Alle Publikationen
2001
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(2001) : Die Theorie der kognizierten Kontrolle In: Frey, Dieter; Irle, Martin (Hg.): Motivations-, Selbst- und Informationsverarbeitungstheorien: Bern: Huber, S. 13-50
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(2001): Social Cognition, Language Acquisition and The Development of the Theory of Mind. In: Mind and Language 16 (5), S. 494-541. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0017.00180
Abstract: Theory of Mind (ToM) is the cognitive achievement that enables us to report our propositional attitudes, to attribute such attitudes to others, and to use such postulated or observed mental states in the prediction and explanation of behavior. Most normally developing children acquire ToM between the ages of 3 and 5 years, but serious delays beyond this chronological and mental age have been observed in children with autism, as well is in those with severe sensory impairments. We examine data from Studies of ToM in normally developing children and those with deafness, blindness, autism and Williams syndrome, as well as data from lower primates, in a search for answers to key theoretical questions concerning the origins, nature and representation of knowledge about the mind. In answer to these, we offer a framework according to which ToM is jointly dependent upon language and social experience, and is produced by a conjunction of language acquisition with children's growing social understanding, acquired through conversation and interaction with others. We argue that adequate language and adequate social skills are jointly causally sufficient, and individually causally necessary, for producing ToM. Thus our account supports a social developmental theory of the genesis of human cognition, inspired by the work of Sellars and Vygotsky.
Keywords: adequate social interaction, AUTISTIC-CHILD, Communication, DEAF-CHILDREN, DEFICIT, Disziplin, Erkenntnistheorie, FALSE BELIEF, INDIVIDUALS, KNOWLEDGE, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, Linguistik, MODULARITY, performance, Philosophie, philosophy of mind, Postkasten, Psychologie, Social Cognition, Social Skills, Soziale Angemessenheit, soziale Kognition, theory of mind, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten, WILLIAMS-SYNDROME -
(2001): An ambivalent alliance. Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. In: American Psychologist 56 (2), S. 109-118. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109
Abstract: The equation of prejudice with antipathy is challenged by recent research on sexism. Benevolent sexism (a subjectively favorable, chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles) coexists with hostile sexism (antipathy toward women who are viewed as usurping men's power). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, first validated in U.S. samples, has been administered to over 15,000 men and women in 19 nations. Hostile and benevolent sexism are complementary, cross-culturally prevalent ideologies, both of which predict gender inequality. Women, as compared with men, consistently reject hostile sexism but often endorse benevolent sexism (especially in the most sexist cultures). By rewarding women for conforming to a patriarchal status quo, benevolent sexism inhibits gender equality. More generally, affect toward minority groups is often ambivalent, but subjectively positive stereotypes are not necessarily benign. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) Zitiert von 1323
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(2001): Niceness and the Limits of Rules. In: Journal of Moral Education 30 (4), S. 349-360. DOI: 10.1080/03057240120094841
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240120094841 Abstract: Teachers (and parents) responsible for the acculturation of young children have an investment in 'niceness'. While the moral worthiness of this norm is obvious, niceness when enshrined as a set of rules is questionable. Because we want children to be honest, strong-minded and bold, to resist peer pressure and speak out against wrongdoing, protection against hurt must sometimes give way to other priorities. Through the presentation of two early childhood scenarios--a small child asks questions of strangers that insult them; a somewhat older one rejects the overture of a child who wants to join his play--I explore the downside of tactfulness and the difficulties of determining who is injured by bluntness. The argument proceeds that in order to balance both the interests of the parties and the different values at stake--fairness as well as niceness--we need to contextualise our judgements by avoiding general rules. Finally, I suggest several benchmarks that should be incorpo rated in to this contextualised decision-making--the act itself, its consequences and the motives and personal history of the players. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 5
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(2001): Skalen zum Investitionsmodell von Rusbult. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 32 (1), S. 29-44. DOI: 10.1024//0044-3514.32.1.29
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024//0044-3514.32.1.29 Abstract: According to Rusbult's investment model (1980), the dynamic and stability of close relationships can be predicted by commitment. Commitment increases with individuals' relationship satisfaction and investments, and decreases with quality of alternatives. A German version of the investment model scale (Rusbult, Martz & Agnew, 1998) measuring the four basic components of the model was constructed and tested in two studies. Study 1 (N = 173) investigated the factor structure, reliabilities and intercorrelations of the four scales. Study 2 (N = 100) assessed the convergent and discriminant validity on the basis of intercorrelations of the four scales with various external criteria. The studies revealed good reliability and validity of the scales. Das Investitionsmodell von C. E. Rusbult postuliert, dass die Dynamik und Stabilität von sozialen Beziehungen vom Commitment der Beteiligten gegenüber der Beziehung abhängen. Das Commitment ist um so größer, je höher die Zufriedenheit mit der Beziehung und die Investitionen sind und je geringer die Qualität der verfügbaren Alternativen ist. Ein Fragebogen von Rusbult, Martz und Agnew, der diese vier Komponenten des Investitionsmodells in Partnerschaften misst, wurde ins Deutsche übersetzt und in zwei Studien an Stichproben von insgesamt 273 Personen überprüft. Studie I analysierte die Faktorenstruktur der Items, die Reliabilität der Skalen und die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Skalen. Studie II untersuchte die konvergente und diskriminante Validität der Skalen anhand von Korrelationen mit verschiedenen Außenkriterien. Die Ergebnisse deuten insgeamt auf eine gute Reliabilität und Validität der Skalen hin.
