Alle Publikationen
2007
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(2007) : Non-facial/non-verbal methods of affective expression as applied to robot-assisted victim assessment: 2007 2nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 287-294
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1228716.1228755 Abstract: This work applies a previously developed set of heuristics for determining when to use non-facial/non-verbal methods of affective expression to the domain of a robot being used for victim assessment in the aftermath of a disaster. Robot-assisted victim assessment places a robot approximately three meters or less from a victim, and the path of the robot traverses three proximity zones (intimate (contact - 0.46 m), personal (0.46 - 1.22 m), and social (1.22 - 3.66 m)). Robot- and victim-eye views of an Inuktun robot were collected as it followed a path around the victim. The path was derived from observations of a prior robot-assisted medical reachback study. The victim’s-eye views of the robot from seven points of interest on the path illustrate the appropriateness of each of the five primary non-facial/non-verbal methods of affective expression: (body movement, posture, orientation, illuminated color, and sound), offering support for the heuristics as a design aid. In addition to supporting the heuristics, the investigation identified three open research questions on acceptable motions and impact of the surroundings on robot affect.
Keywords: Abstracts, Affective computing, affective expression, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Body Movement, body orientation, body posture, design aid, design aids, disaster, disasters, emergency services, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, illuminated color, Inuktun robot, nonfacial nonverbal method, Non-verbal Communication, Proxemics, robot-assisted medical reachback study, robot-assisted victim assessment, Robotic Design Guidelines, service robot, sound, victim-eye views -
Boersch, Cornelius; Eschen, Rainer (Hg.) (2007): Das Summa Summarum des Management. Berlin, Germany: Springer
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(2007): Volunteering for charity: Pride, respect, and the commitment of volunteers. In: Journal of Applied Psychology 92 (3), S. 771-785. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.771
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17484556 Abstract: This study builds upon and extends the social-identity-based model of cooperation with the organization (T. R. Tyler, 1999; T. R. Tyler & S. L. Blader, 2000) to examine commitment and cooperative intent among fundraising volunteers. In Study 1, structural equation modeling indicated that pride and respect related to the intent to remain a volunteer with an organization, and that this relation was mediated primarily by normative organizational commitment. In Study 2, structural equation modeling indicated that the perceived importance of volunteer work was related to pride, that perceived organizational support related to the experience of respect, and that pride and respect mediated the relation between perceived importance and support on the one hand and organizational commitment on the other. Overall, the results suggest that volunteer organizations may do well to implement pride and respect in their volunteer policy, for instance to address the reliability problem (J. L. Pearce, 1993).
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(2007): Beginnings, middles and ends. A biopsy of the dynamics of impolite exchanges. In: Journal of Pragmatics 39 (12), S. 2185-2216. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.005
Abstract: This paper focuses on the triggering, progression and resolution of spoken interactional exchanges which contain impoliteness. Taking television documentary recordings of reprimands within army training discourses; disputes between car owners (on the one hand) and traffic wardens and other car owners (on the other); and exchanges between staff in a restaurant kitchen as the data, I revisit, complement and substantially extend the model of dynamic aspects of impolite exchanges postulated by Culpeper et at. (2003:1562-1568). Here I argue that we are now in a position to go further than did Culpeper et al. (2003) in order to gain a fuller understanding of the 'anatomical workings' of impoliteness containing exchanges, that is, to gain a further level of appreciation for (1) how impolite containing exchanges are triggered, (2) how they pan out, and (3) how they come to some form of resolution. The range of different discourse types is deployed here to show that the extended model suggested appears to work in multiple settings. I suggest that this paper may have important implications for studies concerned with linguistic approaches to conflict avoidance and conflict resolution.
