Alle Publikationen
2019
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(2019) : The Dark Side of Human-Robot Interaction: Ethical Considerations and Community Guidelines for the Field of HRI: 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Daegu, Korea: IEEE, S. 689-690
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2019.8673184 Abstract: The HRI community is working to develop interactive robots for a wide variety of pro-social tasks and ideals. As such we naturally focus on the positive side of HRI including how robots and humans may collaborate and the benefits of doing so. This workshop, in contrast, will focus on the dark side of HRI with the goal of identifying, understanding and guarding against the potential negative consequences of interactive robots. The primary objective of the workshop is to articulate and discuss the most pertinent ethical issues facing the HRI community and to develop a set of common community guidelines.
Keywords: common community guidelines, Conferences, Consumer Protection, Data Protection, ethical aspects, ethical considerations, Ethics, GUIDELINES, HRI community, human-robot interaction, Humans, ideals, ieee xplore, interactive robots, Law, Moral & Ethik, Persuasive Robots, pertinent ethical issues, pro-social tasks, PSYCHOLOGY, Robot Ethics, Robot sensing systems, workshop -
(2019): The benefits of and barriers to using a social robot PARO in care settings: a scoping review. In: BMC geriatrics 19 (1). DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1244-6
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31443636 Abstract: BACKGROUND Given the complexity of providing dementia care in hospitals, integrating technology into practice is a high challenge and an important opportunity. Although there are a growing demand and interest in using social robots in a variety of care settings to support dementia care, little is known about the impacts of the robotics and their application in care settings, i.e., what worked, in which situations, and how. METHODS Scientific databases and Google Scholar were searched to identify publications published since 2000. The inclusion criteria consisted of older people with dementia, care setting, and social robot PARO. RESULTS A total of 29 papers were included in the review. Content analysis identified 3 key benefits of and 3 barriers to the use of PARO. Main benefits include: reducing negative emotion and behavioral symptoms, improving social engagement, and promoting positive mood and quality of care experience. Key barriers are: cost and workload, infection concerns, and stigma and ethical issues. This review reveals 3 research gaps: (a) the users' needs and experiences remain unexplored, (b) few studies investigate the process of how to use the robot effectively to meet clinical needs, and (c) theory should be used to guide implementation. CONCLUSIONS Most interventions conducted have been primarily researcher-focused. Future research should pay more attention to the clinical needs of the patient population and develop strategies to overcome barriers to the adoption of PARO in order to maximize patient benefits.
Keywords: 80 and over, Affect, Aged, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Delivery of Health Care, Dementia, economics, Humans, Methods, physiology, PSYCHOLOGY, Robotics, Therapy, Trends -
(2019) : Beyond Programming: Can Robots’ Norm-Violating Actions Elicit Mental State Attributions?: 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Daegu, Korea: IEEE, S. 530-531
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2019.8673293 Abstract: Social perceivers often view a human agent’s norm-violating behavior as diagnostic of that person’s mental states, while behaviors that conform to norms are viewed as less informative. We developed a series of stimulus videos depicting a DRC-HUBO robot engaging in norm-violating and norm-conforming behaviors. We explored the hypothesis that robots’ norm-violating actions may invite social perceivers to increase their mental state attributions in a similar manner as they do in humans. Surprisingly, we found that norm-conforming behaviors appear to be at least as conducive as norm-violating behaviors, and perhaps even moreso, to mental state attribution to robotic agents.
Keywords: action explanation, actions elicit mental state attributions, agency, Artificial intelligence, behavioural sciences computing, Cognition, control engineering computing, DRC-HUBO, DRC-HUBO robot, human agent norm-violating behavior, Humanoid Robots, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mobile robots, multi-agent systems, norms, PSYCHOLOGY, robot programming, robotic agents, social perceivers, theory of mind, Videos -
(2019) : Cuteness as a ‘Dark Pattern’ in Home Robots: 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Daegu, Korea: IEEE, S. 374-381
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2019.8673274 Abstract: Dark patterns are a recent phenomenon in the field of interaction design, where design patterns and behavioral psychology are deployed in ways that deceive the user. However, the current corpus of dark patterns literature focuses largely on screen-based digital interactions and should be expanded to include home robots. In this paper, we apply the concept of dark patterns to the ‘cute’ aesthetic of home robots and suggest that their design constitutes a dark pattern in HRI by (1) emphasizing short-term gains over long-term decisions; (2) depriving users of some degree of conscious agency at the site of interaction; and (3) creating an affective response in the user for the purpose of collecting emotional data. This exploratory paper expands the current library of dark patterns and their application to new technological interfaces into the domain of home robotics in order to establish the grounds for an ethical design practice in HRI.
