Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Ethics for Robots as Experimental Technologies: Pairing Anticipation with Exploration to Evaluate the Social Impact of Robotics. In: IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine 25 (1), S. 30-36. DOI: 10.1109/MRA.2017.2781543
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2017.2781543 Abstract: The evaluation of the societal impact of autonomous technologies, particularly robotics, has grown in technological contexts (e.g., see [14] and the IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems [20]), as well as broader political contexts (e.g., see the 2017 European Parliament report regarding civil law rules on robotics [21]). In this article, we adopt the perspective that conceptualizes new technologies as social experiments, stressing their experimental character to deal with the inherent uncertainty that affects their behavior. We suggest that the kind of experiments performed when evaluating robots in specific contexts of use are explorative experiments, i.e., investigations carried out in the absence of a proper theory or theoretical background that diverge from the traditional notion of controlled experiments. Considering this epistemological shift, we apply the ethical framework proposed by van de Poel for experimental technologies to the case of robotics, and we discuss its implications on the design of robots. To make our discussion more concrete, we reference the field of robots for search and rescue, which offers a challenging opportunity to test socioethical approaches to the development of robots and their interactions with environments and humans.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, autonomous robots, autonomous technologies, ethical aspects, Ethics, experimental technologies, ieee xplore, Künstliche Intelligenz, Law, Monitoring, Politics, Robotics, Robots, service robot, social aspects of automation, Social implications of technology, technological contexts 2016
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(2016): Digital Social Norm Enforcement. Online Firestorms in Social Media. In: PLoS one 11 (6). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155923
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27315071 Abstract: Actors of public interest today have to fear the adverse impact that stems from social media platforms. Any controversial behavior may promptly trigger temporal, but potentially devastating storms of emotional and aggressive outrage, so called online firestorms. Popular targets of online firestorms are companies, politicians, celebrities, media, academics and many more. This article introduces social norm theory to understand online aggression in a social-political online setting, challenging the popular assumption that online anonymity is one of the principle factors that promotes aggression. We underpin this social norm view by analyzing a major social media platform concerned with public affairs over a period of three years entailing 532,197 comments on 1,612 online petitions. Results show that in the context of online firestorms, non-anonymous individuals are more aggressive compared to anonymous individuals. This effect is reinforced if selective incentives are present and if aggressors are intrinsically motivated.
Keywords: Aggression/psychology, Anonymität, Beeinflussung sozial angemessenen Verhaltens, Crime/legislation & jurisprudence, Digital Norms, Disziplin, Favoriten, Firestorms, Good manners, Humans, Internet/legislation & jurisprudence, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, Motivation, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Politics, Social Media/legislation & jurisprudence, Social Norm Theory, Social Norms, Social Norms Marketing, Social Theory, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Soziologie, Technik 2015
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(2015): Political science. Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. In: Science (New York, N.Y.) 348 (6239), S. 1130-1132. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1160
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25953820 Abstract: Exposure to news, opinion, and civic information increasingly occurs through social media. How do these online networks influence exposure to perspectives that cut across ideological lines? Using deidentified data, we examined how 10.1 million U.S. Facebook users interact with socially shared news. We directly measured ideological homophily in friend networks and examined the extent to which heterogeneous friends could potentially expose individuals to cross-cutting content. We then quantified the extent to which individuals encounter comparatively more or less diverse content while interacting via Facebook's algorithmically ranked News Feed and further studied users' choices to click through to ideologically discordant content. Compared with algorithmic ranking, individuals' choices played a stronger role in limiting exposure to cross-cutting content.