Keywords: time -
Brandtstädter, Jochen; Lindenberger, Ulman (Hg.) (2007): Entwicklungspsychologie der Lebensspanne. Ein Lehrbuch. 1. Auflage. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
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(2007) : Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Applications of Expectancy Violations Theory and Interaction Adaptation Theory In: Gudykunst, William B.: Theorizing about intercultural communication, 480503: 2. [print.]: Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]: Sage, S. 194-214
Abstract: That all cultures have communication expectancies seems patently obvious. Whether cast as cultural display rules (Ekman & Friesen, 1969) or cognitive schemata for processing social information (Planalp, 1985; Schank & Abelson, 1977; Taylor & Crocker, 1981), every culture has guidelines for human conduct that carry associated anticipations for how others will behave. Those guidelines and anticipations manifest in interactions between people. Intercultural communication, then, involves communicators adjusting and influencing the behaviors of each other, partly through the lens of expectations. The question for communication scholars is whether greater understanding of human relations within and between cultures can be achieved by examining the patterns of adaptation that occur in such interactions and the effects of people's adherence to and deviations from those expectations. Two theories that answer the question in the affirmative are expectancy violations theory (EVT; Burgoon, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1992, 1993; Burgoon & Hale, 1988; Burgoon & Le Poire, 1993); Hale & Burgoon, 1984; Le Poire & Burgoon, 1994) and interaction adaptation theory (IAT; Burgoon, Stern, & Dillman, 1995). Our objectives in this chapter are (a) to describe the key principles of EVT and IAT and (b) to articulate some of the cross-cultural and intercultural applications of the theories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2007): Interpersonal adaptation: Dyadic interaction patterns. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press
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(2007) : The question of ’what to imitate’: Inferring goals and intentions from demonstrations In: Nehaniv, Chrystopher L.; Dautenhahn, Kerstin (Hg.): Imitation and social learning in robots, humans and animals: Behavioural, social and communicative dimensions: New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, S. 135-151
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489808.011 Abstract: A difficult issue for robotics researchers is the question of what to imitate, that is, which aspects of a demonstration robots should copy. Sometimes it is appropriate to copy others’ actions, sometimes it is appropriate to copy others’ results and sometimes copying both or even neither of these is the most appropriate response. The chapter discusses the advantages of using an understanding of others’ goals and intentions to answer this question, copying what the demonstrator intended to do rather than what he actually did. Whereas some animals focus mainly on demonstrators’ results or actions, one-year-old human infants appear to use an understanding of others’ goals to decide what to imitate. The authors identify some specific ways in which infants can infer the goal of a demonstrator in imitation situations, using such information as the demonstrators’ gaze direction, emotional expressions, actions and the context. This is followed by a brief review of what robots currently can do in this regard, proposing some further challenges for them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2007): Disappointment for others. In: Cognition & emotion 21 (7), S. 1565-1576. DOI: 10.1080/02699930701201923
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701201923 Abstract: Two studies examined when and why people experience disappointment for others. Study 1 demonstrated that participants reported disappointment for another's outcome only when the outcome had strong personal implications. Study 2 demonstrated that self-image concerns rather than empathy or resource concerns mediated the experience of disappointment for others. Collectively, these findings suggest that people experience disappointment for others when those outcomes implicate the self-image. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 8
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(2007): Considering "The Professional" in Communication Studies. Implications for Theory and Research Within and Beyond the Boundaries of Organizational Communication. In: Communication Theory 17 (2), S. 146-175. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00290.x
Abstract: This essay positions contemporary "professionalism'' as a contested term and a nexus of important theoretical and practical concerns for communication scholars, including, for example, those engaged in the empirical, interpretive, and critical examinations of culture and the self. We advance communication-based understandings of the meanings and practices of professionalism as a complement to the predominantly sociological conceptions of the rise and place of the professional in modern industrialized societies. We are deliberately playful with the term professionalism in demonstrating the power of its ambiguity for reflecting, shaping, and indexing particular kinds of social relations and expectations for them. Part of our argument concerns the complex interplay of symbolism and materiality in the domains of interaction and artifacts surrounding "the professional,'' and especially its embodiment in work and other settings. This brings us directly to an examination of the "intersectionality'' of aspects of difference in the world of the professional (and by implication, the nonprofessional), including race, gender, and class, and to observe a broad-based cultural dialectic of the civilized and the primitive. Finally, we briefly consider extensions as relevant to domains of communication studies beyond the accustomed domain of organizational communication.