Keywords: Affect, dark patterns, data ethics, Data privacy, Design, design patterns, emotion, emotion recognition, ethical aspects, ethical design practice, Ethics, Home computing, home robots, HRI, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Interaction, Moral & Ethik, privacy, PSYCHOLOGY, Robot sensing systems, Software, surveillance capitalism, user experience design 2018
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(2018): Personalauswahl kompetent gestalten. Grundlagen und Praxis der Eignungsdiagnostik nach DIN 33430. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Abstract: Einführung in die DIN 33430 -- Anforderungsprofil, Verhaltensbeobachtung und Verhaltensbeurteilung -- Eignungsinterviews/direkte mündliche Befragungen -- Anforderungsanalyse, Verfahren der Eignungsbeurteilung sowie rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen -- Statistisch-methodische Grundlagen der Eignungsbeurteilung -- Evaluation der Eignungsbeurteilung Dieses anwendungsnahe Grundlagenbuch erläutert den Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik zum gesamten Prozess der Personalauswahl: von A wie Anforderungsanalyse bis Z wie Zuverlässigkeit. Dabei werden die gängigen Verfahren Assessment-Center, Interview, Fragebogen und Tests thematisiert. Die sowohl in der Wissenschaft als auch in der Praxis anerkannten Autorinnen und Autoren zeigen, wie die Personalauswahl gestaltet werden kann, damit die Prozesse dem Qualitätsanspruch der DIN 33430 genügen. Das Buch ist Grundlage der Prüfung zur Personenlizenzierung für berufsbezogene Eignungsbeurteilungen nach DIN 33430. Der Inhalt Grundlagen der Eignungsdiagnostik nach DIN 33430 einschließlich rechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen; Anforderungsanalysen und Kompetenzprofile, Assessment-Center-Übungen, Interviews, Fragebogen und Tests; Statistisch-methodische Grundlagen und Evaluation der Eignungsbeurteilung im Hinblick auf Erfolgskriterien, Prognosegüte und Nutzen Die Zielgruppen Personalverantwortliche und Studierende der Psychologie sowie der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Jura mit Schwerpunkt Personal Der Herausgeber Das Diagnostik- und Testkuratorium (DTK) ist ein von der „Föderation Deutscher Psychologenvereinigungen“ getragenes Gremium. Das DTK ist zuständig für alle Aspekte der Qualitätssicherung und Qualitätsoptimierung des diagnostischen Prozesses einschließlich der diagnostischen Verfahren
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(2018) : Readiness for Artificial Intelligence: 2018 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY): Subotica, Serbia: IEEE, S. 000235-000238
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SISY.2018.8524740 Abstract: In the age of the fourth industrial revolution, where collaborative systems are the real innovation people are still not prepared for the results of the third revolution, namely for artificial intelligence. While every change has its life cycle with innovators, early adopters, early majority before it can reach its fruition, the age of robots has too fast been followed by the internet of things (IoT) of the fourth industrial revolution. Hence, people didn’t have enough time to adapt to the change. In present paper a primary research is presented, that aimed to explore the attitude of young adolescents towards artificial intelligence. Based on the result, trust is clearly one of the main issues regarding change in general and readiness in particular. People are not ready for robotic peers within their workplace yet. Psychological and emotive needs shall be addressed for the people to accept artificial intelligence in their workplace and surrounding.
Keywords: AI, Artificial intelligence, change, collaborative systems, early adopters, Employment, fourth industrial revolution, groupware, ieee xplore, innovation people, Internet of things, Künstliche Intelligenz, ORGANIZATIONS, PSYCHOLOGY, readiness, robotic peers, service robot, technological innovation, Trust -
(2018): The use of assistive technologies after stroke is debunking the myths about the elderly. In: Topics in stroke rehabilitation 25 (1), S. 28-36. DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2017.1376845
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2017.1376845 Abstract: Background Through the concept of ageism, we highlight and explain how the society prejudices the elderly. WHO classifies 12 most common stereotypes pertaining to old age. Elderly people are being excluded from social life due to their chronological age rather than any actual reduced physical and/or mental ability. Some of these stereotypes are directly related to the (un)willingness and the ability of the elderly to use technology in everyday life. Objectives The study presented in this article aims to explain the phenomenon of technology use among elderly people who had had a stroke. Method A qualitative study, namely a qualitative content analysis, was performed. Six in-depth interviews with older people who have suffered a stroke were conducted and explored their views on the daily use of technology. Results All older people included in this study used different technologies, which have been divided into technologies that support mobility, technologies for personal care, technologies that support household chores, and technologies for maintaining a social network. An elderly person's attitude toward the use of technology is connected to their social network and assistance from professional staff, as well as the severity of their physical disability. We have found that using various technologies, elderly people are developing various coping strategies. Conclusions After a stroke, a certain degree of physical deterioration can be expected. Nonetheless, our participants managed to compensate for this also with the help of assistive devices and technologies, which negates the myth of simply "surrendering" to the aging process.
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(2018) : Dialogue Behavior Control Model for Expressing a Character of Humanoid Robots: 2018 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC): 2018 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC): Hawaii, United States: IEEE, S. 1732-1737
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23919/APSIPA.2018.8659624 Abstract: This paper addresses character expression for humanoid robots that play a social role via spoken dialogue so that the character matches to the given social role such as a lab guide or a counselor. While conventional methods of character expression mostly focused on changing the style of utterance texts, this study focuses on dialogue behavior features that may affect the impression of spoken dialogue. Specifically, we use five dialogue behavior features: utterance amount, backchannel frequency, backchannel variety, filler frequency, and switching pause length (the time until the system responds). We adopt three character traits of extroversion, emotional instability, and politeness for character expression. We then investigate the relationship between the dialogue behavior features and the character traits by conducting subjective evaluations. A statistical analysis of the subjective evaluations shows that the dialogue behavior features except for the backchannel variety are related to either of the character traits. By using the subjective evaluation scores on the relevant traits, we can train models to control the dialogue behavior features of a robot according to the desired character. Another experimental evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of character expression with regard to the traits of extroversion and politeness.