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(2001): Théorie du lien social, technologie et philosophie : Simondon lecteur de Merleau-Ponty. In: Les Études philosophiques 57 (2). DOI: 10.3917/leph.012.0219
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Haft, Fritjof; Hof, Hagen; Wesche, Steffen (Hg.) (2001): Bausteine zu einer Verhaltenstheorie des Rechts. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verl.-Ges (Interdisziplinäre Studien zu Recht und Staat)
Keywords: Rechtswissenschaft -
Hechter, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (Hg.) (2001): Social norms. New York N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation
Abstract: Social norms are rules that prescribe what people should and should not do given their social surroundings and circumstances. Norms instruct people to keep their promises, to drive on the right, or to abide by the golden rule. They are useful explanatory tools, employed to analyze phenomena as grand as international diplomacy and as mundane as the rules of the road. But our knowledge of norms is scattered across disciplines and research traditions, with no clear consensus on how the term should be used. Research on norms has focused on the content and the consequences of norms, without paying enough attention to their causes. Social Norms reaches across the disciplines of sociology, economics, game theory, and legal studies to provide a well-integrated theoretical and empirical account of how norms emerge, change, persist, or die out. Social Norms opens with a critical review of the many outstanding issues in the research on norms: When are norms simply devices to ease cooperation, and when do they carry intrinsic moral weight? Do norms evolve gradually over time or spring up spontaneously as circumstances change? The volume then turns to case studies on the birth and death of norms in a variety of contexts, from protest movements, to marriage, to mushroom collecting. The authors detail the concrete social processes, such as repeated interactions, social learning, threats and sanctions, that produce, sustain, and enforce norms. One case study explains how it can become normative for citizens to participate in political protests in times of social upheaval. Another case study examines how the norm of objectivity in American journalism emerged: Did it arise by consensus as the professional creed of the press corps, or was it imposed upon journalists by their employers? A third case study examines the emergence of the norm of national self-determination: has it diffused as an element of global culture, or was it imposed by the actions of powerful states? The book concludes with an examination of what we know of norm emergence, highlighting areas of agreement and points of contradiction between the disciplines. Norms may be useful in explaining other phenomena in society, but until we have a coherent theory of their origins we have not truly explained norms themselves. Social Norms moves us closer to a true understanding of this ubiquitous feature of social life.
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(2001): Sein und Zeit. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag
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(2001): Geschlecht als (Un-)Ordnungsprinzip. Entwicklungen und Perspektiven der Geschlechtersoziologie. In: KOLNER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SOZIOLOGIE UND SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE, S. 9-29
Abstract: Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, dass die Geschlechterdifferenz heute durch eine Art instabiler Persistenz gekennzeichnet ist, wird der Frage nachgegangen, uber welche Mechanismen die Geschlechterungleichheit erzeugt oder auch abgebaut wird. Der erste Abschnitt befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen Modernisierung und geschlechtlicher Zuschreibung. Der zweite Abschnitt konzentriert sich auf drei Ebenen der Sozialorganisation und zeigt auf, welche Bedeutung Interaktionen, Organisationsstrukturen und globale Normierungen fur die Herstellung geschlechtlicher Ungleichheit haben. In einem dritten Abschnitt werden einige Forschungsfelder benannt, die in Zukunft verstarkt thematisiert werden sollten. (Autorenreferat) zitiert von 120
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(2001): Spiritual Assessment. A Review of Major Qualitative Methods and a New Framework for Assessing Spirituality. In: Social Work 46 (3), S. 203-214. DOI: 10.1093/sw/46.3.203
Abstract: This article introduces a new qualitative spiritual assessment instrument. It reviews existing qualitative assessment tools and presents a new multidimensional spiritual assessment framework. The instrument consists of two components: a spiritual history in which consumers relate their spiritual life story in a manner analogous to a family history and an interpretive framework to assist practitioners in eliciting and synthesizing the full potentiality of strengths extant in clients' spiritual lives. Common spiritual strengths the framework is designed to evoke are discussed, and a number of interventions based on prevalent spiritual strengths are suggested.