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(2015): Critical Theory of Technology and technoscientific citizenship: resistance, "insistence" and hacking. Resistência, insistência e hacking. In: Revista de Filosofia Aurora 27 (621). DOI: 10.7213/aurora.27.040.DS07
Abstract: In recent years, the notion of citizenship and its novel forms and practices have been criticized, discussed, and re-conceptualized by several scholars in the Latin-American context, especially in fields as political sciences and sociology. Feenberg's work is of great value to apply and foster such discussions in the context of Science and Technology Studies, and to investigate potentialities and practices for a technical citizenship. We show how what we will call political and epistemological hacking may allow the reconceptualization of citizenship and the visibility of possible paths for an experimental ethics and a bottom-up politics, not based in principles or axioms, but on a Critical Practice of Technology. Changing social systems and technological codes is possible, if analysis and practices are grounded not on an essentialist vision of technique, nor on a normative notion of human nature, but on a dynamic, dialectic approach to the human condition and its technical environment.
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(2015): Gender, trust and cooperation in environmental social dilemmas. In: Social science research 50, S. 328-342. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.002
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25592940 Abstract: This research addresses gender differences in environmental protection efforts. Recent work indicates that, across a variety of domains, women are more generous, charitable, and prosocial than men. Despite above-average levels of these motivators for cooperation, considerable experimental research points to no difference in cooperation between genders. What can explain women's lower-than-expected cooperation levels? Prior research indicates that, compared to men, women are less trusting and respond to fear incentives in social dilemmas - they are concerned about being exploited. We test these arguments in the context of environmental behaviors and argue that lower trust and greater responses to fear incentives mean that women's cooperation is predicated on trust. For men, trust does not predict environmental cooperation. The current research represents the first empirical test of these arguments. Using data from the General Social Survey we focus on private sphere behaviors and political participation and predict an interaction between gender and trust on cooperation. Results support this prediction. zitiert von 12
2014
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(2014) : Sexualität und Geschlecht : Psychosoziale, kultur- und sexualwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Eine Festschrift für Hertha Richter-Appelt In: Schweizer, Katinka; Brunner, Franziska; Cerwenka, Susanne; Nieder, Timo O.; Briken, Peer (Hg.): Sexualität und Geschlecht: Psychosoziale, kultur- und sexualwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Eine Festschrift für Hertha Richter-Appelt. Unter Mitarbeit von Katinka Schweizer, Franziska Brunner, Susanne Cerwenka, Timo O. Nieder, Peer Briken, Inga Becker, Christina von Braun, Martin Dannecker, Arne Dekker, Annika Flöter, Harald J. Freyberger, Beatrix Gromus, Christina Handford, Vivian Jückstock, Uwe Koch, Susanne Krege, Silja Matthiesen, Birgit Möller, Karl-Josef Pazzini, Friedemann Pfäfflin, Konstanze Plett, Wilhelm F. Preuss, Ilka Quindeau, Rainer Richter, Volkmar Sigusch, Bernhard Strauß und Lucie G. Veith: Gießen, Lahn: Psychosozial-Verlag (Beiträge zur Sexualforschung)