Keywords: Analytical models, character traits, dialogue behavior control model, dialogue behavior features, emotional & politeness, Frequency control, Humanoid Robots, ieee xplore, interactive systems, Mobile robots, paper addresses character expression, PSYCHOLOGY, Social robotic, speech processing, spoken dialogue, Statistical Analysis, Switches, Task Analysis 2017
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(2017): A population study of correlates of social participation in older adults with age-related vision loss. In: Clinical rehabilitation 31 (1), S. 115-125. DOI: 10.1177/0269215515624479
DOI: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0269215515624479 Abstract: OBJECTIVE To examine personal characteristics, disease-related impairment variables, activity limitations, and environmental factors as correlates of social participation in older adults with vision loss guided by the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Model. DESIGN Baseline data of a larger longitudinal study. SETTING Community-based vision rehabilitation agency. SUBJECTS A total of 364 older adults with significant vision impairment due to age-related macular degeneration. MAIN MEASURES In-person interviews assessing social participation (i.e. frequency of social support contacts, social/leisure challenges faced due to vision loss, and of social support provided to others) and hypothesized correlates (e.g. visual acuity test, Functional Vision Screening Questionnaire, ratings of attachment to house and neighborhood, environmental modifications in home). RESULTS Regression analyses showed that indicators of physical, social, and mental functioning (e.g. better visual function, fewer difficulties with instrumental activities of daily living, fewer depressive symptoms) were positively related to social participation indicators (greater social contacts, less challenges in social/leisure domains, and providing more support to others). Environmental factors also emerged as independent correlates of social participation indicators when functional variables were controlled. That is, participants reporting higher attachment to their neighborhood and better income adequacy reported having more social contacts; and those implementing more environmental strategies were more likely to report greater challenges in social and leisure domains. Better income adequacy and living with more people were related to providing more social support to others. CONCLUSION Environmental variables may play a role in the social participation of older adults with age-related macular degeneration.
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(2017): Moral learning. Psychological and philosophical perspectives. In: Cognition 167, S. 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.06.008
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28629599 Abstract: The past 15years occasioned an extraordinary blossoming of research into the cognitive and affective mechanisms that support moral judgment and behavior. This growth in our understanding of moral mechanisms overshadowed a crucial and complementary question, however: How are they learned? As this special issue of the journal Cognition attests, a new crop of research into moral learning has now firmly taken root. This new literature draws on recent advances in formal methods developed in other domains, such as Bayesian inference, reinforcement learning and other machine learning techniques. Meanwhile, it also demonstrates how learning and deciding in a social domain-and especially in the moral domain-sometimes involves specialized cognitive systems. We review the contributions to this special issue and situate them within the broader contemporary literature. Our review focuses on how we learn moral values and moral rules, how we learn about personal moral character and relationships, and the philosophical implications of these emerging models.
Keywords: Cognition, Judgment, Kognitionswissenschaften, Lerntheorien, Moral, Morals, Philosophy, PSYCHOLOGY, science direct -
(2017): Doing Psychology With a Cultural Lens: A Half-Century Journey. In: Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science 12 (5), S. 824-832. DOI: 10.1177/1745691617700932
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28972853 Abstract: My first international publication started out with the following sentences: "Some findings of social psychology may refer to general panhuman relationships, others to relationships that hold only within specific socio-cultural settings. Only systematic cross-cultural comparison can separate these or identify the limits within which particular generalizations hold" (Kagitcibasi, 1970, p. 444). These words still reflect my orientation to psychology and have shaped my work over half a century.
Keywords: Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Humans, Kultur, PSYCHOLOGY, Psychology, Social, Publishing, Research -
(2017) : Cross-cultural differences for adaptive strategies of robots in public spaces: 2017 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Lisbon, Portugal: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 573-578
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2017.8172360 Abstract: Robots deployed in public spaces must necessarily deal with situations that demand them to engage humans in a socially and culturally appropriate manner. However, social environments are often complex and ambiguous: many queries to the robot are collaborative (e.g. a family), and in case of conflicting queries, social robots need to participate in value decisions and negotiating multi-party interactions. Given the strong influence of the people’s demographic information and social schema among people, such as relationships and hierarchies, the focus of this research is to examine whether and how people exhibit socio-psychological effects with a shared robot deployed at international events or spaces (e.g. airports). With the aim to investigate who robots should adapt to (children or adults) in multi-party situations within human-robot interactions in public spaces and whether this adaptation can be influenced by culture, this paper presents a cross-cultural study conducted online. The results include a number of interesting findings based on people’s relationship with a child and their parental status. In addition, a number of cross-cultural differences were identified in respondents’ attitude towards robot’s multi-party adaptation in various public settings.
