Alle Publikationen
2015
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(2015): Truth will out. Linking personality, morality, and honesty through indirect questioning. In: Social Psychological and Personality Science 6 (2), S. 140-147
Abstract: Individual differences in morality and honesty are inherently connected such that individuals more likely to engage in immoral behavior will typically be less likely to admit to it. Indeed, this is a central prediction of the Honesty-Humility (HH) factor of personality, recently proposed as part of the HEXACO model of personality (honesty-humility [H], emotionality [E], extraversion [X], agreeableness [A], conscientiousness [C], and openness to experience [O]). However, this very link between morality and honesty necessarily limits the conclusiveness of typical investigations, especially of those relying on self-report data for both constructs. The authors apply an indirect questioning technique to overcome such limitations and provide evidence for individual differences in trait honesty and morality in line with the HH factor of personality. Specifically, results show that individuals low in (self-reported) HH are indeed more likely to engage in immoral behavior although less likely to be upfront about it when directly questioned.
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(2015): From Honesty–Humility to fair behavior – Benevolence or a (blind) fairness norm?. In: Personality and Individual Differences 80, S. 91-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.017 Abstract: Recent research has identified trait Honesty–Humility as a vital determinant of a variety of cooperative, fair, or pro-social behaviors. However, it is less clear what drives the link between Honesty–Humility and the tendency to exhibit fair behavior which we first demonstrate in a meta-analysis of prior work using the dictator game. To close this gap, we test two potential explanations, namely benevolence versus an internalized (blind) fairness norm. In a redistribution paradigm, we implemented an unfair situation in which participants and their hypothetical counterparts received asymmetric rewards for the same performance in a quiz. The asymmetry was either to the participants’ advantage or disadvantage, manipulated experimentally. Finally, participants were empowered to redistribute all rewards at will. In line with the benevolence account, individuals high in Honesty–Humility established a fair distribution if they themselves were advantaged (thus making sure they do not exploit others) whereas they refrained from rectifying the asymmetry (by taking points from the other) if they were disadvantaged. Vice versa, the pattern cannot be accommodated by the idea of a (blind) fairness norm which would have implied that individuals high in Honesty–Humility establish an equal distribution irrespective of who is advantaged.
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(2015): Site Decorum. In: Architectural Theory Review 20 (2), S. 228-246
Abstract: Site decorum refers to the fitting relationship of the site to the building. In classical architectural theory, the character of place affected style and materials: for example, buildings in the country were decorated with less refined finishes than those in the city. Italian Renaissance architects also considered scenography as part of site decorum, so that the position of the observer was taken into account when calculating the appropriate volumes and detail. This resulted from the mastery of linear perspective, a technique that permitted the manipulation of elements to coordinate with the sight-lines of the viewer. Less well known in the context of architecture is the significance of atmospheric perspective, where things become indistinct as they move away from the eye, which could be countered by emphasising the main horizontal, vertical, and massed elements of a building. In the nineteenth century, Charles Robert (C. R.) Cockerell described the methods of designing for different vantage points, noting that the best architects reconciled the two modes of far and close view, and demonstrating how drawing conventions are instruments that might be harnessed to appropriate siting. The salient theme of site decorum is one of perception, namely that a building’s coherent order is relative to the beholder.
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(2015) : You and your robot companion — A framework for creating robotic applications usable by non-experts: 2015 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Kobe, Japan: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 615-620
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2015.7333562 Abstract: In this paper we present a system for all and sundry to create robotic applications which is characterized by adaptivity on different levels. First, users are enabled to create their own applications (e.g. play a card game with robot) by the usage of a decision making framework for robot companions. Second, within a created application the robot itself adapts its behavior via user feedback based on a decision making algorithm (e.g. teach the robot a card game based on user feedback). In dependency of the user's expertise, he or she has different possibilities of enhancing the robot's capabilities. Especially for the non-expert user a tool has been developed which provides a graphical user interface to configure applications. The usability of the tool has been evaluated with 5 participants of the age group 40+. The results show that the technical requirements to include non-experts are fulfilled by the framework but also reveal ways to improve the tool, such as the placement of the assistance mechanisms offered to the user.