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(2007): Relevance theory and politeness. In: Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 3 (2), S. 269-294. DOI: 10.1515/PR.2007.012
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to open up for debate the question of whether Sperber and Wilson's (1995 [1986]) relevance theory can usefully inform politeness research. It is therefore designed to indicate some of the methodological implications for the study of politeness that would arise from an adoption of a relevance-theoretical framework. I begin by outlining some arguments posited by politeness theorists who have applied relevance theory and then provide a brief account of some of the key differences between the Gricean framework that informs Brown and Levinson (1987 [1978]) theory of politeness and the account of utterance interpretation offered by relevance theory. I conclude by suggesting some of the differences in focus that would result from the analysis of politeness from a relevance-theoretical perspective.
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(2007): Deference or Respect? Status Management Practices Among Prison Inmates. In: Social Psychology Quarterly 70 (4), S. 442-460. DOI: 10.1177/019027250707000411
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250707000411 Abstract: Interpersonal and intergroup contention is endemic to the social environment of California prisons. Data from in-depth interviews (N = 74) with prison inmates highlights a conceptual difference between the status behavior understood as signaling “deference” versus those signaling “respect.” Deference behavior signifies ordinal rank distinctions between actors in a power and prestige order. Respectful behavior signifies nominal distinctions rooted in perceived similarities and differences between actors. A theoretical model and typology of respect relations based on the correspondence between an actor's subjective belief and normative expectations is presented. The horizontal, intergroup structure found in the California prison system increases the profile of status behavior as marking nominal distinctions. I propose that the meaning of a given status behavior reflects the instrumentality of social situations and the objectivity or subjectivity of standards actors use in their evaluations of others.
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(2007): The Convergent Validity between Self and Observer Ratings of Personality. A meta-analytic review. In: International Journal of Selection and Assessment 15 (1), S. 110-117. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2389.2007.00371.x
Abstract: The convergent validity between self and observer ratings of the Big Five dimensions of personality was examined by cumulating research findings across studies. The mean correlation corrected for coefficient alpha in self-ratings and inter-rater reliability in observer ratings was .46 for agreeableness (N=6359, k=53), .56 for conscientiousness (N=6754, k=58), .51 for emotional stability (N=8000, k=55), .62 for extraversion (N=7725, k=50), and .59 for openness to experience (N=5333, k=38). Results indicate that, although there is a high degree of construct overlap, both self and observer ratings have substantial unique variance. Moderator effects were analyzed. The duration of acquaintance (strangers vs close relatives) as well as observer type (peers at work vs relatives) were analyzed. Acquaintanceship had a large moderating effect whereas observer type did not moderate the level of convergence.
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(2007): Herding, social preferences and (non-)conformity. In: Economics Letters 97 (1), S. 74-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2007.02.024
Abstract: We study the role of social preferences and conformity in explaining herding behavior in anonymous risky environments. In an experiment similar to information cascade settings, but with no private information, we find no evidence for conformity. On the contrary, we observe a significant amount of non-conforming behavior, which cannot be attributed to errors. zitiert von 29
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(2007): A passion for respect: On understanding the role of human needs and morality. In: Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) 38 (4), S. 439-449. DOI: 10.1007/s11612-007-0036-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11612-007-0036-1 Abstract: In the present paper, we stress the importance of the concept respect in a wide variety of social settings and provide a working definition of this concept by emphasizing how respect relates to the act of communicating full recognition to other people on the dimensions of belongingness and morality. Subsequently, in two separate parts, we discuss why respect is so desired and valued. The first part looks at respect as a means to fulfil important human social concerns (“respect as a means to an end”). The second part looks at the potential moral underpinnings of respect and thus interprets “respect as an end in itself.” Finally, it is suggested that both reasons to value respect explain respect effects as a function of the working selfconcept that is salient (i.e., pragmatic versus idealistic self).
