Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Asking simultaneously about truth and familiarity may disrupt truth effects. In: Análise Psicológica 35 (1), S. 61-71. DOI: 10.14417/ap.1121
Abstract: Tell me something that sounds familiar and I will believe it to be true. This is a statement that we should believe because it summarizes a well-documented and empirically supported effect: the illusion of truth effect (see Dechêne, Stahl, Hansen, & Wänke, 2010 for a review). The fact is we are more likely to believe in a statement if we have been previously exposed to it (e.g., Bacon, 1979; Hasher, Goldstein, & Toppino, 1977). Repetition increases truth-value, generating the illusion that repeated statements are more valid than information we never heard or read before. A general assumption of the explanations of the truth effect is that the subjective experience of processing a familiar statement is interpreted as informing about the validity of the statement (see Dechêne et al., 2010). This implies that a process of misattribution underlies repetition’s effect on judgments of truth (e.g., Bornstein & D’Agostino, 1994; Mandler, Nakamura, & Van Zandt, 1987; Schwarz & Clore, 1983). In this paper we present an experiment that tests such misattribution process by making more or less explicit the real source of the feeling of familiarity with the statements. In this way we test whether illusions of truth decrease when it is clear (vs. unclear) that familiarity is due to previous exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Justifying Deviant Behavior. The Role of Attributions and Moral Emotions. In: Journal of Business Ethics 141 (4), S. 779-795. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-016-3046-5
Abstract: We present two studies investigating the impact of causal perceptions and the moral emotions of anger, shame, and guilt on the justification of deviant workplace behavior. Study 1 tests our conceptual framework using a sample of undergraduate business students; Study 2 examines a population of practicing physicians. Results varied significantly between the two samples, suggesting that individual and contextual factors play an important role in shaping the perceptual and emotional processes by which individuals form reactions to undesirable affective workplace events. Implications of these findings for the study of ethics, emotions, and attributions, as well as for promoting ethical behavior, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 9
2016
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(2016): An introduction to the Moral Agency Scale. Individual differences in moral agency and their relationship to related moral constructs, free will, and blame attribution (PSYNDEXshort). In: Social Psychology 47 (6), S. 295-310
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to develop a psychometric measure of moral agency and explore its relationship with related moral constructs. Although our legal system, daily interactions with others, and most theories about moral psychology assume moral agency, few researchers have studied it, and there is no instrument devised to specifically measure it. Here, we present the Moral Agency Scale (MAS), a self-report instrument designed to assess the extent to which participants feel control over their moral choices. In Study 1, the MAS demonstrated strict factorial invariance; validity is further supported by its relations to similar constructs and reported volunteering behavior. In Study 2, MAS scores were associated with free will beliefs, moral disengagement, and judgments of moral blame. Results are discussed with reference to theory and future directions for research.
Keywords: agency, Attribution, Blame, Moral, Morality, psychometrics, Rating Scales, Self-Report, Sozialpsychologie, Test Construction, Volition -
(2016): Power, Interaction, Position, and the Generation of Cultural Agreement in Organizations. In: Human Relations 49 (1), S. 75-104. DOI: 10.1177/001872679604900104
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679604900104 Abstract: Examined the role of differing assumptions about the effect of power, interaction, and position in cultural viewpoints in organizations by content analyzing the stories that private school faculty, administrators, and staff told about their school organization. Differences in formal power, informal influence, and organizational position led to differences in stories that signified different cultural viewpoints. Results suggest that the effects predicted from the integration, differentiation, and fragmentation perspectives are likely to be jointly present in organizations. It is also suggested that an understanding of formal and informal position in organizations can enhance appreciation of the subtleties of cultural understanding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 75
2015
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(2015): Sex as a source of power?. Backlash against self-sexualizing women. In: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 19 (1), S. 110-124. DOI: 10.1177/1368430214558312