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(2015) : Religion. Morality and Social Control In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 333-337
Abstract: Religion, morality, and social control have been inexorably linked for centuries. In fact, some argue that morality and social control are derived fundamentally from religion. Dominant religious bodies in many societies define correct behavior, codify conduct, and establish social control systems designed to enforce systems of behaviors. This article begins with a discussion of morality, including its definition in the social sciences and how it both influences and is influenced by society. Social control is treated similarly, with attention to different types of control, distinct types of social control organizations, whether social control is unduly influenced by elite members of society, and whether its differential impact on people is distinguished by class, race/ethnicity, and gender. The role of religion in defining and being affected by morality and social control is presented next. This section addresses how various aspects of religion affect moral behaviors and serve as social control mechanisms. The final section discusses how religion is sometimes cast as immoral and deviant.
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(2015): Culture’s causes. The next challenge. In: Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 22 (4), S. 545-569. DOI: 10.1108/CCM-03-2015-0040
Abstract: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to argue that in cross-cultural and strategic management, we must pay attention to the processes creating and maintaining culture. How can everyday interactions give rise to national, "deep" cultures, recognizable across centuries, or organizational cultures, recognizable across decades? Design/methodology/approach - This is a conceptual paper using the evidence provided by research about cultural patterns, and using sociological status-power theory to explain the causation of these patterns. Emergence, also called self-organization, is introduced as mechanism connecting individual-level causation with resulting system-level patterns. Cases are used to illustrate points. Findings - Simulation gaming and computational social simulation are introduced. These methods allow "growing" a system, thus allowing to experiment with potential interventions and their unanticipated effects. Research limitations/implications - This essay could have major implications for research, adding new methods to survey-based and case-based studies, and achieving a new synthesis. Strategic management today almost invariably involves cross-cultural elements. As a result, cross-cultural understanding is now strategically important. Practical implications - The suggestions in this essay could lead to new collaborations in the study of culture and organizational processes. Examples include team formation, negotiation, mergers and acquisitions, trans-national collaboration, incentive systems and job interviews. Social implications - The suggestions in this essay could contribute to our ability of proactively steering processes in organizations. In particular, they can provide a check to the notion that a control measure necessarily results in its intended effect. Originality/value - The synthesis of biological, sociological and cross-cultural psychological viewpoints with design-oriented method, using games or social simulations as research instruments, is original in the field.
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(2015): Simulating the Emergent Impact of Regulations Across cultures. Reporting template - periodic report - Complexity-NetKeywords: Kultur
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(2015): Understanding younger older consumers' needs in a changing healthcare market-supporting and developing the consumer market for electronic assisted living technologies. In: International Journal of Consumer Studies 39 (4), S. 305-315. DOI: 10.1111/ijcs.12192
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12192 Abstract: The ageing population is presenting an economic challenge in the United Kingdom (UK). Electronic Assisted Living Technology (eALT) is purported to be one potential solution to this problem, as it offers an opportunity to help people remain independent and age in place. The provision of eALT within the UK has traditionally been dominated by statutory provision, leading to a lack of choice of commercial products and services for those whom it might benefit. With increased need for support for the ageing population, and rationalisation of statutory service provision, older people will increasingly be looking toward privately purchased eALT to support their health and independence. However, previous work has identified that there are numerous barriers to the development of a consumer eALT market. This paper describes a series of cocreation workshops which were held to explore solutions to these barriers with younger older people, aged 50–70 years old, which sought to explore the development of a consumer eALT market. A number of solutions were found for all stages of the eALT consumer journey, including how to help people recognise they have a need, how to find eALT information, how to help consumers make the decision to purchase, where to place eALT for consumer access and purchase, and how to encourage continued use of the product or service and repeat sales. The results of this study will be of interest to the UK, European and worldwide consumer eALT markets, to encourage older consumers to maintain their independence and lifestyle and offers insights for the eALT industry in how to reach these consumers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015) : Psychological aspects of technology interacting with humans In: Sundar, S. S.: The handbook of the psychology of communication technology: Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell (Handbooks in communication and media), S. 176-201