Abstract: Obwohl Sexualität und Geschlecht in unserer Gesellschaft allgegenwärtig sind, führt meist erst die Konfrontation mit Abweichungen von der vermeintlichen Norm zu einer ernsthaften Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Themen. Anlässlich des 65. Geburtstags der Sexualforscherin und Psychoanalytikerin Hertha Richter-Appelt werden Sexualität und Geschlecht aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln beleuchtet. Dabei werden Bezüge auf Religion, Politik, Körper, Identität, Partnerschaft und deutsche Geschichte hergestellt. Die Beiträge regen einen Diskurs zwischen kritischer Sexualwissenschaft, Psychoanalyse, Medizin, Psychologie, Selbsthilfe, Rechts-, Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften an. - Inhalt: (A) Geschlecht und Sexualität in Gesellschaft und Politik. (1) Christina von Braun: Religion und Geschlecht. (2) Volkmar Sigusch: Sexualität und Geschlecht in den letzten Jahrzehnten. (3) Konstanze Plett: Über die Notwendigkeit, Geschlecht interdisziplinär zu betrachten. (4) Friedemann Pfäfflin: Transgender Politics. (5) Uwe Koch: Die "Feminisierung" der Medizin: ein Problem? - (B) Psychoanalytische Blicke auf Geschlechtlichkeit. (6) Ilka Quindeau: Der janusköpfige Ödipus - der Kernkomplex in der Entwicklung von Sexualitäten und Geschlechtern? (7) Karl-Josef Pazzini: Liebesbegebenheiten. Notizen zu Übertragung, Trieb und Sexualität. (8) Martin Dannecker: Von den Schwierigkeiten der Psychoanalyse mit der männlichen Homosexualität. - (C) Geschlechtervielfalt: Menschen, Medizin und Lebenswelten. (9) Susanne Cerwenka: Soziale Ressourcen und Diskriminierungserfahrungen von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen mit Geschlechtsdysphorie. (10) Inga Becker und Birgit Möller: Besonderheiten und Herausforderungen in der Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Geschlechtsdysphorie. (11) Susanne Krege: Veränderungen im medizinischen Umgang mit Transsexualität und Intersexualität. (12) Lucie G. Veith: Vom Opfersein zum Menschsein in Würde: Intersexuelle Menschen auf dem Weg zurück in das gesellschaftliche Bewusstsein. 10 Jahre Intersexuelle Menschen e.V. (13) Franziska Brunner, Christina Handford und Katinka Schweizer: Geschlechtervielfalt und Intersexualität. (14) Timo O. Nieder: Von der dauerhaft transponierten Geschlechtsidentität zur Genderqueerness. Eine theoretische und praxisorientierte Annäherung. - (D) Sexualität, Körper und Geschlecht in der Psychotherapie. (15) Wilhelm F. Preuss: Geschichte einer Rückkehr aus der weiblichen in die männliche Geschlechtsrolle zwanzig Jahre nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung. (16) Annika Flöter und Vivian Jückstock: Therapeutin und Patient im forensischen Feld. Geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte in der psychodynamischen Behandlung von Männern mit Sexualdelinquenz. (17) Harald J. Freyberger: Heimkindheit in der DDR. Eine Kasuistik zu einer vernachlässigten Thematik. (18) Bernhard Strauß: Das subjektive Körpererleben in der Psychotherapieforschung. - (E) Partnerschaft, Sexualität und Liebe. (19) Katinka Schweizer: Ratgeberliebe - wie wir lieben sollen. (20) Arne Dekker und Silja Matthiesen: Flexible Orientierung? Bisexualität und nicht-monosexuelle Partnerwahl in vier Jahrzehnten. (21) Beatrix Gromus: Weibliche Sexualität. - (F) Persönliche Festschriftbeiträge. (22) Peer Briken: Sexualwissenschaftlerinnen-on-Board (SoB) - Index. Vorläufige Ergebnisse einer Studie für Hertha Richter-Appelt zur Gleichstellung in der Sexualwissenschaft. (23) Katinka Schweizer: Forschen - Lehren - Wissen schaffen. (24) Rainer Richter: Watchful waiting.
2013
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(2013): Are Liberals Agreeable or Not?. In: Social Psychology 44 (5), S. 354-360. DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000132
Abstract: Documenting the relationship between Agreeableness and political conservatism has proven elusive. We address this anomaly by showing that two aspects of Agreeableness – politeness and compassion – have countervailing relationships with political conservatism through right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). To test this, we analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of New Zealanders (N = 4,553). Politeness was positively, but compassion was negatively, correlated with political conservatism. Consistent with the differential mediation hypothesis derived from the dual process model of ideology and prejudice, these opposing relationships were differentially mediated by RWA and SDO. This attenuated the bivariate relationship between the higher-order trait of Agreeableness and political conservatism. These results demonstrate the complex relationship between personality and political orientation.