Keywords: Airports, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), control engineering computing, cross-cultural differences, cultural aspects, Cultural differences, Face recognition, Foot, human-robot interaction, human-robot interactions, ieee xplore, multiparty adaptation, PSYCHOLOGY, public spaces, Robots, social robots, socio-psychological effects, speech, Videos -
(2017): Moralpsychologie. Transdisziplinäre Perspektiven. 1. Auflage. Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer (Ethik im Diskurs)
Abstract: Die Entwicklung des moralischen Urteils und der moralischen Motivation wird zusammenfassend dargestellt. Im Einzelnen betreffen die Ausführungen folgende Aspekte: das kindliche Moralverständnis, moralisches Wissen, moralische Motivation, auf die Moral bezogene Lernprozesse, die Entwicklung moralischer Motivation, die Entwicklung kognitiver Strukturen, die soziokognitive Strukturentwicklung, das Zusammenspiel von Motivation und Urteil (moralische Sensibilität, moralische Haltung), moralpsychologische Forschungsdesiderate. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass nach der neueren Forschung Kohlbergs Theorie Dimensionen bündelt, die unabhängig voneinander variieren können - moralisches Wissen und moralische Motivation, Entwicklung kognitiver und soziokognitiver Denkstrukturen, bereichsspezifische Wissenssysteme. Bereits Kinder wissen früh um die kategorische Sollgeltung moralischer Normen. Moralische Motivation, ein intrinsisches, formal-urteilbezogenes "second-order desire", entwickelt sich aber erst verzögert. Sie nimmt dann im Durchschnitt stetig zu, wobei allerdings individuelle Verläufe - auch in Abhängigkeit von der Identifikation mit herrschenden Geschlechtsstereotypen - erheblich variieren. Differenzierte moralische Urteilsbildung erfordert die Entwicklung kognitiver und soziokognitiver Strukturen sowie die Bereitschaft zu moralischem Selbstmanagement, also die Bereitschaft, automatisch und unbewusst ablaufende Prozesse vorurteilsgesteuerter Wahrnehmung durch bewusst eingesetzte Gegenstrategien zu kontrollieren.
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(2017): TERESA: Socially intelligent robot as window to the world. In: Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 20 (5). DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.29072.ceu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.29072.ceu Abstract: This column aims to describe the characteristics of current cyberpsychology research in Europe. In particular, CyberEurope aims at describing the leading research groups and projects running on the other side of the Ocean. The researchers have developed methods that enable the robots to perform social functions automatically, so that the human controller never needs to make decisions about how the robot should move around or what postures it should adopt. TERESA robots are able to navigate semi-autonomously, maintaining face-to-face contact during conversations, and displaying appropriate body-pose behavior—in a similar way to human beings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): A lesion model of envy and Schadenfreude. Legal, deservingness and moral dimensions as revealed by neurodegeneration. In: Brain : a journal of neurology 140 (12), S. 3357-3377. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx269
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29112719 Abstract: The study of moral emotions (i.e. Schadenfreude and envy) is critical to understand the ecological complexity of everyday interactions between cognitive, affective, and social cognition processes. Most previous studies in this area have used correlational imaging techniques and framed Schadenfreude and envy as unified and monolithic emotional domains. Here, we profit from a relevant neurodegeneration model to disentangle the brain regions engaged in three dimensions of Schadenfreude and envy: deservingness, morality, and legality. We tested a group of patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), patients with Alzheimer's disease, as a contrastive neurodegeneration model, and healthy controls on a novel task highlighting each of these dimensions in scenarios eliciting Schadenfreude and envy. Compared with the Alzheimer's disease and control groups, patients with bvFTD obtained significantly higher scores on all dimensions for both emotions. Correlational analyses revealed an association between envy and Schadenfreude scores and greater deficits in social cognition, inhibitory control, and behaviour disturbances in bvFTD patients. Brain anatomy findings (restricted to bvFTD and controls) confirmed the partially dissociable nature of the moral emotions' experiences and highlighted the importance of socio-moral brain areas in processing those emotions. In all subjects, an association emerged between Schadenfreude and the ventral striatum, and between envy and the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, the results supported an association between scores for moral and legal transgression and the morphology of areas implicated in emotional appraisal, including the amygdala and the parahippocampus. By contrast, bvFTD patients exhibited a negative association between increased Schadenfreude and envy across dimensions and critical regions supporting social-value rewards and social-moral processes (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, angular gyrus and precuneus). Together, this study provides lesion-based evidence for the multidimensional nature of the emotional experiences of envy and Schadenfreude. Our results offer new insights into the mechanisms subsuming complex emotions and moral cognition in neurodegeneration. Moreover, this study presents the exacerbation of envy and Schadenfreude as a new potential hallmark of bvFTD that could impact in diagnosis and progression. zitiert von: 3
Keywords: Aged, Alzheimer’s Disease, Amygdala, BRAIN, Case-Control Studies, Diagnostic Imaging, Emotions, Emotionsforschung, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Moral, Morals, Neurowissenschaften, Parietal Lobe, Physiopathology, Prefrontal Cortex, PSYCHOLOGY, Social Behavior, Ventral Striatum 2016