Abstract: Although women are thought to possess sexual power, they risk social and economic penalties (i.e., backlash; Rudman, 1998) when they self-sexualize (i.e., assert their power; Cahoon & Edmonds, 1989; Glick, Larsen, Johnson, & Branstiter, 2005). Why? Drawing on the status incongruity hypothesis (SIH), which predicts backlash against powerful women because they challenge the gender hierarchy, prejudice was expected against self-sexualizing women to be explained by a dominance penalty rather than a communality deficit (Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Phelan, & Nauts, 2012). Two experiments supported this hypothesis, and Experiment 3 further showed that the dominance penalty was explained by ascribing power motives to self-sexualized women. These findings extend the SIH's utility to the domain of self-sexualization and illuminate the scope of people's discomfort with female power. In conclusion, implications for the advancement of gender equality are discussed. zitiert von 6
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(2015): When sexual threat cues shape attitudes toward immigrants. The role of insecurity and benevolent sexism. In: Frontiers in psychology 6. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01033
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26283985 Abstract: Drawing on psychological and political science research on individuals' sensitivity to threat cues, the present study examines reactions to political posters that depict male immigrants as a sexual danger. We expect anti-immigrant attitudes to be more strongly predicted by feelings of insecurity or representations of men and women as strong and fragile when individuals are exposed to sexual threat cues than when they are not. Results from two online experiments conducted in Switzerland and Germany largely confirmed these assumptions. Comparing two anti-immigrant posters (general and non-sexual threat vs. sexual threat), Experiment 1 (n = 142) showed that feelings of insecurity were related to an increased support for expelling immigrants from the host country in both cases. However, only in the sexual threat cues condition and among female participants, were perceptions of women as fragile-as measured with benevolent sexism items-related to support for expelling immigrants. Further distinguishing between different forms of violence threat cues, Experiment 2 (n = 181) showed that collective feelings of insecurity were most strongly related to support for expelling immigrants when a male immigrant was presented as a violent criminal. In contrast, benevolent sexist beliefs were related to anti-immigrant stances only when participants were exposed to a depiction of a male immigrant as a rapist. In both cases attitudes were polarized: on the one hand, representations of immigrants as criminals provoked reactance reactions-that is, more positive attitudes-among participants scoring low in insecurity feelings or benevolent sexism. On the other hand, those scoring high in these dimensions expressed slightly more negative attitudes. Overall, by applying social psychological concepts to the study of anti-immigrant political campaigning, the present study demonstrated that individuals are sensitive to specific threat cues in posters.
Keywords: ATTITUDES, Attribution, Cues, Gesellschaft, Immigration, Labeling, PREJUDICE, Rape, Sexism, Threat, Verhaltensforschung 2014
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(2014): Emotion attribution to a non-humanoid robot in different social situations. In: PLoS one 9 (12)
Abstract: In the last few years there was an increasing interest in building companion robots that interact in a socially acceptable way with humans. In order to interact in a meaningful way a robot has to convey intentionality and emotions of some sort in order to increase believability. We suggest that human-robot interaction should be considered as a specific form of inter-specific interaction and that human–animal interaction can provide a useful biological model for designing social robots. Dogs can provide a promising biological model since during the domestication process dogs were able to adapt to the human environment and to participate in complex social interactions. In this observational study we propose to design emotionally expressive behaviour of robots using the behaviour of dogs as inspiration and to test these dog-inspired robots with humans in inter-specific context. In two experiments (wizard-of-oz scenarios) we examined humans’ ability to recognize two basic and a secondary emotion expressed by a robot. In Experiment 1 we provided our companion robot with two kinds of emotional behaviour (’happiness’ and ’fear’), and studied whether people attribute the appropriate emotion to the robot, and interact with it accordingly. In Experiment 2 we investigated whether participants tend to attribute guilty behaviour to a robot in a relevant context by examining whether relying on the robot’s greeting behaviour human participants can detect if the robot transgressed a predetermined rule. Results of Experiment 1 showed that people readily attribute emotions to a social robot and interact with it in accordance with the expressed emotional behaviour. Results of Experiment 2 showed that people are able to recognize if the robot transgressed on the basis of its greeting behaviour. In summary, our findings showed that dog-inspired behaviour is a suitable medium for making people attribute emotional states to a non-humanoid robot. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adult, Age Factors, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Animals, Attitude, Attribution, Dogs, emotional behavior, Emotions, Female, Guilt, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, non-humanoid robot, Questionnaires, Recognition (Psychology), Robotics, Sex Factors, social situation, Surveys, Young Adult 2013