Keywords: Design -
(2001): Dignity at work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Abstract: Four faces of working with dignity -- Toward a theory of dignity -- Measuring the subtle realms of work -- Deflecting abuse and mismanagement -- Avoiding overwork -- Defending autonomy -- Negotiating employee involvement -- Coworkers, for better or worse -- Worker dignity and well-being -- Dignity, agency, and the future of work Human dignity, the ability to establish a sense of self-worth and self-respect and to enjoy the respect of others, is necessary for a fully realized life. Working with dignity is a fundamental part of achieving a life well-lived, yet the workplace often poses challenging obstacles because of mismanagement or managerial abuse. Defending dignity and realizing self-respect through work are key to workers' well-being; insuring the dignity of employees is equally important for organizations as they attempt to make effective use of their human capital. In this book Randy Hodson, a sociologist of work and organizational behavior, applies ethnographic and statistical approaches to this topic, offering both a richly detailed, inside look at real examples of dignity in action, and a broader analysis of the pivotal role of dignity at work
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(2001): Culture's Consequences. Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. 2. Thousand Oaks: SageKeywords: Kulturtheorie, social importance dynamics
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(2001) : Sociological Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Norms In: Hechter, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (Hg.): Social norms: New York N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, S. 3-34
Abstract: [-]
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(2001) : The Power Interaction Model: Theory, methodology, and empirical applications. In: Lee-Chai, Annette Y.: The use and abuse of power: Multiple perspectives in the causes of corruption: Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press, S. 195-214
Abstract: Conflict between parties is a fact of life and is to be expected in most social settings. In some situations, the conflict may manifest itself only as a mild disagreement, whereas, in others, mortal combat is not out of the question. Handled properly conflict can lead to positive change and growth, yet if mishandled it can hinder relations and even lead to destruction. The process of gaining compliance in conflict situations can be grouped under three main issues: (1) the means used by one party to influence the attitudes or behaviors of another party, (2) the effectiveness of the influence attempts in gaining compliance, and (3) the various consequences, both positive and negative, associated with these attempts. The present chapter focuses on conflicts in dyadic relationships and presents the Interpersonal Power Interaction Model (IPIM) for understanding the process by which one party chooses tactics for changing behavior or attitudes in the other party. The IPIM can se rve as a n overarching theory in the field of power and can provide greater methodological unity and coordination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2001): Arbitria-Vrbanitatis. Language, style, and characterization in Catullus ’cc.39 and 37’. In: CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY 20 (2), S. 239-272
Abstract: This article describes how cc. 39 and 37 create distinct tones of voice and use them to preclude the social pretensions of Egnatius in different spheres. The style of c. 39, markedly oratorical—and non-Catullan—in the syntax of its opening lines, develops into the voice of a respectable senex by way of archaisms of vocabulary and syntax and is capped by a figure of humor otherwise absent from the polymetrics, the apologus. The style thus creates a voice perfectly suited to chastise Egnatius' social ineptitudes and, more importantly, constitutes on the verbal level an embodiment of the standards of the urban elite. Catullus thus illustrates to Egnatius that a subtle system of social gestures can be learned - something which Egnatius, for all his apparent pretensions to social prominence, manifestly has not grasped, marred as he is by the habit of grinning inappropriately. C. 37, which ends with an attack on the same Egnatius, is far different in tone, commingling tokens of artfulness with vulgarity and forcefulness. That mixed style exercises ironic decorum towards Lesbia's lovers, who are themselves an oddly mixed group, well-off on the one hand, but "backstreet adulterers" on the other. But the two tones of voice, and indeed the two groups of lovers, also embody the paradoxes of the Roman construction of stylish behavior, which could be represented as elegant dalliance or reprehensible vice. Inasmuch as Egnatius' fashion affectations, ridiculed at the poem's end, fail to qualify him for the ranks of Lesbia's lovers, he is represented as outside sophisticated society, however it be constructed. In concert the two poems utterly derail Egnatius' social pretensions: c. 39 as it were outflanks him on the "right," barring him from respectable society, and c. 37 outflanks him on the "left," barring him from the "jet set."
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(2001) : Die Anerkennung des Anderen als Solidarität und Selbstverwirklichung: eine psychoanalytische Perspektive In: Küchenhoff, Joachim: Solidarität und Selbstverwirklichung: Gießen: Psychosozial-Verl. (Reihe "Psyche und Gesellschaft"), S. 241-255
Abstract: Unter Rückgriff auf psychoanalytische Kategorien werden folgende drei Thesen zum Verhältnis zwischen Solidarität und Selbstverwirklichung begründet: Solidarität und Selbstverwirklichung bedingen sich gegenseitig; Solidarität und Selbstverwirklichung haben die Anerkennung des Anderen als gemeinsame Grundlage; wenn Solidarität die Grundlage der Selbstverwirklichung ist, ist es nicht möglich, sich auf Kosten anderer zu verwirklichen.