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(2007) : Managing Context Rules in Mobile Devices: 4th International Forum on Applied Wearable Computing 2007: Tel Aviv, Israel: IEEE, S. 1-12. Online verfügbar unter https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5760482/
Abstract: Abstract: An essential aspect of Mark Weiser's vision for ubiquitous computing is that computers become "invisible", demanding very little attention of their users. For this to happen, computers should be able to establish a shared understanding of the conceptual and social settings in which they operate, i.e., they should be context aware. This paper addresses one aspect of contextawareness, namely the management of context rules in mobile and wearable devices. Context rules are employed to predict higher-level human situations (activities), and to actuate desirable operations which are suitable to these situations. Because context rules are application specific, they are defined by application developers and users. So far, little consideration is given in the literature to take the habit (experience) of users into account to dynamically generate and manage context rules. In this paper we will provide a framework to associate decision events (signifying the actions performed by a user) with numerous context types which describe a situation of interest. From an aggregate of decision-context associations we generate context rules which enable mobile devices to proactively provide useful services.
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(2007) : Socially intelligent robots. Dimensions of human-robot interaction In: Emery, Nathan; Clayton, Nicola; Frith, Chris; Emery, Nathan (Ed); Clayton, Nicola (Ed); Frith, Chris (Ed) (Hg.): Social intelligence: From brain to culture: New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, S. 313-351
Abstract: Social intelligence in robots has a quite recent history in artificial intelligence and robotics. However, it has become increasingly apparent that social and interactive skills are necessary requirements in many application areas and contexts where robots need to interact and collaborate with other robots or humans. Research on human-robot interaction (HRI) poses many challenges regarding the nature of interactivity and 'social behaviour' in robot and humans. The first part of this paper addresses dimensions of HRI, discussing requirements on social skills for robots and introducing the conceptual space of HRI studies. In order to illustrate these concepts, two examples of HRI research are presented. First, research is surveyed which investigates the development of a cognitive robot companion. The aim of this work is to develop social rules for robot behaviour (a 'robotiquette') that is comfortable and acceptable to humans. Second, robots are discussed as possible educational or therapeutic toys for children with autism. The concept of interactive emergence in human-child interactions is highlighted. Different types of play among children are discussed in the light of their potential investigation in human-robot experiments. The paper concludes by examining different paradigms regarding 'social relationships' of robots and people interacting with them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2007): Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. In: Biological Sciences 362 (1480), S. 679-704. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.2004 Abstract: Social intelligence in robots has a quite recent history in artificial intelligence and robotics. However, it has become increasingly apparent that social and interactive skills are necessary requirements in many application areas and contexts where robots need to interact and collaborate with other robots or humans. Research on human–robot interaction (HRI) poses many challenges regarding the nature of interactivity and ‘social behaviour’ in robot and humans. The first part of this paper addresses dimensions of HRI, discussing requirements on social skills for robots and introducing the conceptual space of HRI studies. In order to illustrate these concepts, two examples of HRI research are presented. First, research is surveyed which investigates the development of a cognitive robot companion. The aim of this work is to develop social rules for robot behaviour (a ‘robotiquette’) that is comfortable and acceptable to humans. Second, robots are discussed as possible educational or therapeutic toys for children with autism. The concept of interactive emergence in human–child interactions is highlighted. Different types of play among children are discussed in the light of their potential investigation in human–robot experiments. The paper concludes by examining different paradigms regarding ‘social relationships’ of robots and people interacting with them.
Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz -
(2007): Die Geschichte vom 'schlechten' Deutsch.. In: Der Deutschunterricht 59 (3), S. 52-62
Abstract: Was ist 'schlechtes' Deutsch? Sind weit verbreitete Konstruktionen wie 'besser wie' wirklich schlecht? Wenn ja, warum werden sie immer noch von so vielen Menschen verwendet? Anhand von zwei Fallstudien von 'schlechten' Konstruktionen gehe ich diesen Fragen nach und erörtere die Rolle von präskriptiven Werken bei der Produktion von Sprachbewertungen und Sprachwertsystemen. (Orig.).