2012
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(2012): Social dominance orientation. Revisiting the structure and function of a variable predicting social and political attitudes. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 38 (5), S. 583-606. DOI: 10.1177/0146167211432765
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215697 Abstract: Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2012.38:583-606
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, European Continental Ancestry Group, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, hierarchy-enhancing and -attenuating social policy, Humans, Israel, Jews, legitimizing ideologies, Male, Models, Psychological, ORIENTATION, Politics, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychological Theory, Reproducibility of Results, SDO, SDO-Dominance, SDO-Egalitarianism, Social Class, Social Domiance Orientation (SDO), Social Dominance, social dominance orientation, Social Identification, Socioeconomic Factors, Students/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Young Adult 2011
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(2011): Inverse gender gap in Germany. Social dominance orientation among men and women. In: International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie 46 (1), S. 33-45. DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2010.491121
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044131 Abstract: Across cultures studies show that men score higher on social dominance orientation than women. This gender gap is considered invariant, but conflicting explanations are discussed: Some authors refer to evolutionary psychology and perceive the gender gap to be driven by sociobiological factors. Other authors argue that social roles or gender-stereotypical self-construals encouraged by intergroup comparisons are responsible for attitudinal gender difference. In Study 1 we analyzed sex differences in social dominance orientation in three German probability surveys (each n > 2300). Unexpectedly, the analyses yielded an inverse gender gap with higher values for social dominance orientation in women than in men. Interactions with age, education, political conservatism, and perceived inequity indicated that the inverse gender gap can be mainly attributed to older, conservative, (and less educated) respondents, and those who feel they get their deserved share. In Study 2 we replicated the well-known gender gap with men scoring higher than women in social dominance orientation among German students. Results are interpreted on the basis of biocultural interaction, which integrates the sociobiological, social role, and self-construal perspectives. Our unusual findings seem to reflect a struggle for status by members of low-status groups who consider group-based hierarchy the most promising option to improve their status. While younger women take advantage of a relational, feminine self-construal that leads to lower social dominance orientation in young women than in young men, older women are supposed to profit from an agentic self-construal that results in stronger social dominance orientation values. Specific characteristics of the culture in Germany seem to promote this strategy. Here, we discuss the female ideal of the national socialist period and the agentic female social role in the post-war era necessitated by the absence of men.
Keywords: 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Female, Gender, Gender Identity, Germany, Geschlechterforschung, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Kulturelle Unterschiede, Kulturforschung, Male, Middle Aged, Politics, Self Concept, Social Dominance, Socialism, Socialization, Stereotyping, Young Adult 2010
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(2010): Compassionate liberals and polite conservatives. Associations of agreeableness with political ideology and moral values. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 36 (5), S. 655-664. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210366854
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371797 Abstract: Political conservatism has been characterized by resistance to change and acceptance of inequality, with liberalism characterized by the polar opposite of these values. Political attitudes are heritable and may be influenced by basic personality traits. In previous research, conservatism (vs. liberalism) has been associated positively with Conscientiousness and negatively with Openness-Intellect, consistent with the association of conservatism with resistance to change. Less clear, however, are the personality traits relating to egalitarianism. In two studies, using a personality model that divides each of the Big Five into two aspects, the present research found that one aspect of Agreeableness (Compassion) was associated with liberalism and egalitarianism, whereas the other (Politeness) was associated with conservatism and traditionalism. In addition, conservatism and moral traditionalism were positively associated with the Orderliness aspect of Conscientiousness and negatively with Openness-Intellect. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of personality's relation to political attitudes and values.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Disziplin, Empathy, Female, Good manners, Entwicklungspsychologie, Höflichkeit, Humans, konservativ, liberal, Male, Middle Aged, Morals, Ontario, Oregon, Personality, Personality Assessment, Persönlichkeitsforschung, Politics, politische Einstellung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Regression Analysis, Schicht, Social Behavior, Social Values, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Klasse, Werte, Young Adult -
(2010): Mental health care and the politics of inclusion. A social systems account of psychiatric deinstitutionalization. In: Theoretical medicine and bioethics 31 (6), S. 411-427. DOI: 10.1007/s11017-010-9155-8
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20711755 Abstract: This paper provides an interpretation, based on the social systems theory of German sociologist Niklas Luhmann, of the recent paradigmatic shift of mental health care from an asylum-based model to a community-oriented network of services. The observed shift is described as the development of psychiatry as a function system of modern society and whose operative goal has moved from the medical and social management of a lower and marginalized group to the specialized medical and psychological care of the whole population. From this theoretical viewpoint, the wider deployment of the modern social order as a functionally differentiated system may be considered to be a consistent driving force for this process; it has made asylum psychiatry overly incompatible with prevailing social values (particularly with the normative and regulative principle of inclusion of all individuals in the different functional spheres of society and with the common patterns of participation in modern function systems) and has, in turn, required the availability of psychiatric care for a growing number of individuals. After presenting this account, some major challenges for the future of mental health care provision, such as the overburdening of services or the overt exclusion of a significant group of potential users, are identified and briefly discussed.
