Alle Publikationen
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2015
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(2015): Variational pragmatics and responding to thanks – revisited. In: Multilingua 34 (4), S. 527-546. DOI: 10.1515/multi-2014-0106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2014-0106 Abstract: In 2005, Klaus P. Schneider published a fascinating article with the title “‘No problem, you’re welcome, anytime’: Responding to thanks in Ireland, England, and the U.S.A.”. Adopting the then emerging and now established framework of variational pragmatics, Schneider’s pioneering paper presents the results of a study on differences between responses to thanks across different varieties of English using experimental discourse completion tasks (DCTs). The paper at hand revisits this cross-varietal analysis and presents the results of an empirical investigation of this same speech act based on natural data collected with the help of Labovian-style fieldwork methodology common in variationist sociolinguistics. The results reveal fundamental differences between the two data types and underline the fact that these different datasets address different research questions. The findings also highlight the existence of regional variation in the use of this speech act in spontaneous real-life interaction. Finally, the paper also puts forward the term imbalance reducer after thanks (IRAT) as a more appropriate term for the speech act of responding to thanks.
Keywords: Danksagung, Disziplin, Höflichkeit, IRAT, Kultur, Kulturdifferenz, Kulturelle Normen, Kultursensibilität, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtheorie, Linguistik, Pragmatics, Pragmatik, Real-Life Interaction, Regionale Varianz, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziolinguistik, Sprachgebrauch, Sprechakt, Thanks 2014
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(2014): The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press (Oxford studies in sociolinguistics). Online verfügbar unter http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=610156
Abstract: This readable book presents a new general theoretical understanding of politeness. It offers an account of a wide range of politeness phenomena in English, illustrated by hundreds of examples of actual language use taken largely from authentic British and American sources. Building on his earlier pioneering work on politeness, Geoffrey Leech takes a pragmatic approach that is based on the controversial notion that politeness is communicative altruism. Leech's 1983 book, Principles of Pragmatics, introduced the now widely-accepted distinction between pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects of politeness; this book returns to the pragmalinguistic side, somewhat neglected in recent work. Drawing on neo-Gricean thinking, Leech rejects the prevalent view that it is impossible to apply the terms 'polite' or 'impolite' to linguistic phenomena. Leech covers all major speech acts that are either positively or negatively associated with politeness, such as requests, apologies, compliments, offers, criticisms, good wishes, condolences, congratulations, agreement, and disagreement. Additional chapters deal with impoliteness and the related phenomena of irony ("mock politeness") and banter ("mock impoliteness"), and with the role of politeness in the learning of English as a second language. A final chapter takes a fascinating look at more than a thousand years of history of politeness in the English language.
2011
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(2011): Politeness. Some universals in language usage. 21. Aufl.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Studies in interactional sociolinguistics)
Abstract: This study is about the principles for constructing polite speeches. The core of it first appeared in Questions and Politeness, edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a fresh introduction that surveys the considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests distinct directions for research. The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures. Underneath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politeness provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction.
Keywords: Disziplin, Erste Welle, Face-Saving View, Favoriten, Freundlichkeit, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, (Im)Politeness Research, Klassiker, Kommunikation, Kultur, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Pragmatik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprache, Sprachliche Universalien, Überblick, universale Prinzipien -
(2011): Aufforderung im Französischen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte sprachlicher Höflichkeit. Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie). Online verfügbar unter http://www.reference-global.com/isbn/978-3-11-023558-6
Abstract: Historische Aufforderungshandlungen sind gute Quellen für die Erforschung der Höflichkeitsstrategien früherer Epochen. Die Arbeit untersucht an Hand eines Korpus fiktionaler und non-fiktionaler französischer Texte zunächst die Häufigkeit verschiedener Formulierungstypen für unterschiedliche Arten von Aufforderungen, z.B. Bitten, Befehlen, Vor- und Ratschlägen. Neben den unmittelbaren Versprachlichungsstrategien (z.B. der direkten Aufforderung im Imperativ ferme la porte, der konventionell-indirekten Umschreibung pourrais-tu fermer la porte und anderen) wird auch deren Einbettung in das sprachliche Umfeld berücksichtigt, z.B. die Verwendung von Adverbien wie un peu oder vite sowie die Tatsache, dass Aufforderungen oft durch andere Sprechakte, wie etwa Entschuldigungen, Schmeicheleien, aber auch Drohungen usw., unterstützt werden. Aus den Veränderungen der Frequenzverhältnisse im Lauf der Sprachgeschichte ergeben sich Hinweise auf ein Vorherrschen der positive politeness (nach Brown/Levinson 1987) im Mittelalter und eine graduelle Verdrängung durch verschiedene Mittel der negative politeness seit Beginn der frühen Neuzeit. Dieses Phänomen kann durch allgemeine geistesgeschichtliche Entwicklungen erklärt werden.