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Frey, Dieter (2016): Psychologie der Werte. Von Achtsamkeit bis Zivilcourage - Basiswissen aus Psychologie und Philosophie. 1. Auflage. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, zuletzt geprüft am 09.02.2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48014-4 Abstract: Das ABC der Werte - psychologisch betrachtet! Dieser Sammelband lädt ein, sich mit den Grundwerten unserer Gesellschaft neu auseinanderzusetzen: Was bedeuten eigentlich Empathie, Respekt, Vertrauen u. a. Werte im Kern? Was wissen psychologische Forschung, Philosophie oder Theologie darüber? Welche Bedeutung haben diese Werte für jeden Einzelnen persönlich? Wie können diese Werte gelebt und in Alltag, Unternehmen und Gesellschaft gestärkt werden? - Ein Buch für alle, die sich in Zeiten des gefühlten Wertewandels auf fundierte Weise mit Werten befassen bzw. darüber klar werden möchten, welche Werte für das eigene Privat- oder Berufsleben wichtig sind. - Ein Buch für interessierte Laien, Studierende, Führungskräfte, Lehrer oder Politiker, das aktuelles Wissen liefert sowie zu Selbstreflexion und Diskussion anregt. Inhalt 25 Werte - von A wie Achtsamkeit bis Z wie Zivilcourage - in 25 kompakten Kapiteln Einheitlicher Aufbau jeder Werte-Betrachtung: Definition eines Wertes; theoretische Einordnung und Stand der Forschung aus den Perspektiven der Psychologie, Philosophie oder Theologie; Anregungen zur Förderung und Implementierung in Alltag und Berufsleben Praktische Hinweise: Wie können Werte methodisch, didaktisch und inhaltlich vermittelt werden? Warum handeln Menschen oft nicht nach den eigenen Grundwerten und wie kann diese Diskrepanz verringert werden? Zielgruppen Alle Personen, die in Erziehung, Lehre und Führung tätig sind Studierende und Dozenten, die sich in Ausbildung und Lehre mit Werten auseinandersetzen Alle am Thema „Werte“ Interessierte Herausgeber und Autoren Herausgeber Prof. Dr. Dieter Frey ist Professor für Sozialpsychologie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München und Leiter des LMU Center for Leadership and People Management Die Autorinnen und Autoren sind Masterstudierende an der LMU München im Master für Wirtschafts-, Organisations- und Sozialpsychologie
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(2016): Quality of Life for Diverse Older Adults in Assisted Living: The Centrality of Control. In: Journal of gerontological social work 59 (7-8), S. 512-536. DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2016.1254699
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27824306 Abstract: This pilot project asked: How do ethnically diverse older adult residents of assisted living (AL) facilities in British Columbia (BC) experience quality of life? And, what role, if any, do organizational and physical environmental features play in influencing how quality of life is experienced? The study was conducted at three AL sites in BC: two ethnoculturally targeted and one nontargeted. Environmental audits at each site captured descriptive data on policies, fees, rules, staffing, meals, and activities, and the built environment of the AL building and neighborhood. Using a framework that understands the quality of life of older adults to be contingent on their capability to pursue 5 conceptual attributes-attachment, role, enjoyment, security, and control-we conducted 3 focus groups with residents (1 per site) and 6 interviews with staff (2 per site). Attributes were linked to the environmental features captured in the audits. All dimensions of the environment, especially organizational, influence tenants' capability to attain the attributes of quality of life, most importantly control. Although many tenants accept the trade-off between increased safety and diminished control that accompanies a move into AL, more could be done to minimize that loss. Social workers can advocate for the necessary multi-sectoral changes.
Keywords: 80 and over, Aged, Assistenz, Assisting Living Facilities, Attitude of Health Personnel, British Columbia, Community Networks, Female, Focus Groups, Gerontologie, Humans, Male, Personal Autonomy, Personal Satisfaction, Pilot Projects, PSYCHOLOGY, Quality of Life, Safety Management, standards -
(2016): Human-robot spatial interaction in a hallway Technische Universität Berlin, Dietrich Manzey und Rainer Hoeger
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14279/DEPOSITONCE-5084 Abstract: In general, previous research in human-robot interaction has provided evidence for the relevance of robotic motion behavior on positive impressions towards robots. In particular, a socially appropriate designed robotic distance behavior, avoiding personal space violations, has been reported to be essential for a comfortable human-robot spatial interaction. Unfortunately, human-robot proxemics lacks systematic explorations of accepted frontal approach and lateral passing distances in a hallway, and existing studies are complicated to relate to each other due to the application of many different robots and a high variance of further incomparable study details. Thus, the primary research goal of this dissertation was to explore accepted frontal approach and lateral passing distances for an autonomously moving robot toward a standing human in a hallway, and supplementary, the relation of these distance preferences to the robot’s level of speed and human likeness. In addition, the present work intends to explore the relevance of a robot’s proxemic behavior for its overall motion acceptance, and people’s underlying psychological motives guiding their preferences. Towards an exploration of these research objectives, a method comprising a series of three studies was conceptualized and conducted in comparable hallway-like settings. In a first study, participants were instructed to actively control a robot’s frontal approach and its lateral passing distance according to their arousing feelings of discomfort. In two successive studies, the analyzed thresholds of comfort were validated for two diverse robots, autonomously maintaining frontal approach and lateral passing distances in a hallway. In addition, potential influences of a robot’s level of speed (0.6m/s, 0.8m/s) and human likeness (machine-, human-like) on subjects’ distance preferences were explored. In