Alle Publikationen
1994
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Strack, Fritz (1994): Zur Psychologie der standardisierten Befragung. Kognitive und kommunikative Prozesse. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer (Lehr- und Forschungstexte Psychologie)
Abstract: Gegenstand des Buches ist ein psychologisches Modell der Beantwortung von Fragen in standardisierten Situationen, wie z.B. sozialwissenschaftlichen Umfragen. Dazu werden Denk- und Kommunikationsprozesse, die bei der Generierung von Antworten eine Rolle spielen, aufgezeigt und durch experimentelle Untersuchungen belegt. Dabei wird die Problematik der Unterscheidung zwischen "wahrem Wert" und "Fehler" bzw. "Antworteffekten" bei sozialwissenschaftlichen Befragungen deutlich
Keywords: Philosophy (General) -
(1994) : "Social Cognition": Sozialpsychologie innerhalb des Paradigmas der Informationsverarbeitung In: Strack, Fritz: Zur Psychologie der standardisierten Befragung: Kognitive und kommunikative Prozesse: Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer (Lehr- und Forschungstexte Psychologie), S. 43-50
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(1994): Statusrelationen in dyadischen Kommunikationssituationen: Zur Rolle von Partnerhypothesen. Arbeiten aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich 245 \'Sprache und Situation\'
Abstract: Es werden die sprachlichen Effekte für Versuchspersonen untersucht, die unterschiedliche Hypothesen über den Status des Interaktionspartners haben. 41 Studienanfängerinnen hatten ein Telefongespräch mit einem Partner (stooge) zu führen, der entweder als Professor oder als studentische Hilfskraft vorgestellt wurde. Inhalt des Gesprächs waren die Studiensituation und -motivation der Versuchspersonen. Es zeigte sich, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Partnerhypothese "höherer Status" bzw. "gleicher Status" (In-group-Situation) signifikant unterschiedliche Sprechweisen gewählt wurden. So fanden sich in der Professoren-Bedingung höflichere Anrede- und Verabschiedungsformen sowie häufigere und längere Pausen und weniger metakommunikatives Sprechen. Eine inhaltsanalytische Auswertung ergab weiterhin unterschiedliche Themensetzungen; vor allem bei der Kommunikation über Privates ließen sich signifikante Unterschiede feststellen. Eine konversationsanalytische Feinuntersuchung zeigte, dass in den beiden Bedingungen verschiedene Formen der Abschwächung des emotionalen Gehaltes persönlicher Äußerungen auftreten sowie unterschiedliche Grade an Intimität innerhalb der Äußerungen realisiert werden. Ingesamt belegen diese Ergebnisse, dass Partnerhypothesen bezüglich höheren bzw. gleichen Status nicht nur die Wahl der Gesprächsthemen, sondern auch die linguistische Realisierung und Präsentation dieser Themen beeinflussen.
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(1994): Adaptive reasoning for real-world problems. A schema-based approach. Zugl.: Dissertation, Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Online verfügbar unter http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0745/93039128-d.html
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(1994): Rules for Breaking Formal Rules. Social Representations and Everyday Rule-Governed Behavior. In: The Journal of Psychology 128 (5), S. 485-497. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1994.9914908
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1994.9914908 Abstract: Investigated everyday rule-governed behavior among 1,040 Dutch law students who answered questions about or rated their agreement with 18 statements on tax evasion or traffic rules; rated items on crime, punishment, and legal authorities; and indicated their political affiliation. One S who answered questions on observing traffic lights said that people do not have to stop for traffic lights in principle; others cited reasons of safety, order, equality, and legitimacy of rules to observe traffic lights. Most Ss said that emergencies would justify running the light. Also, most Ss said that everyone should pay all of their taxes because of moral issues, the government's need for money, and the efficiency of the tax system. Factor analysis with the 18 statements shows that the highest level of agreement for breaking a rule was in case of an emergency, followed by the tax evasions statements, the traffic factor, and the self-interest factor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, al l rights reserved) zitiert von 42
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Vocate, Donna R. (1994): Intrapersonal communication. Different voices different minds. Hillsdale, NJ [u.a.]: Erlbaum (LEA's communication series)
Keywords: Culture -
(1994): A robust continuous model for evidential reasoning. In: Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 10 (2), S. 147-171. DOI: 10.1007/BF01258226
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01258226 Abstract: Proposes a 2-D model for evidential reasoning in which the belief function of evidence is represented as a belief density function that can be in a continuous or discrete form. The theory of the model is applied to establish a procedure for handling belief conjunction, belief combination, belief propagation procedures, and AND/OR operations. Examples are provided showing the advantages of this model over conventional methods. It is concluded that this method is intuitively closer to the human reasoning process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(1994): Instead of OFSTED: A critical discussion of OFSTED on 'spiritual, moral, social and cultural development.'. In: Cambridge Journal of Education, Vol 24(3, S. 369-377, zuletzt geprüft am 25.04.2018