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118426456.ch8 Abstract: This chapter describes a large number of sometimes complex studies that in unison have led to the production of a reliable, serviceable sometimes stern but fair care robot. The initial summary of studies is necessary to understand what the smart, sensitive, creative, and moral humanoid that interacts with its human user is actually based upon: Its core is driven by the model called Perceiving and Experiencing Fictional Characters (PEFiC), the interactive variant of which (I-PEFiC) received a module to make affective decisions (ADM). An integration of I-PEFICADM with prevailing emotion models led to the Silicon Coppélia model. Silicon Coppélia, then, was extended by a system for moral reasoning (Moral Coppélia) and is now in the process to become creative (ACASIA) and have an understanding of reality in contrast to fiction (Epistemics of the Virtual). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015): Mobilitätsverhalten verstehen und verändern: Psychologische Beiträge zur interdisziplinären Mobilitätsforschung. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag
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(2015): Culture-Inclusive Theories of Self and Social Interaction. The Approach of Multiple Philosophical Paradigms. In: Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 45 (1), S. 40-63. DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12050
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12050 Abstract: In view of the fact that culture‐inclusive psychology has been eluded or relatively ignored by mainstream psychology, the movement of indigenous psychology is destined to develop a new model of man that incorporates both causal psychology and intentional psychology as suggested by Vygotsky (1927). Following the principle of cultural psychology: 'one mind, many mentalities' (Shweder et al., 1998), the Mandala Model of Self (Hwang, 2011a,b) and Face and Favor Model (Hwang, 1987, 2012) were constructed to represent the universal mechanisms of self and social interaction that can be applied to any culture; both models can be used as conceptual frameworks for analyzing mentalities of people in any given culture. Taking research works from Foundations of Chinese Psychology: Confucian Social Relation as exemplars (Hwang, 2012), this article illustrates how to construct culture‐inclusive theories of Confucianism by multiple philosophical paradigms. The mechanism of culture‐ inclusiv e theory can be applied to explain qualitative research findings on lifeworld events of people in a particular society. It can also be utilized to predict results of quantitative research conducted to verify theoretical propositions in the scientific microworld by empirical methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 33
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(2015): Near or far? It depends on my impression. Moral information and spatial behavior in virtual interactions. In: Acta psychologica 161, S. 131-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26386781 Abstract: Near body distance is a key component of action and social interaction. Recent research has shown that peripersonal space (reachability-distance for acting with objects) and interpersonal space (comfort-distance for interacting with people) share common mechanisms and reflect the social valence of stimuli. The social psychological literature has demonstrated that information about morality is crucial because it affects impression formation and the intention to approach-avoid others. Here we explore whether peripersonal/interpersonal spaces are modulated by moral information. Thirty-six participants interacted with male/female virtual confederates described by moral/immoral/neutral sentences. The modulation of body space was measured by reachability-distance and comfort-distance while participants stood still or walked toward virtual confederates. Results showed that distance expanded with immorally described confederates and contracted with morally described confederates. This pattern was present in both spaces, although it was stronger in comfort-distance. Consistent with an embodied cognition approach, the findings suggest that high-level socio-cognitive processes are linked to sensorimotor-spatial processes.
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(2015) : Kapitel 24 - Soziale Kompetenz erlernen: Ratgeber Depression: Munich: Urban & Fischer, S. 79-80
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(2015): Sex as a source of power?. Backlash against self-sexualizing women. In: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 19 (1), S. 110-124. DOI: 10.1177/1368430214558312
Abstract: Although women are thought to possess sexual power, they risk social and economic penalties (i.e., backlash; Rudman, 1998) when they self-sexualize (i.e., assert their power; Cahoon & Edmonds, 1989; Glick, Larsen, Johnson, & Branstiter, 2005). Why? Drawing on the status incongruity hypothesis (SIH), which predicts backlash against powerful women because they challenge the gender hierarchy, prejudice was expected against self-sexualizing women to be explained by a dominance penalty rather than a communality deficit (Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Phelan, & Nauts, 2012). Two experiments supported this hypothesis, and Experiment 3 further showed that the dominance penalty was explained by ascribing power motives to self-sexualized women. These findings extend the SIH's utility to the domain of self-sexualization and illuminate the scope of people's discomfort with female power. In conclusion, implications for the advancement of gender equality are discussed. zitiert von 6