Keywords: Bioethics,, Community Mental Health Services/organization & administration, Deinstitutionalization, Diskriminierung, Ethik, Fehlverhalten, Gesellschaftsprofit, Health Services Accessibility, Hospitals, Psychiatric, Humans, Medizin, Mental Disorders, Mental Health, Pathologie, Patient Care Team, Pflege, Politics, Psychiatry/trends, social systems, ethics, Social Values, Soziale Ordnung, Spain, systems theory, Werte 1998
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Ebrecht, Angelika; Wöll, Andreas (Hg.) (1998): Psychoanalyse, Politik und Moral. Tübingen: Edition diskord (Perspektiven : Forschungsbeiträge zu Geschichtswissenschaft, Pädagogik, Philosophie, Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Soziologie)
Abstract: Verbindungen zwischen Psychoanalyse, Politik und Moral werden behandelt. Dabei wird versucht, aktuelle Kontroversen über den normativen Maßstab demokratischer Gesellschaften auf psychoanalytische Moralkonzeptionen zu beziehen. Der mögliche Beitrag der Psychoanalyse zu einer modernen (weder religiös noch metaphysisch begründeten) Theorie der Moral wird erörtert. Es wird diskutiert, ob eine psychoanalytische Kritik einen kategorial anders gefassten Begriff von Moral hervorbringen kann als etwa diskursethische, liberale oder kommunitaristische Ansätze. Darüber hinaus wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich eine allgemeine, überindividuell begründete Moral auf die individuelle psychische Moralentwicklung beziehen läßt. - Inhalt: (A) Moralpsychologie und Kulturtheorie. (1) G. Schmid Noerr: Inwiefern sich das Moralische nicht von selbst versteht. Ethik und Psychoanalyse. (2) A. Ebrecht: Das Selbst als moralische Norm. Individuelle Moralentwicklung und ihr gesellschaftlicher Geltungsanspruch. (3) L. van Gisteren: Zur Genealogie der Moral bei Habermas und Freud. (4) H.-J. Busch: Spätmoderne Gesellschaft und libidinöse, postkonventionelle Moral. (5) A. Wöll: Zum moraltheoretischen Bedeutungsgehalt der behandlungstechnischen Schriften Freuds. - (B) Mythos, Religion, Kunst und Philosophie. (6) H. Gekle: Kulturmythen - Der Prometheus des Sigmund Freud. (7) M. Brumlik: Freuds Religionskritik und die Theorie der Moral. (8) G. Hardtmann: Kulturweltbürger und Moral. Zum Problem des säkularen/religiösen Fundamentalismus.(9) S. Scharnowski: Ein Rest, der nicht aufgeht - Vom moralischen Nutzen der Phantasie in der Literatur und in der psychoanalytischen Kur. (10) K. Laermann: Derealisierung und Grandiosität - Probleme antisozialer Moral. - (C) Psychoanalyse und Moralentwicklung. (11) L. Gast: Der Beitrag Melanie Kleins zu einer Psychologie der Moral. Einige Ansatzpunkte. (12) E. Rövekamp: Das Grauen vor dem Weib. Psychoanalytische Anmerkungen zum Verhältnis von Ekel, Differenz und Moral. (13) M. Kettner: Normative Moralphilosophie und empirische Moralpsychologie. (14) U. Kobbé: Zwischen Kant und de Sade - Die Ethik des Begehrens als politische Haltung. (15) W. Gottschalch: Mit skeptischem Blick. zitiert von: 2
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