Abstract: Offers a critical appraisal of the consultation document on 'Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Development' issued by the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) in Britain in February 1994. The author argues that the analogy of development is misleading. The analogy does not make sense when applied to mental, as distinct from physical, matters. Moral matters do not have an innate beginning structure or a final stage beyond which they fail to grow. Moral maturity is not a matter of empirical fact; it involves value judgments about qualities we prize. The terms the spiritual, the moral, the social, and the cultural are discussed concerning their ambiguity in the OFSTED paper. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 31
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(1994): INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS AND PROFICIENCY. ‘POLITE’ NOISES FOR CULTURAL APPROPRIATENESS. In: IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 32 (1), S. 3-18. DOI: 10.1515/iral.1994.32.1.3
Abstract: This article summarizes a study in the field of German-English interlanguage pragmatics which investigates pragmatic declarative and procedural knowledge as realized by routine formulas and conversational strategies. Language instruction which has the goal of developing metapragmatic declarative knowledge as well as situational/functional (procedural) knowledge results in real progress toward proficiency, even at the elementary level of language instruction. The results of the empirical study show a typology of deficits and characteristic pragmatic aspects of American learners' German interlanguage. These findings and further studies of the pragmatics of the native, target, and interlanguages of our students will help us successfully teach them to make the right polite noises at the time most interactionally appropriate for achieving their personal communicative goals in the target language.
Keywords: time -
(1994): Hotel culture and social-control. In: Annals of Tourism Research 21 (1), S. 65-80
Abstract: This paper examines key sociological perspectives on hotels. Two main issues are considered: the role of the hotel as an agent of social exclusion, and the extent to which hotels place constraints on interaction between guests. A necessary link exists between these two. Hotels as agents of social control need to ensure that guests receive individual attention. For economic reasons, however, “attention” must be delivered collectively. To sustain the impression that guests are recipients of personal attention, mechanisms of control are required to contain spatial and social order, interaction, and decorum. This article identifies these mechanisms, exploring their consequences for a theoretical conceptualization of hotels.
1993
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IEEE Colloquium on AI (Artificial Intelligence) in Enterprise Modelling (1993). London, United Kingdom: IET
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(1993) : Flexibility, Structure, and Linguistic Vagary in Concepts: Manifestations of a Compositional System of Perceptual Symbols In: Collins, Alan F.; Gathercole, Susan E.; Conway, Martin E.; Morris, Peter E. (Hg.): Theories of Memory: Hove, UK; Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, S. 21-101
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(1993): The Relation Between Ethical Codes and Moral Principles. In: Ethics & Behavior 3 (3-4), S. 345-357. DOI: 10.1080/10508422.1993.9652112
Abstract: We describe the application of fundamental moral principles, with particular emphasis on prima facie duties, to formal codes of ethics that regulate the conduct of forensic psychologists who act as expert witnesses. Then we discuss the American Psychological Association's (1992) "Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct" and the Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists's "Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists" (1991 ) and critically appraise how these documents translate basic moral principles. We conclude that, in many ways, the documents exemplify ethical obligations such as nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice, but they fall short in many other ways, particularly with regard to autonomy and fidelity.
Keywords: Ethics & Behaviour, Moralphilosophie -
(1993): A fuzzy linguistic approach generalizing Boolean Information Retrieval. A model and its evaluation. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science 44 (2), S. 70-82. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199303)44:2<70::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-I
Abstract: The generalization of Boolean information Retrieval Systems (IRS) is still an open research field; In fact, though such systems are diffused on the market, they present some limitations; one of the main features lacking in these systems is the ability to deal with the ''Imprecision'' and ''subjectivity'' characterizing retrieval activity. However, the replacement of such systems would be much more costly then their evolution through the incorporation of new, features to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. Previous efforts in this ares have led to the introduction of numeric weights to improve both document representation and query language. By attaching a numeric weight to a term in a query, a user can provide a quantitative description of the ''importance'' of that term in the documents he or she is looking for. However, the use of weights requires a clear knowledge of their semantics for translating a fuzzy concept into a precise numeric value. Our acquaintance with these problems led us to define, starting from an existing weighted Boolean retrieval model, a linguistic extension, formalized within fuzzy set theory, in which numeric query weights are replaced by linguistic descriptors which specify the degree of importance of the terms. This fuzzy linguistic model is defined and an evaluation is made of its implementation on a Boolean IRS.