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(2015): Gender, trust and cooperation in environmental social dilemmas. In: Social science research 50, S. 328-342. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.002
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25592940 Abstract: This research addresses gender differences in environmental protection efforts. Recent work indicates that, across a variety of domains, women are more generous, charitable, and prosocial than men. Despite above-average levels of these motivators for cooperation, considerable experimental research points to no difference in cooperation between genders. What can explain women's lower-than-expected cooperation levels? Prior research indicates that, compared to men, women are less trusting and respond to fear incentives in social dilemmas - they are concerned about being exploited. We test these arguments in the context of environmental behaviors and argue that lower trust and greater responses to fear incentives mean that women's cooperation is predicated on trust. For men, trust does not predict environmental cooperation. The current research represents the first empirical test of these arguments. Using data from the General Social Survey we focus on private sphere behaviors and political participation and predict an interaction between gender and trust on cooperation. Results support this prediction. zitiert von 12
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(2015): Young Women’s Anger in Romantic Relationships. Gendered Rules and Power. In: Journal of Family Issues 38 (13), S. 1825-1851. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X15592029
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15592029 Abstract: We used a social constructionist and feminist framework to examine how young women negotiate gendered rules for anger in their romantic relationships and how such negotiations are associated with women’s power in these relationships. We analyzed 24 interviews using a grounded-theory methodology. Our analyses indicated five women resisted gendered rules for anger as they accepted their anger, attributed shared responsibility for their anger, and expressed their anger externally and directly. The other 19 young women followed gendered rules for anger as they distanced themselves from their anger, ambivalently attributed responsibility for their anger, and kept their anger in and expressed it indirectly. Women who resisted gendered rules for anger narrated being engaged in egalitarian relationships, while women who followed gendered rules for anger seemed to participate in nonegalitarian relationships. The findings of this study offer a feminist conceptualization of women⍊ s ange r in terms of social rules for anger experience and expression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Anger, Emotions, Family, feminism, Geschlechterforschung, Human Females, Partnerschaft/ Beziehung, Romance, rules -
(2015) : Politics and Socialization In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 509-511
Abstract: In its broadest sense political socialization refers to the content, processes, and dynamics of political learning across time and space. Related terms include civic education and citizenship training. The practice of political socialization is as old as political life. However, the term itself, and systematic research, did not emerge until the post-World War II period. An initial burst of scholarship in the 1960s and 1970s was followed by a prolonged decline. Interest revived during the 1990s, fueled in part by democratization movements around the world and, ironically, by concerns in established democracies about the declines in civic virtue among upcoming cohorts. The consequences of political socialization have been gauged in terms of its impact on the political character of individuals, the perpetuation of political cultures, and the functioning of political systems. Although most attention has been devoted to socialization in the pre-adult years, research in the area often merges into issues involving life cycle, generational, and historical effects. Survey research has been the most commonly employed methodology in the field. Longitudinal and cross-national research designs have been especially valuable in advancing the state of knowledge.
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(2015): Use of Scripted Role-Play in Evaluation of Multiple-User Multiple-Service Mobile Social and Pervasive Systems. In: International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 7 (4), S. 35-52. DOI: 10.4018/IJMHCI.2015100103
Abstract: Mobile and social computing is rapidly evolving towards a deeper integration with the physical world due to the proliferation of smart connected objects. It is widely acknowledged that involving end users in the design, development and evaluation of applications that function within the resulting complex socio-technical systems is crucial. However, reliable methods for managing evaluation of medium fidelity prototypes, whose utility is often dependent on rich data sets and/or the presence of multiple users simultaneously engaging in multiple activities, have not yet emerged. The authors report on the use of scripted role-play as an experimental approach applied in a mixed-methods evaluation of early prototypes of a suite of professional networking applications targeting a conference attendance scenario. Their evaluation was significantly constrained by the limited availability of a small cohort of end users for a relatively short period of time, which pose a challenge to define interactions that would ensure these users could experience and understand the novel application features. The authors observed that participatory role-play facilitated deeper user engagement with, exploration of, and discussion about, the mobile social applications than would have been possible with traditional usability approaches given the small user cohort and the time-constrained conditions.
