitivity to moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction versus action irrespective of consequences and norms (I) in responses to moral dilemmas. We present 8 studies that used this model to investigate the effects of gender, cognitive load, question framing, and psychopathy on moral dilemma judgments. The findings obtained with the proposed CNI model offer more nuanced insights into the determinants of moral dilemma judgments, calling for a reassessment of dominant theoretical assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 3
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(2017): Moral conformity in online interactions. Rational justifications increase influence of peer opinions on moral judgments. In: Social Influence 12 (2-3), S. 57-68. DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2017.1323007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2017.1323007 Abstract: Over the last decade, social media has increasingly been used as a platform for political and moral discourse. We investigate whether conformity, specifically concerning moral attitudes, occurs in these virtual environments apart from face-to-face interactions. Participants took an online survey and saw either statistical information about the frequency of certain responses, as one might see on social media (Study 1), or arguments that defend the responses in either a rational or emotional way (Study 2). Our results show that social information shaped moral judgments, even in an impersonal digital setting. Furthermore, rational arguments were more effective at eliciting conformity than emotional arguments. We discuss the implications of these results for theories of moral judgment that prioritize emotional responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Moral alchemy. How love changes norms. In: Cognition 167, S. 135-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28404207 Abstract: We discuss a process by which non-moral concerns (that is concerns agreed to be non-moral within a particular cultural context) can take on moral content. We refer to this phenomenon as moral alchemy and suggest that it arises because moral obligations of care entail recursively valuing loved ones' values, thus allowing propositions with no moral weight in themselves to become morally charged. Within this framework, we predict that when people believe a loved one cares about a behavior more than they do themselves, the moral imperative to care about the loved one's interests will raise the value of that behavior, such that people will be more likely to infer that third parties will see the behavior as wrong (Experiment 1) and the behavior itself as more morally important (Experiment 2) than when the same behaviors are considered outside the context of a caring relationship. The current study confirmed these predictions. zitiert von: 2
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(2017): Self-prophecies and cognitive dissonance. Habit, norms and justification of past behavior. In: North American Journal of Psychology, S. 65-86
Abstract: Asking someone to predict his/her behavior increases the probability that it will occur. We tested the production of dissonance in the paradigm of self-prophecies by clarifying the role of past behavior and normative beliefs. We also tested the effects of justifying transgressions as a way of reducing dissonance in a situation of prediction. Habit and normative beliefs about recycling were measured. The results showed that self-prophecies are a source of psychological discomfort only when the recycling habit is weak. The psychological discomfort experienced is reduced when the participants had the opportunity to justify their transgressions. Our measures enabled us to test the effects of the level of inconsistency between habit and normative beliefs on psychological discomfort. The results showed that psychological discomfort is determined by a high level of inconsistency between habit and normative beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017) : Learning behavioral norms in uncertain and changing contexts: 2017 8th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom): Debrecen, Hungary: IEEE, S. 000301-000306
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CogInfoCom.2017.8268261 Abstract: Human behavior is often guided by social and moral norms. Robots that enter human societies must therefore behave in norm-conforming ways as well to increase coordination, predictability, and safety in human-robot interactions. However, human norms are context-specific and laced with uncertainty, making the representation, learning, and communication of norms challenging. We provide a formal representation of norms using deontic logic, Dempster-Shafer Theory, and a machine learning algorithm that allows an artificial agent to learn norms under uncertainty from human data. We demonstrate a novel cognitive capability with which an agent can dynamically learn norms while being exposed to distinct contexts, recognizing the unique identity of each context and the norms that apply in it.
Keywords: Artificial agent, behavioral norms, behavioural sciences computing, Cognition, Conferences, Dempster-Shafer Theory, deontic logic, Ethics, formal logic, Human behavior, human societies, human-robot interaction, human-robot interactions, ieee xplore, inference mechanisms, learning (artificial intelligence), Libraries, machine learning algorithm, Moral & Ethik, moral norms, norm-conforming ways, Robot kinematics, Social Norms, uncertainty, uncertainty handling -
(2017) : Acquiring social interaction behaviours for telepresence robots via deep learning from demonstration: 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS): Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: IEEE, S. 37-42
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2017.8202135 Abstract: As robots begin to inhabit public and social spaces, it is increasingly important to ensure that they behave in a socially appropriate way. However, manually coding social behaviours is prohibitively difficult since social norms are hard to quantify. Therefore, learning from demonstration (LfD), wherein control policies are inferred from demonstrations of correct behaviour, is a powerful tool for helping robots acquire social intelligence. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach to learning social behaviours from demonstration. We apply this method to two challenging social tasks for a semi-autonomous telepresence robot. Our results show that our approach outperforms gradient boosting regression and performs well against a hard-coded controller. Furthermore, ablation experiments confirm that each element of our method is essential to its success.