these studies, participants’ sensations were captured by using a set of questionnaires. Obtained results uncovered that accepted frontal approach (approximate 0.8m) and lateral passing mean distances (approximate 0.4m) towards autonomously moving robots in a hallway exist, and that these distances were not significantly affected by the simulated autonomy of the robots. However, a faster robot speed (0.8m/s) significantly increased subjects’ distance preferences. The different outward robot designs of the employed robots had no significant influence on subjects’ frontal distance preferences. In contrast, the manipulated level of human likeness showed that a more human-like robot design had only significant influences on subjects’ lateral distance preferences when a real human face was projected on a robot’s screen (decrease in lateral distances by more than 0.1m). Essentially, in line with previous research, the present work shows that a socially acceptable moving robot should consider people’s distance preferences in order to avoid feelings of discomfort, and to increase the perceived safety and the overall motion acceptance. In consensus with prevailing psychological motives in human-human spatial interactions, the present work suggests similar mechanisms in a human-robot spatial interaction guiding subjects’ preferences. Ultimately, beyond the attained mean distances, frontal approach distances of 1.1m and lateral passing distances of 0.6m were suggested for designing a socially appropriate first contact for a large majority of individuals, which in turn supports a facilitated societal integration. Limitations of this research project are discussed and suggestions for future investigations are presented. Insgesamt hat die bisherige Forschung in human-robot interaction gezeigt, dass das Bewegungsverhalten eines Roboters für positive Eindrücke gegenüber Robotern von Relevanz ist. Ein sozial angemessen gestaltetes Abstandsverhalten von Robotern, dass Verletzungen des personal space vermeidet, wird vor allem als ein essentielles Kriterium für eine komfortable räumliche Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Roboter postuliert. Leider mangelt es der human-robot proxemics bisher an systematischen Untersuchungen zu akzeptierten frontalen Annäherungsdistanzen und seitlichen Passierdistanzen im Gang, und weiterhin ist es schwierig, aufgrund von vielen unterschiedlich verwendeten Robotern sowie einer hohen Varianz von zahlreichen anderen unvergleichbaren Studienmerkmalen, bereits durchgeführte Studien aufeinander zu beziehen.\tDemzufolge war das primäre Forschungsziel dieser Dissertation akzeptierte frontale Annäherungs- und seitliche Passierdistanzen von einem autonom fahrenden Roboter gegenüber einem im Gang stehenden Menschen zu explorieren, und darauf aufbauend, die Beziehung von Distanzpräferenzen zu der Geschwindigkeit und Menschenähnlichkeit des Roboters zu erforschen. Außerdem beabsichtigt die vorliegende Arbeit die Relevanz des proxemischen Verhaltens eines Roboters für dessen gesamte Bewegungsakzeptanz zu ergründen sowie Einblicke auf die zugrunde liegenden psychologischen Motive der Distanzpräferenzen zu erhalten. Die Grundlage für die Erforschung dieser Ziele bildet eine Serie von drei Studien, die in vergleichbaren gangähnlichen Versuchsumgebungen durchgeführt wurden. In der ersten Studie mussten die Probanden die frontale Annäherungsdistanz und die seitliche Passierdistanz des Roboters in Abhängigkeit ihrer räumlichen Behaglichkeit selbst kontrollieren. In zwei nachfolgenden Studien wurden die analysierten Komfortschwellen mit zwei unterschiedlichen Robotern validiert, die frontale Annäherungs- und seitliche Passierdistanzen im Gang autonom einhielten. Desweiteren wurden potentielle Einflüsse der Robotergeschwindigkeit (0.6m/s, 0.8m/s) und der Menschenähnlichkeit (maschinenähnlich/menschenähnlich) des Roboters auf die Distanzpräferenzen der Probanden untersucht. Hierfür wurden die Empfindungen der Probanden mit Hilfe von Fragebögen gemessen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigten, dass eine durchschnittlich akzeptierte frontale Annäherungs- (ungefähr 0.8m) und eine durchschnittlich akzeptierte seitliche Passierdistanz (ungefähr 0.4m) gegenüber autonom fahrender Roboter im Gang existiert, und das diese Distanzen nicht signifikant durch die simulierte Autonomie der Roboter beeinflusst wurden. Allerdings führte eine höhere Robotergeschwindigkeit (0.8m/s) zu einer signifikanten Vergrößerung der Distanzpräferenzen. Der unterschiedliche äußere Erscheinungscharakter der beiden verwendeten Roboter hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die frontalen Distanzpräferenzen der Probanden. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte die Manipulation der Menschenähnlichkeit, dass ein eher menschenähnlich anmutender Roboter zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der seitlichen Distanzpräferenzen führt, wenn ein reales menschliches Gesicht auf dem Bildschirm des Roboters projeziert wurde (Verringerung der seitlichen Distanz um mehr also 0.1m). Im Wesentlichen bestätigt die vorliegende Arbeit vorherige Forschungsaktivitäten, denn sie zeigt, dass menschliche Distanzpräferenzen berücksichtigt werden müssen, um ein sozial akzeptiertes Bewegungsverhalten eines Roboters zu bewirken, und damit Unbehaglichkeit zu vermeiden und die wahrgenommene Sicherheit sowie die gesamte Bewegungsakzeptanz zu erhöhen. Weiterhin lassen die erzielten Ergebnisse vermuten, dass die präferenzbestimmenden Mechanismen in der räumlichen Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Roboter sich sehr mit den vorherrschenden psychologischen Motiven aus der räumlichen Interaktion zwischen Menschen ähneln. Abschließend, und unabhängig von den berichteten Durchschnittsdistanzen, verdeutlichten die gewonnenen Ergebnisse, dass eine frontale Annäherungsdistanz von 1.1m und eine seitliche Passierdistanz von 0.6m wesentlich geeigneter sind, um einen sozial angemessenen Erstkontakt für eine große Mehrheit von Individuen zu gewährleisten, was wiederum zu einer erleichterten sozialen Integration führt. Die Limitationen dieses Forschungsprojekts sind diskutiert und Vorschläge für weiterführende Forschungsaktivitäten sind präsentiert.