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(1993): Geschlecht, soziale Rolle und aggressives Handeln: Sind Männer aufgrund ihrer physischen Ausstattung aggressiver als Frauen?. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 24 (1)
Abstract: Presents a critical review of biological explanations for gender differences in aggressiveness. The central argument concerns the feasibility of separating biological and environmental factors in empirical research. Results from ethological and psychophysiological studies reveal that even hormonal influences cannot be seen as independent of psychosocial conditions. On the basis of these and other empirical results, it cannot be concluded that men are more aggressive than women because of biological factors. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 5
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(1993): Soziologische Fragen. Deutsche Erstausgabe, 1. Aufl.. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp (Edition Suhrkamp)
Abstract: Soziologische Fragen - damit sind die Fragen, die die Soziologie (sich) stellt, ebenso gemeint wie die Fragen, die ihr gestellt werden. Pierre Bourdieu hat nie verhehlt, daß die Selbstbefragung und die Fremdbefragung der Soziologie, und das heißt ihre Reflexivität, ein grundlegendes Moment wenn nicht »der«, so doch »seiner« Soziologie darstellt. Nur wenn der Soziologe sich bewußt ist, was er untersucht und wovon er spricht, vor allem: in welchem Kontext und aus welcher Perspektive, besteht eine Chance, daß die Soziologie nicht zur Sozialtechnologie verkommt und beizutragen vermag zur Verwirklichung noch immer uneingelöster Forderungen und Versprechungen der Aufklärung. So sind auch die in diesem Band versammelten Texte, Interviews und Vorträge, über die jeweilige Darstellung und Analyse ihres Themas hinaus - zur Soziologie der Intellektuellen, über Sprache und Markt, politische Meinung und politisches Handeln, zum Begriff der Zensur und des Feldes, über Geschmack und Geschmackswandel, Meinungsumfragen, soziale Voraussetzungen des Sports -, eine praktische Demonstration des methodischen Gebrauchs der Reflexivität im Denken Bourdieus.
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(1993): Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology. In: The Philosophical Quarterly 43 (170). DOI: 10.2307/2219954
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Collins, Alan F.; Gathercole, Susan E.; Conway, Martin E.; Morris, Peter E. (Hg.) (1993): Theories of Memory. Hove, UK; Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum
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(1993) : Communicating conceptual integrity in distributed systems through intelligent assistance: IEEE Colloquium on AI (Artificial Intelligence) in Enterprise Modelling: London, United Kingdom: IET, S. 4/1-4/3
Abstract: Increased globalisation and de-regulation in the commercial environment has given rise to requirements for a new generation of software tools capable of supporting complex, dispersed inter-organisational projects and decision making. A major difficulty in designing such systems relates to the fact that the ultimate users of such tools are commonly from varying backgrounds, have different conceptualisations, frequently use different terms and have varying perceptions of the events, procedures and objects represented within the system. The design of online user assistance for such systems is frequently passive, responding only to requests from the user for help. The author highlights the need for interactive online assistance capable of functioning both in ’reactive’ and ’pro-active’ modes, with the system instigating interaction when necessary. In particular, it is, therefore, concerned with discussing the appropriate timing and content of the ’triggers’ necessary to proactive functioning. A set of design principles for an adaptive assistant which are derived from earlier work on intelligent tutoring system design are described (B. Cox et al., 1988, 1989).<>
Keywords: adaptive assistant, administrative data processing, BUSINESS, commerce, commercial environment, conceptualisations, Data processing, Decision Making, design principles, dispersed inter-organisational projects, distributed computing, distributed processing, distributed systems, ieee xplore, intelligent assistance, Intelligent tutoring system, interactive online assistance, interactive systems, knowledge based systems, Künstliche Intelligenz, online user assistance, proactive functioning, software tools, timing, triggers, user interfaces -
(1993): The Cross-Cultural World-Mindedness Scale and Political Party Affiliation. In: Psychological Reports 72 (3_suppl), S. 1069-1070. DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1069
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(1993): Cooperation in an asymmetric Volunteer's dilemma game theory and experimental evidence. In: International Journal of Game Theory 22 (1), S. 75-85. DOI: 10.1007/BF01245571
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01245571 Abstract: The symmetric Volunteer's dilemma game (VOD) models a situation in which each ofN actors faces the decision of either producing a step-level collective good (action “C”) or freeriding (“D”). One player's cooperative action suffices for producing the collective good. Unilateral cooperation yields a payoffU forD-players andU-K for the cooperative player(s). However, if all actors decide for “freeriding”, each player's payoff is zero (U>K>0). In this article, an essential modification is discussed. In an asymmetric VOD, the interest in the collective good and/or, the production costs (i.e. U or K) may vary between actors. The generalized asymmetric VOD is similar to market entry games. Alternative hypotheses about the behaviour of subjects are derived from a game-theoretical analysis. They are investigated in an experimental setting. The application of the mixed Nash-equilibrium concept yields a rather counter-intuitive prediction which apparently contradicts the empirical data. The predictions of the Harsanyi-Selten-theory and Schelling's “focal point theory” are in better accordance with the data. However, they do not account for the “diffusion-of-responsibility-effect” also observable in the context of an asymmetric VOD game.