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(2013) : Die Entwicklung und Förderung moralischen Denkens und moralischer Gefühle in der Kindheit In: Wagner, Petra: Handbuch Inklusion: Grundlagen vorurteilsbewusster Bildung und Erziehung: 1. Ausg. der überarb. Neuausg. (3. Gesamtaufl.): Freiburg [u.a.]: Herder, S. 66-87
Abstract: Die entwicklungspsychologische Forschung zur Entwicklung und Förderung moralischen Denkens und moralischer Gefühle in der Kindheit wird dargestellt. Zunächst wird J. Piagets Theorie der moralischen Entwicklung und deren Weiterführung in L. Kohlbergs Stufenmodell besprochen. Dann wird auf C. Gilligans Thesen einer "weiblichen" Moral sowie auf den Zusammenhang zwischen moralischen Gefühlen und Verantwortungszuschreibung eingegangen. Außerdem wird eine Typologie moralischer Gefühle vorgestellt. Anschließend wird über eine eigene Längsschnittstudie und kulturvergleichende Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung sozio-moralischer Sensibilität berichtet. Kinder und Jugendliche wurden zu einem moralisch relevanten Freundschaftsdilemma sowie auch zu einem Dilemma in der Familie befragt. Im Unterschied zu Kohlbergs Vorgehensweise ging es jedoch darum, mit den Kindern und Jugendlichen über die verschiedenen Perspektiven der Personen in dem Konflikt nachzudenken. Insgesamt bestätigten diese Untersuchungen die gleiche Entwicklungsabfolge bei allen Kindern in den verschiedenen Gesellschaften. Welche Aspekte der Situation jedoch als besonders wichtig angesehen wurden, war nicht nur vom Entwicklungsstand abhängig, sondern auch von gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen. Weitere Punkte, die besprochen werden, sind die Forschung zur moralischen Entwicklung von Kindern im frühesten Lebensalter und die Rolle der Umwelt beim sozialen Lernen.
Keywords: Adolescent Development, Attribution, Childhood Development, Cross Cultural Differences, Developmental Stages, Early Childhood Development, Emotions, Entwicklungspsychologie, Kohlberg (Lawrence), Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Moral, Moral Development, Piaget (Jean), responsibility, Social Cognition, Social Influences 2011
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(2011): Social identities, group norms, and threat. On the malleability of ingroup bias. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 37 (1), S. 82-93. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210386120
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956355 Abstract: Ingroup bias is one of the most basic intergroup phenomena and has been consistently demonstrated to be increased under conditions of existential threat. In the present research the authors question the omnipresence of ingroup bias under threat and test the assumptions that these effects depend on the content of social identity and group norm salient in a situation. In the first two studies cross-categorization and recategorization manipulations eliminated and even reversed mortality salience effects on bias in relations between English and Scottish students (Study 1) as well as English and French people (Study 2). In the third study the specific normative content of a given social identity (collectivism vs. individualism) was shown to moderate mortality salience effects on ingroup bias. The results of these studies suggest a social identity perspective on terror management processes. zitiert von 52
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Aggression/psychology, Attribution, Defense Mechanisms, England, European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology, Group Processes, Existentialism, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Female, Ingroup Outgroup, France, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Response Bias, Scotland, Social Behavior, Social Group, Social Identification, Social Identity, Social Norms, Social Values, Students, Threat, Young Adult 2002
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(2002): Zwischen Anpassung und Widerstand. Jugendliche EinwanderInnen und ihr Umgang mit Fremdzuschreibungen und Diskriminierung. In: Forum Kritische Psychologie 44, S. 87-117
Abstract: Die Situation von jugendlichen Einwanderern befindet sich im Spannungsfeld von Ausgrenzung und Integration. Anhand ausgewahlter Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung wird gezeigt, wie Jugendliche mit diskriminierenden Lebensverhaltnissen und ethnisierenden Fremdzuschreibungen umgehen. Der Blick wird dabei besonders auf unauffallige und defensive Umgangsformen gerichtet - das Verschweigen oder Nichtthematisieren des eigenen Migrationshintergrunds und die Verharmlosung von gesellschaftlichen Ungleichheitsverhaltnissen und personlichen Ausgrenzungserfahrungen. Diese Umgangsformen fanden bisher weder im alltaglichen noch im sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskurs besondere Beachtung. An ihnen wird jedoch die Diskrepanz von individuellen Integrationsbemuhungen und gesellschaftlichen Integrationsvoraussetzungen besonders deutlich.