Keywords: ablation experiments, challenging social tasks, Cloning, control engineering computing, correct behaviour, deep learning approach, deep learning from demonstration, gradient boosting regression, gradient methods, hard-coded controller, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Künstliche Intelligenz, learning (artificial intelligence), LfD, machine learning, public spaces, Regression Analysis, Robot sensing systems, semiautonomous telepresence robot, social behaviour, Social intelligence, social interaction behaviours, Social Norms, social spaces, telepresence robots -
(2017): Self-Interest and the Design of Rules. In: Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) 28 (4), S. 457-480. DOI: 10.1007/s12110-017-9298-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-017-9298-7 Abstract: Rules regulating social behavior raise challenging questions about cultural evolution in part because they frequently confer group-level benefits. Current multilevel selection theories contend that between-group processes interact with within-group processes to produce norms and institutions, but within-group processes have remained underspecified, leading to a recent emphasis on cultural group selection as the primary driver of cultural design. Here we present the self-interested enforcement (SIE) hypothesis, which proposes that the design of rules importantly reflects the relative enforcement capacities of competing parties. We show that, in addition to explaining patterns in cultural change and stability, SIE can account for the emergence of much group-functional culture. We outline how this process can stifle or accelerate cultural group selection, depending on various social conditions. Self-interested enforcement has important bearings on the emergence, stability, and change of rules. zitiert von 5
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(2017): How "ought" exceeds but implies "can". Description and encouragement in moral judgment. In: Cognition 168, S. 267-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.07.008
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28755538 Abstract: This paper tests a theory about the relationship between two important topics in moral philosophy and psychology. One topic is the function of normative language, specifically claims that one "ought" to do something. Do these claims function to describe moral responsibilities, encourage specific behavior, or both? The other topic is the relationship between saying that one "ought" to do something and one's ability to do it. In what respect, if any, does what one "ought" to do exceed what one "can" do? The theory tested here has two parts: (1) "ought" claims function to both describe responsibilities and encourage people to fulfill them (the dual-function hypothesis); (2) the two functions relate differently to ability, because the encouragement function is limited by the person's ability, but the descriptive function is not (the interaction hypothesis). If this theory is correct, then in one respect "ought implies can" is false because people have responsibilities that exceed their abilities. But in another respect "ought implies can" is legitimate because it is not worthwhile to encourage people to do things that exceed their ability. Results from two behavioral experiments support the theory that "ought" exceeds but implies "can." Results from a third experiment provide further evidence regarding an "ought" claim's primary function and how contextual features can affect the interpretation of its functions.
Keywords: Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Judgment, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Middle Aged, Moral, Morals, science direct, Social Behavior, Social Norms, Sprachwissenschaften, Young Adult 2016
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(2016): Improving Medical Decision Making and Health Promotion through Culture-Sensitive Health Communication. An Agenda for Science and Practice. In: Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making 36 (7), S. 811-833. DOI: 10.1177/0272989X15600434
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26296619 Abstract: This review introduces the concept of culture-sensitive health communication. The basic premise is that congruency between the recipient's cultural characteristics and the respective message will increase the communication's effectiveness. Culture-sensitive health communication is therefore defined as the deliberate and evidence-informed adaptation of health communication to the recipients' cultural background in order to increase knowledge and improve preparation for medical decision making and to enhance the persuasiveness of messages in health promotion. To achieve effective health communication in varying cultural contexts, an empirically and theoretically based understanding of culture will be indispensable. We therefore define culture, discuss which evolutionary and structural factors contribute to the development of cultural diversity, and examine how differences are conceptualized as scientific constructs in current models of cultural differences. In addition, we will explicate the implications of cultural differences for psychological theorizing, because common constructs of health behavior theories and decision making, such as attitudes or risk perception, are subject to cultural variation. In terms of communication, we will review both communication strategies and channels that are used to disseminate health messages, and we will discuss the implications of cultural differences for their effectiveness. Finally, we propose an agenda both for science and for practice to advance and apply the evidence base for culture-sensitive health communication. This calls for more interdisciplinary research between science and practice but also between scientific disciplines and between basic and applied research.