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(2016) : Which robot am I thinking about? The impact of action and appearance on people’s evaluations of a moral robot: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Christchurch, New Zealand: IEEE Press, S. 125-132
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451743 Abstract: In three studies we found further evidence for a previously discovered Human-Robot (HR) asymmetry in moral judgments: that people blame robots more for inaction than action in a moral dilemma but blame humans more for action than inaction in the identical dilemma (where inaction allows four persons to die and action sacrifices one to save the four). Importantly, we found that people’s representation of the “robot” making these moral decisions appears to be one of a mechanical robot. For when we manipulated the pictorial display of a verbally described robot, people showed the HR asymmetry only when making judgments about a mechanical-looking robot, not a humanoid robot. This is the first demonstration that robot appearance affects people’s moral judgments about robots.
Keywords: Anthropomorphism, Artificial intelligence, Context, Ethics, HR asymmetry, Human Factors, Humanoid Robots, human-robot asymmetry, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Machine morality, mechanical robot, mechanical-looking robot, Moral & Ethik, moral decisions, Moral judgments, moral psychology, moral robot, pictorial display, PSYCHOLOGY, Rails, Robot Ethics, social aspects of automation, verbally described robot -
(2016): Sollten Assistenzroboter eine "Persönlichkeit" haben? : Potenzial simplifizierter Roboterpersönlichkeiten. In: Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 49 (4), S. 298-302. DOI: 10.1007/s00391-016-1068-3
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27245227 Abstract: BACKGROUND In the European Union (EU) research project "HOBBIT" prototypes of assistive robots were developed in order to support a more secure and independent life style and trials were run at the homes of elderly users. OBJECTIVE The project "personAAL" aimed at investigating whether distinct behavioral forms of a robot ("personality"), despite an identical basic function (e.g. bringing a message) are perceived as different personalities by the test persons. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this study a robot was equipped with two types of behavior, one more introverted (purely function-oriented, impersonal and factual) and the other more extroverted (lively and enriched). The two types of behavior were demonstrated to 13 test persons (mostly older persons and experts from the care domain). RESULTS Nearly all of the test persons (12 out of 13) perceived a difference with respect to the behavior of the robot. Of the test persons 1 preferred the introverted robot, 9 the extroverted behavior of the robot and 3 had no preferences or stated that the preference depended on the context. The evaluation of answers to the Godspeed questionnaire resulted in significantly different perceptions of "anthropomorphism" and "animated" as well as in the total evaluation. It is also remarkable that no significant differences could be found for "likeability" and "perceived security". There was also no significant correlation between the preferred behavior of the robot and the self-assessment of the test person as being more introverted or extroverted. CONCLUSION From these results it can be concluded that acceptance of a robot does not solely depend on the mere function, which of course is a precondition but that it is advisable to offer a choice between different types of behavior in order to optimize acceptance.
Keywords: 80 and over, activities of daily living, Aged, Assistenz, Ergonomics, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, man-machine systems, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion, Methods, Patient Acceptance of Health-Care, Patient Preference, Personality, PSYCHOLOGY, Robotics, Self-Help Devices, Social Support, User-Computer Interface -
Valsiner, Jaan; Marsico, Giuseppina; Chaudhary, Nandita; Sato, Tatsuya; Dazzani, Maria Virgínia Machado (Hg.) (2016): Psychology as the science of human being. The Yokohama Manifesto. Cham: Springer (Annals of theoretical psychology)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21094-0 Abstract: This book brings together a group of scholars from around the world who view psychology as the science of human ways of being. Being refers to the process of existing - through construction of the human world ℓ́ℓ here, rather than to an ontological state. This collection includes work that has the goal to establish the newly developed area of cultural psychology as the science of specifically human ways of existence. It comes as a next step after the ℓ́ℓbehaviorist turnℓ́ℓ that has dominated psychology over most of the 20th century, and like its successor in the form of ℓ́ℓcognitivismℓ́ℓ, kept psychology away from addressing issues of specifically human ways of relating with their worlds. Such linking takes place through intentional human actions: through the creation of complex tools for living, entertainment, and work. Human beings construct tools to make other tools. Human beings invent religious systems, notions of economic rationality and legal systems; they enter into aesthetic enjoyment of various aspects of life in art, music, and literature; they have the capability of inventing national identities that can be summoned to legitimate oneℓ́ℓs killing of oneℓ́ℓs neighbors, or being killed oneself. The contributions to this volume focus on the central goal of demonstrating that psychology as a science needs to start from the phenomena of higher psychological functions, and then look at how their lower counterparts are re-organized from above. That kind of investigation is inevitably interdisciplinary - it links psychology with anthropology, philosophy, sociology, history, and developmental biology. Various contributions to this volume are based on the work of Lev Vygotsky, George Herbert Mead, Henri Bergson, and on traditions of Ganzheitspsychologie and Gestalt psychology. Psychology as the Science of Human Being is a valuable resource to psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, biologists, and anthropologists alike.