Keywords: Psychoanalyse, Soziale Anerkennung -
Küchenhoff, Joachim (2001): Solidarität und Selbstverwirklichung. Gießen: Psychosozial-Verl. (Reihe "Psyche und Gesellschaft")
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Lee-Chai, Annette Y. (2001): The use and abuse of power. Multiple perspectives in the causes of corruption. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press
Keywords: Interaction, POWER -
(2001): JUdgements of Social Appropriateness by children and adolescents with autism. In: JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 31 (4), S. 367-376. DOI: 10.1023/A:1010608518060
Abstract: Children and adolescents with autism (aged 6-14 yrs old) and those without autism (aged 6-14 yrs old) of similar age and IQ were asked to make judgments of the social appropriateness of 24 videotaped, staged scenes with adult actors. Each scene depicted an appropriate or an inappropriate interaction. Half contained verbalizations, and half did not. After each scene, the participant was asked: (1) Was that o.k. or was something wrong with it? If the participant judged the scene was wrong, she or he was asked: (2) What was wrong with it?; and (3) Why was that wrong? Both groups correctly identified inappropriate behaviors most of the time, and correct behaviors almost all of the time. However, the nonautism group detected inappropriate behaviors significantly more often than the autism group, for verbal but not nonverbal scenes. It was also significantly easier for both groups to identify inappropriate behaviors in the nonverbal than in the verbal scenes. Ratings of the explanations given for Question 3 differed significantly between the groups for verbal but not for nonverbal scenes, with nonautism participants more likely to give explanations involving social norms and principles, and the autism group more likely to give explanations that were irrelevant or idiosyncratic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2001): Cultural variation in hemifacial asymmetry of emotion expressions. In: British Journal of Social Psychology 40 (3), S. 385-398. DOI: 10.1348/014466601164885
Abstract: Photographs of hemifacial composites (left-left, right-right and normal presentation, right-left) of three cultures (Japanese, Oriental Indian and North American) disp laying six emotions (happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust) and a neutral state were administered successively (one by one) as well as simultaneously (three hemifacial photographs of an expression at a time) to observers for judgment on a 5-point scale in terms of distinctiveness of expression. Observers' judgments were treated with a culture of expressor x sex of expressor x facial presentation x emotion category mixed factorial ANOVA. Cultures did not vary for their distinctiveness of facial expressions, suggesting universality in this respect. Culture-specificity was, however, observed with respect to hemifacial asymmetry and valence of emotion expressions: (1) Japanese showed a right hemifacial bias for positive and left hemifacial bias for negative emotions; Indians and North Americans showed left hemifacial bias for all emotions, and (2) negative emotion expressions were least distinctly identifiable in Japanese faces followed by Indian and North American faces.
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(2001): Negative affect and interpersonal rejection among prison inmates in a therapeutic community: A social relations analysis. In: Journal of abnormal psychology 110 (4), S. 544-552
Abstract: The authors used D. A. Kenny's social relations model to examine J. C. Coyne's interpersonal theory of depression among a clinical sample of well-acquainted prison inmates. Members of 12 therapy groups (N = 142) diagnosed with a substance abuse disorder completed a self-report measure of depression and anxiety and indicated their desire to interact with other group members. There was both consensus about which group members were rejected and individual differences in the participants reported desire for future interaction with other group members. Those reporting high levels of depressive negative affect were most likely to be rejected. Those lowest in positive affect indicated the least desire for future interaction with others.
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(2001): Development and validation of a measure of intercultural adjustment potential in Japanese sojourners: the Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale (ICAPS). In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS 25 (5), S. 483-510. DOI: 10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00019-0
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Matthies, Michael; Malchow, Horst; Kriz, Jürgen (Hg.) (2001): Integrative Systems Approaches to Natural and Social Dynamics: Systems Science 2000. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz -
(2001): Disrespect and the experience of injustice. In: Annual review of psychology 52, S. 527-553. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.527
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.527 Abstract: This review analyzes research and theory pertaining to the psychology of injustice, using as its organizing theme the role that the perception of disrespect plays in the experience of injustice. The analysis focuses primarily on the links between disrespect and anger, disrespect and injustice, and anger and injustice. Determinants of the intensity of people's reactions to injustices are also reviewed. In addition, the review examines the goals of retaliation as well as the forms that retaliation can take. Parallels between justice reactions to those acts of disrespect directed toward the self and those directed toward others are noted. Finally, the review discusses the implications of justice research for understanding the specific and general entitlements that people believe are their due.