Keywords: Clinical Decision-Making, Communication, Cultural Competency, culture sensitive, Disziplin, Health Behavior, Health Promotion/standards, Humans, Kultur, Kulturtheorie, Medizin, Models, Psychological, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Pathologie, Risk-Taking, Social Norms -
(2016): Power and sadomasochism. Understanding the antecedents of a knotty relationship. In: Social Psychological and Personality Science 7 (2), S. 142-148
Abstract: Examined the relationship between social power and sexual arousal to consensual sadomasochism. A large sample of 14,306 men and women (mean age 33 years) completed the Dominance subscale of the Achievement Motivation Scale and the Sadism and Masochism fantasy subscales of the Violent Sexual Interest Questionnaire (VSIQ). Results showed that power increases the arousal to sadomasochism, after controlling for age and dominance. Furthermore, the effect of power on arousal by sadistic thoughts is stronger among women than among men, while the effect of power on arousal by masochistic thoughts is stronger among men than women. These findings refute common beliefs, reinforced through novels such as Fifty Shades of Grey, that the desire for sadomasochism reflects a desire to play out power dynamics in the bedroom. Instead, the effect of power is driven through a process of disinhibition that leads people to disregard sexual norms in general and disregard sexual norms associated with their gender in particular. These results add to an emerging literature that social power changes traditional gender patterns in sex. zitiert von 4
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(2016): Doing emotions. The role of culture in everyday emotions. In: European Review of Social Psychology 28 (1), S. 95-133. DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2017.1329107
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2017.1329107 Abstract: Emotional experience is culturally constructed. In this review, we discuss evidence that cultural differences in emotions are purposeful, helping an individual to meet the mandate of being a good person in their culture. We also discuss research showing that individual’s fit to the cultural emotion norm is associated with well-being, and suggest that this link may be explained by the fact that normative emotions meet the cultural mandate. Finally, we discuss research that sheds light on some of the collective processes of emotion construction: social interactions and emotion representations are geared towards promoting emotions that are conducive to the cultural mandate. In conclusion, we suggest that individuals become part of their culture by 'doing emotions' in a way that is consistent with the cultural mandate, and that in intercultural interactions, emotions can be literally 'at cross purposes': each person’s emotions are constructed to fit the purposes of their own cult ure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 4
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(2016): Third-party punishment. Altruistic and anti-social behaviours in in-group and out-group settings. In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology 28 (4), S. 486-495. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2016.1138961
Abstract: Explored the decision-making process involved in third-party punishment (TPP) within an economic frame, using the TPP game. Specifically, altruistic punishment (i.e., the behavior of spending one's own money, with no personal gain, to punish those who violate the norms of cooperation) was investigated. This behavior was analyzed in an ingroup and outgroup game setting to compare how individuals behave with members of their own group (ingroup) and with members of another group (outgroup). In particular, groups were defined on a real nationality basis (Chinese or Italian). Results showed altruistic punishment behavior in both experimental groups, and this tendency emerged as more prominent when faced with unfair play towards a member of one's own group. Furthermore, both groups exhibited a propensity for antisocial punishment behavior: Many participants spent small amounts of money to punish fair behavior, regardless of national group membership. zitiert von 5
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(2016): Digital Social Norm Enforcement. Online Firestorms in Social Media. In: PLoS one 11 (6). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155923
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27315071 Abstract: Actors of public interest today have to fear the adverse impact that stems from social media platforms. Any controversial behavior may promptly trigger temporal, but potentially devastating storms of emotional and aggressive outrage, so called online firestorms. Popular targets of online firestorms are companies, politicians, celebrities, media, academics and many more. This article introduces social norm theory to understand online aggression in a social-political online setting, challenging the popular assumption that online anonymity is one of the principle factors that promotes aggression. We underpin this social norm view by analyzing a major social media platform concerned with public affairs over a period of three years entailing 532,197 comments on 1,612 online petitions. Results show that in the context of online firestorms, non-anonymous individuals are more aggressive compared to anonymous individuals. This effect is reinforced if selective incentives are present and if aggressors are intrinsically motivated.
Keywords: Aggression/psychology, Anonymität, Beeinflussung sozial angemessenen Verhaltens, Crime/legislation & jurisprudence, Digital Norms, Disziplin, Favoriten, Firestorms, Good manners, Humans, Internet/legislation & jurisprudence, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, Motivation, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Politics, Social Media/legislation & jurisprudence, Social Norm Theory, Social Norms, Social Norms Marketing, Social Theory, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Soziologie, Technik -
(2016): How prescriptive norms influence causal inferences. In: Cognition 156, S. 164-176. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.07.007
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27591550 Abstract: Recent experimental findings suggest that prescriptive norms influence causal inferences. The cognitive mechanism underlying this finding is still under debate. We compare three competing theories: The culpable control model of blame argues that reasoners tend to exaggerate the causal influence of norm-violating agents, which should lead to relatively higher causal strength estimates for these agents. By contrast, the counterfactual reasoning account of causal selection assumes that norms do not alter the representation of the causal model, but rather later causal selection stages. According to this view, reasoners tend to preferentially consider counterfactual states of abnormal rather than normal factors, which leads to the choice of the abnormal factor in a causal selection task. A third view, the accountability hypothesis, claims that the effects of prescriptive norms are generated by the ambiguity of the causal test question. Asking whether an agent is a cause can be understood as a request to assess her causal contribution but also her moral accountability. According to this theory norm effects on causal selection are mediated by accountability judgments that are not only sensitive to the abnormality of behavior but also to mitigating factors, such as intentionality and knowledge of norms. Five experiments are presented that favor the accountability account over the two alternative theories.
Keywords: Adult, Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Moral, Moral Obligations, Morals, Normen, Social Norms