2015
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(2015): Psychological characteristics of the rules of subordination within the cultural and historical analysis. In: Cultural-Historical Psychology 11 (4), S. 89-95. DOI: 10.17759/chp.2015110408
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2015110408 Abstract: The article examines the psychology of submission. Given psychological characteristic standards of submission historically embodied in the moral codes and legal sources. The subject of analysis are historical regulations XII—XX centuries, the customs, in which the fixed rate of submission, as well as the memoir literature. There are four basic psychological lines of development in the history of the rules of subordination, in particular: a special regulation of the rules of subordination and increasing social importance of the role of subordinate. It is proved that psychological acceptance of a subordinate role and the satisfaction of its implementation includes the requirement of special rules regulating authority and emphasis on the social importance of the role of subordinate. It was established that one of the reasons that the job satisfaction of employees of state structures higher than employees of private companies, a large schema definition of relations with man agement. Hierarchical role is considered in terms of two components: the role of attributes and rules, rules of conduct. The article focuses on the fact that the individual external signs, locking status subordination, increase the level of self-esteem of subordinate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Authority, Historie, History, PSYCHOLOGY, rules, Self-Esteem, Social Processes, Sociocultural Factors, Sonstiges -
(2015): The Stability of Social Desirability. A Latent Change Analysis. In: Journal of personality 83 (4), S. 404-412. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12112
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25041464 Abstract: Social desirability has been shown to be stable in samples with higher school education. However, little is known about the stability of social desirability in more heterogeneous samples differing in school education. This study aimed to investigate the stability of social desirability and which factors predict interindividual differences in intraindividual change. As part of a randomized controlled trial, 1,243 job seekers with unhealthy alcohol use were systematically recruited at three job agencies. A total of 1,094 individuals (87.8%) participated in at least one of two follow-ups (6 and 15 months after baseline) and constitute this study's sample. The Social Desirability Scale-17 was applied. Two latent change models were conducted: Model 1 tested for interindividual differences in intraindividual change of social desirability between both follow-ups; Model 2 included possible predictors (age, sex, education, current employment status) of interindividual differences in intraindividual change. Model 1 revealed a significant decrease of social desirability over time. Model 2 revealed school education to be the only significant predictor of change. These findings indicate that stability of social desirability may depend on school education. It may not be as stable in individuals with higher school education as in individuals with lower education.
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(2015): Moral Identity and Adolescent Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors. Interactions with Moral Disengagement and Self-regulation. In: Journal of youth and adolescence 44 (8), S. 1542-1554. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1 Abstract: Moral identity has been positively linked to prosocial behaviors and negatively linked to antisocial behaviors; but, the processes by which it is linked to such outcomes are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine moral identity not only as a predictor, but also as a moderator of relationships between other predictors (moral disengagement and self-regulation) and youth outcomes (prosocial and antisocial behaviors). The sample consisted of 384 adolescents (42 % female), ages 15–18 recruited from across the US using an online survey panel. Latent variables were created for moral identity, moral disengagement, and self-regulation. Structural equation models assessed these latent variables, and interactions of moral identity with moral disengagement and self-regulation, as predictors of prosocial (charity and civic engagement) and antisocial (aggression and rule breaking) behaviors. None of the interactions were significant predicting prosocial behaviors. F or antis ocial behaviors, the interaction between moral identity and moral disengagement predicted aggression, while the interaction between moral identity and self-regulation was significant in predicting aggression and rule breaking. Specifically, at higher levels of moral identity, the positive link between moral disengagement and aggression was weaker, and the negative link between self-regulation and both antisocial behaviors was weaker. Thus, moral identity may buffer against the maladaptive effects of high moral disengagement and low self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Aggression, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Moral, Moral Development, Pädagogische Psychologie, Peer Group, Personality, PSYCHOLOGY, Psychology, Adolescent, Self Concept, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015) : Psychological aspects of technology interacting with humans In: Sundar, S. S.: The handbook of the psychology of communication technology: Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell (Handbooks in communication and media), S. 176-201
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118426456.ch8 Abstract: This chapter describes a large number of sometimes complex studies that in unison have led to the production of a reliable, serviceable sometimes stern but fair care robot. The initial summary of studies is necessary to understand what the smart, sensitive, creative, and moral humanoid that interacts with its human user is actually based upon: Its core is driven by the model called Perceiving and Experiencing Fictional Characters (PEFiC), the interactive variant of which (I-PEFiC) received a module to make affective decisions (ADM). An integration of I-PEFICADM with prevailing emotion models led to the Silicon Coppélia model. Silicon Coppélia, then, was extended by a system for moral reasoning (Moral Coppélia) and is now in the process to become creative (ACASIA) and have an understanding of reality in contrast to fiction (Epistemics of the Virtual). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)