2010
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(2010): Conventionalised impoliteness formulae. In: Journal of Pragmatics 42 (12), S. 3232-3245. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.05.007
Abstract: This paper makes a contribution to the study of impoliteness. More particularly, it explores conventionalised impoliteness formulae and their basis. It taps into debates about whether impoliteness (or politeness, for that matter) can be inherent in expressions, and argues that there is a sense in which it can. An important foundation for this paper is Terkourafi's (e.g. 2001, 2002) work on formulaic politeness expressions. However, it argues that Terkourafi's strong focus on the frequency of people's direct experience of linguistic expressions in specific contexts, whilst appropriate for politeness, does not entirely suit an account of conventionalised impoliteness formulae. Indirect experience of impoliteness, especially via metadiscourse, does much to shape what counts as impolite and thus what may be conventionalised as impolite. Such impoliteness metadiscourse is driven not only by the salience of impoliteness, but by the social dynamics of impoliteness itself. Finally, this paper proposes two methods for identifying conventionalised impoliteness formulae (one being akin to Terkourafi's method), and offers a preliminary list of such formulae in English. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2008
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(2008): Politeness. Some universals in language usage. 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Abstract: This study is about the principles for constructing polite speeches. The core of it first appeared in Questions and Politeness, edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a fresh introduction that surveys the considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests distinct directions for research. The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures. Underneath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politeness provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction
2004
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(2004): Regel und Interpretation. Eine Untersuchung zur sozialen Struktur sprachlicher Praxis. Zugl.: Gießen, Univ., Diss., 2001. 1. Aufl.. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft
Abstract: Dass sprachliche Praxis eine soziale Praxis ist, gilt der Sprachphilosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts als selbstverständlich. Aber wie genau sollen wir das Verhältnis der einzelnen Sprecherinnen und Sprecher zueinander und zu der Gemeinschaft, die sie als Sprecherinnen und Sprecher einer Sprache bilden, im Rahmen einer philosophischen Theorie sprachlicher Bedeutung konzipieren? Sind Sprecher als solche notwendig auf die Existenz anderer Sprecher oder einer Sprachgemeinschaft, der sie angehören, angewiesen? In welcher Weise sind sie von den sprachlichen Normen einer Gemeinschaft bestimmt? In welcher Weise bestimmen sie diese Normen? Und in welcher Weise bestimmen sie einander?
2003
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(2003): Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction. 2nd ed. 2003. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter (Mouton textbook). Online verfügbar unter http://www.reference-global.com/action/showBook?doi=10.1515/9783110220964
Abstract: This book challenges the approaches to human interaction based on supposedly universal 'maxims of conversation' and 'principles of politeness,' which fly in the face of reality as experienced by millions of people crossing language boundaries (refugees, immigrants, etc.) and which cannot help in the practical tasks of cross-cultural communication and education. In contrast to such approaches, this book is both theoretical and practical: it shows that in different societies, norms of human interaction are different and reflect different cultural attitudes and values; and it offers a framework within which different cultural norms and different ways of speaking can be effectively explored, explained, and taught. The book discusses data from a wide range of languages and it shows that the meanings expressed in human interaction and the different 'cultural scripts' prevailing in different speech communities can be clearly and intelligibly described and compared by using a 'natural semantic metalanguage,' based on empirically established universal human concepts. As the book shows, this metalanguage can be used as a basis for teaching successful cross-cultural communication, including the teaching of languages in a cultural context. Anna Wierzbicka is Professor at Australian National University, Canberra. 'The book can be regarded as a recapitulation of results obtained in all former scholarly projects carried by its author. [It] is one if the best manuals of widely understood pragmatics and ethnolinguistics of human speech, the more so as the traditoinal grammars and handbooks of linguistics usually leave the ethnography of speech in the background of linguistics analyses.'Tomasz Wicherkiewicz in: Linguistics and Oriental Studies from Poznan
Keywords: Disziplin, Erste Welle, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Illokutiver Akt, Intercultural communication, Kommunikation, Kultur # Literatur Sprache, Kultur # Sprachwissenschaft, Kulturvergleich, Linguistik, Pragmatics, Pragmatik, Semantics, Semantik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Speech acts (Linguistics), universale Prinzipien 1990
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(1990): Perspectives on politeness. In: Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), S. 219-236. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N
Abstract: This paper reviews four current approaches to an account of politeness: the social-norm view; the conversational-maxim view; the face-saving view; and the conversational-contract view. A characterization is given for each, followed by a discussion of certain salient aspects of the approach. While none of the views is considered adequate, the face-saving view is seen as the most clearly articulated and most thoroughly worked out, therefore providing the best framework within which to raise the crucial questions about politeness that must now be addressed.
1989
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Blum-Kulka, Shoshana; Kasper, Gabriele; House, Juliane (Hg.) (1989): Cross-cultural pragmatics. Requests and apologies. Norwood NJ: Ablex Publ (Advances in discourse processes)
Abstract: [-]
1983
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(1983): Principles of pragmatics. 1. publ. London u.a.: Longman
Abstract: Over the years, pragmatics - the study of the use and meaning of utterances to their situations - has become a more and more important branch of linguistics, as the inadequacies of a purely formalist, abstract approach to the study of language have become more evident. This book presents a rhetorical model of pragmatics: that is, a model which studies linguistic communication in terms of communicative goals and principles of 'good communicative behaviour'. In this respect, Geoffrey Leech argues for a rapprochement between linguistics and the traditional discipline of rhetoric. He does not reject the Chomskvan revolution of linguistics, but rather maintains that the language system in the abstract - i.e. the 'grammar' broadly in Chomsky's sense - must be studied in relation to a fully developed theory of language use. There is therefore a division of labour between grammar and rhetoric, or (in the study of meaning) between semantics and pragmatics. The book's main focus is thus on the development of a model of pragmatics within an overall functional model of language. In this it builds on the speech avct theory of Austin and Searle, and the theory of conversational implicature of Grice, but at the same time enlarges pragmatics to include politeness, irony, phatic communion, and other social principles of linguistic behaviour.
1976
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(1976): A Classification of Illocutionary Acts. In: Language in Society 5 (1), S. 1-23
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