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(2002): Geschlechtsstereotype Wahrnehmung von Führungskräften. In: Wirtschaftspsychologie 4 (1), S. 35-40. DOI: 10.7892/BORIS.75311
Abstract: In Bezug auf Führung werden Frauen, die die gleichen Qualitäten und Verhaltensweisen aufweisen wie Männer, anders wahrgenommen, weil der Prototyp der erfolgreichen Führungskraft in der Fremdwahrnehmung stärker mit dem männlichen als mit dem weiblichen Geschlechtsstereotyp korreliert ist. Die in dem Beitrag im Überblick vorgestellten empirischen Untersuchungen bestätigen dieses sogenannte think-manager-think-male-Phänomen. Während sich in der Selbstwahrnehmung von weiblichen und männlichen (zukünftigen) Führungskräften keine derartigen geschlechtsstereotypen Zuschreibungen finden, zeigt sich in den vorgestellten Studien zur Fremdwahrnehmung, dass das Geschlecht einer Stimulusperson die ihr zugeschriebenen Führungseigenschaften beeinflusst, insbesondere dann, wenn die befragten Personen sich eines solchen potentiellen Einflusses gar nicht bewusst sind. Nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen beeinflussen des weiteren gerade subtilere mit Geschlecht assoziierte Hinweisreize wie die körperliche Erscheinung oder das benutzte Parfüm einer Person die Zuschreibung von Führungseigenschaften im o.g. Sinne
1992
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(1992): Prozedurale Gerechtigkeit. Das Wie und Warum der Fairness. In: Zeitschrift fur Sozialpsychologie 23 (3), S. 163-178. Online verfügbar unter http://econtent.hogrefe.com/loi/zspx
Abstract: Presents an overview of social psychological research on procedural fairness. The author then differentiates between distributive, interactional and procedural fairness. In addition, several procedures which are widely applied to conflict resolution are identified and their potential effects on perceived fairness are analyzed. Process control effects (i.e., voice) and appeal are emphasized as two important features of the conflict-resolution process. Finally, several theories of procedural justice are described including an attributional framework, referent cognitions theory, impression-management theory, and the mediatory model of distributive and procedural justice. In general, the application of the procedural justice concept in organizational conflicts and in the legal system is emphasized. Ein Uberblick uber die sozialpsychologische Forschung zur prozeduralen Gerechtigkeit wird gegeben. Zunachst wird die Unterscheidung zwischen distributiver, interaktionaler und prozeduraler Fairness erlautert. Dann werden Kriterien der Fairness im Zusammenhang mit diesen drei Formen von Fairness besprochen. Weiterhin werden mehrere Verfahren, die vielfach zur Konfliktlosung angewandt werden, im Hinblick auf ihre Auswirkungen auf die wahrgenommene Fairness analysiert. Effekte der Prozesskontrolle und Berufung werden als zwei wichtige Elemente der Konfliktlosung besonders betont. Abschliessend werden verschiedene Theorien der prozeduralen Gerechtigkeit beschrieben: (1) attributionstheoretischer Ansatz, (2) Referent-Cognitions-Theorie, (3) Impression-Management-Theorie, (4) Mediationsmodell distributiver und prozeduraler Fairness.
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