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(2007): An engineering approach to sociable robots. In: Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 19 (4), S. 285-306. DOI: 10.1080/09528130701208174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09528130701208174 Abstract: Robotics researchers and cognitive scientists are becoming more and more interested in so-called sociable robots. These machines normally have expressive power (facial features, voice,...) as well as abilities for locating, paying attention to, and addressing people. The design objective is to make robots which are able to sustain natural interactions with people. This capacity falls within the range classed as social intelligence in humans. This position paper argues that the reproduction of social intelligence, as opposed to other types of human ability, may lead to fragile performance, in the sense that tested cases may produce rather different performances to future (untested) cases and situations. This limitation stems from the fact that our social abilities, which appear early in life, are mainly unconscious in origin. This is in contrast with other human abilities that we carry out using conscious effort, and for which we can easily conceive algorithms and representations. This novel perspective is deemed useful for defining the obstacles and limitations of a field that is generating increasing interest. Taking into account the mentioned issues, a development approach suited to the problem is proposed. The use of this approach is demonstrated in the development of CASIMIRO, a robotic head with basic interaction abilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2007): Violence restrained. Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (1), S. 62-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.005
Abstract: Aggressive impulses arise from many factors, but they are usually held in check by social norms for self-control. Thus, the proximal cause of aggression is often failure of self-restraint. In five studies, depleted capacity for self-regulation (caused by prior, even irrelevant acts of self-regulation) increased aggressive responding, especially after an insulting provocation. When participants were insulted and their self-regulatory strength was depleted (i.e., after completing previous tasks that required self-regulation), participants were more likely to aggress. When the urge to aggress was relatively weaker (i.e., when participants were not insulted), self-regulatory depletion did not increase aggressive behavior. This effect was moderated by trait self-control: Participants low in trait self-control were particularly likely to express intentions of behaving aggressively in response to provocation, whereas participants high in trait self-control did not express intentions of responding aggressively. Laboratory, autobiographical memory, and hypothetical responses confirmed the pattern. zitiert von 723
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(2007): Integrating theoretical, measurement, and intervention models of youth social competence. In: Clinical Psychology Review 27 (3), S. 327-347. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.11.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.11.002 Abstract: Social competence is of great interest to developmental psychopathologists and is assessed frequently in both basic and applied research. A review of the literature reveals not only significant heterogeneity in definitions of this construct but an apparent disconnect between theoretical, measurement, and intervention models of competence in youth. This paper attempts to integrate these disparate enterprises by identifying four types of predictors theorists have associated with competence – child, behavior, situation, and judge – and critiquing common models in light of these dimensions. In general, assessment and intervention approaches appear less complex than theoretical conceptualizations of competence. When considering whether to incorporate additional predictors, notably situation- and judge-level factors, into these models, researchers must weigh parsimony versus the model misspecification that results from omitting important variables. Basic research that may assist in making these decisions is identified.
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(2007): Selective versus unselective romantic desire: Not all reciprocity is created equal. In: Psychological science 18 (4), S. 317-319. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01897.x
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Emery, Nathan; Clayton, Nicola; Frith, Chris; Emery, Nathan (Ed); Clayton, Nicola (Ed); Frith, Chris (Ed) (Hg.) (2007): Social intelligence: From brain to culture. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press
Keywords: Sonstiges, Soziale Intelligenz -
(2007): Gender Differences in Coping Strategies in Children and Adolescents. In: Journal of Individual Differences 28 (1), S. 18-26. DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001.28.1.18
Abstract: Studied gender effects and interactions between gender, type of stressful situation, and age group in coping strategies in childhood and adolescence. The sample consisted of 1,990 children and adolescents (957 boys, 1033 girls; grade levels 3-8). Participants responded to a coping questionnaire (Fragebogen zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter, SSKJ 3-8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Heßling, 2006) with the 5 subscales: seeking social support, problem solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, and anger-related emotion regulation. Repeated measures ANOVAs with Gender and Grade Level as the between-subject factors and Situation (social, academic) as the within-subject factor were performed separately for each of the subscales. In general, girls scored higher in seeking social support and problem solving, whereas boys scored higher in avoidant coping. These three main effects were further modified by significant Gender × Situation interactions and for both seeking social support and avoidant coping by significant Gender × Situation × Grade Level interactions. Compared to the academic situation (homework), gender differences were more pronounced for the social situation (argument with a friend), especially in adolescence. The results are discussed with respect to a gender-specific development of coping strategies. zitiert von 327