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(1993): Des Guten zuviel. Über Höflichkeit. In: Merkur. Deutsche Zeitschrift für europäisches Denken 47 (532), S. 623-627
Abstract: Höflichkeit, so scheint es heute, ist ein ebenso anachronistisches wie aktuelles Thema. Immer noch hängt ihm der Muff bürgerlicher Konvention an, eine pubertäre Peinlichkeit, die man mit dem in den fünfziger Jahren vom Allgemeinen Deutschen Tanzlehrer-Verband gegründeten »Fachausschuß für Umgangsformen« assoziiert. Aber immer häufiger sind Stimmen zu vernehmen, die sich das Lob der guten Sitten angelegen sein lassen: Wenn die Verbindlichkeit des großen Allgemeinen schwindet, sucht man Rückhalt im Kleinen und Privaten, im scheinbar untergeordneten und scheinbar selbstverständlichen Bereich sozialer Gepflogenheiten, in der nicht bindenden, aber auch nicht unverbindlichen Verbindlichkeit.
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(1993) : Knigges "Umgangsbuch". Zur Entwicklung der burgerlichen Kommunikationsregeln In: Sonntag, Michael: Individuum und Geschichte. Beiträge zur Diskussion um eine 'Historische Psychologie'.: Heidelberg
Abstract: Das erstmals ein Jahr vor der Franzosischen Revolution erschienene Buch von Knigge "Uber den Umgang mit Menschen" wird als ein ausserordentlich wichtiges sozialpsychologisches Dokument der Herausbildung freiheitlicher verbaler und nonverbaler Kommunikationsformen beschrieben. Bisher wurde es jedoch von Sozialwissenschaftlern kaum beachtet, weil der Autor mehr mit den Verfalschungen des Umgangsbuches auf dem Hintergrund veranderter gesellschaftlicher Konstellationen im 19. Jahrhundert identifiziert wird als mit dem ursprunglichen Text. Knigge stellt sich die Frage, wie sich eine (bisher wenig erfolgreiche) Person im zwischenmenschlichen Verkehr Geltung verschaffen kann. Seine Antwort lautet: Indem er andere Personen geltend macht. Knigge analysiert eine Vielzahl sozialer Mikro-Verhaltnisse bezuglich der Aquivalenz der beteiligten Personen. Von zentraler Bedeutung ist die gegenseitige Erganzung der Interaktionspartner. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass Knigge einer der wichtigsten Reprasentanten der Franzosischen Revolution in Deutschland war. Er schrieb kein Komplimentierbuch, sondern ein Buch uber die Komplementaritat bei der Herstellung von Beziehungen zwischen ansonsten isolierten Individuen in der postfeudalen Gesellschaftsformation.
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(1993): Studies in the way of words. 3. print. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press
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(1993): The emotional origins of social understanding. In: Philosophical Psychology 6 (3), S. 227-249. DOI: 10.1080/09515089308573090
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the origins of social understanding. Drawing upon philosophical writings, I highlight those features of affectively patterned interpersonal relations that are especially important for a very young child's growing awareness and knowledge of itself and other people as people with their own minds. If we were without our biologically based capacities for co‐ordinated emotional relatedness with others, we should lack something essential for acquiring the concept of ‘persons’ who have subjective experiences and psychological attitudes towards the world. I illustrate some implications of this thesis by reviewing the phenomena of early childhood autism.
Keywords: Autismus, Entwicklungspsychologie, Evolutionsbiologie, Herkunft von Sozialität, Interpersonale Wahrnehmung, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Menschsein als Voraussetznug für soziale Angemessenheit?, Pathologie, Person Sein, Philosophical Psychology, Soziales Miteinander, soziales Verhalten, Sozialphilosophie, Spezifika von Menschen, Verstehen