Keywords: Beteiligung von Endnutzern, Communities, Computerwissenschaft, Human Factors, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Participatory Approaches, Pervasive Computing, Realtechnik, Reflexionen über MTR, scripted role-play, Social Computing, sociotechnical systems, Soziosensitive Systeme, Technik, Technikentwicklungsprozess, usability, User Evaluation -
Jensen, Lene Arnett (2015): The Oxford handbook of human development and culture. An interdisciplinary perspective. Oxford; New York; Auckland: Oxford University Press (Oxford library of psychology)
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(2015): Genetics of social behavior
Abstract: Discusses theoretical assumptions underlying the research of genetic influences on social behavior. The authors argue that the vast majority of traits and conditions that show genetic influences are not hard-wired, genetically determined, or innate. Most genetically influenced conditions involve genetic variants, and these may be expressed differently depending on influences from other variants, environmental circumstances, and whether the individual has control over those circumstances. Experiments typically assign participants to artificially constructed laboratory situations under the assumption that it does not matter who is placed where because on average everyone will respond the same way in any given situation. Studies are now being redesigned with the recognition that individuals may exert considerable control over whether and how a situation develops at all, as well as how it turns out. It is often incorrectly assumed that genetic and environmental influence act independently of each other. Because individuals almost always have some control, conscious or not, over the environments they experience, G x E and gene-environment correlation (rGE) will generally be linked at least to some degree. zitiert von 1
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(2015): Valuing myself over others. The Dark Triad traits and moral and social values. In: Personality and Individual Differences 81
Abstract: Investigated the Dark Triad traits and their relation to moral and social value systems. Measures for 585 participants (mean age 33 years) in Study 1, 252 subjects (mean age 20 years) in Study 2, and 516 individuals (mean age 23 years) in Study 3 included the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen measure, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP), the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. A token system decision-making paradigm with taboo trade-off items was also employed to asses individual differences in moral values. Results showed that Machiavellianism was associated with moral flexibility and psychopathy with lowered collective interests. Narcissism was positively linked to individual interests, especially self-enhancement, but not to self-transcendence. Individual differences in the value systems may explain proximal factors that account for sex differences in the traits.
Keywords: Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Werte -
(2015): Using Ethnography of Communication in Organizational Research. In: Organizational Research Methods 18 (4), S. 629-655. DOI: 10.1177/1094428115590662
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115590662 Abstract: Ethnography of Communication offers new analytical and interpretive possibilities for contextually sensitized, language- and communication-based ethnographic studies of management and organization. In this article we provide an introduction and overview of relevant linguistic and related fields, positioning Ethnography of Communication within the broader context of anthropology, ethnomethodology, and sociolinguistics. We describe Dell Hymes’s seminal contribution to theory and method of Ethnography of Communication (foregrounding Hymes’s signature concept of 'communicative competence') and outline what the application of an Ethnography of Communication approach in management research might entail (illustrating the application of Hymes’s SPEAKING grid). We conclude by offering an example of how the methods of Ethnography of Communication might be applied usefully to the study of organizational language, discourse, and communication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, al l rights reserved) zitiert von 9
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(2015): Norms, grounding, and cultural dynamics. In: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 46 (10), S. 1306-1310. DOI: 10.1177/0022022115611750
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115611750 Abstract: The special issue collects intriguing and stimulating papers that speak to the importance of norms for cross-cultural psychology. It is a timely and welcome move not only because the concept of norms has been a well-recognized aspect of culture in cross-cultural psychology but also because it has recently emerged as a focal point of theory building and empirical research in a number of areas in social and policy sciences. In discussing norms, distinction between descriptive and injunctive norms is of great importance. Descriptive norms are about regularities of people’s thought, feelings, and action in a group, whereas injunctive norms are about regularities of people’s approval or disapproval about thought, feelings, and action in a group. In light of the current climate of cultural polarization, theoretically principled and empirically rigorous investigation of cultural dynamics is an urgent need. This special issue in particular make an important contribution to this endeavor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015) : May I help you? - Design of Human-like Polite Approaching Behavior-: 2015 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Portland, Oregon, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 35-42
Abstract: When should service staff initiate interaction with a visitor? Neither simply-proactive (e.g. talk to everyone in a sight) nor passive (e.g. wait until being talked to) strategies are desired. This paper reports our modeling of polite approaching behavior. In a shopping mall, there are service staff members who politely approach visitors who need help. Our analysis revealed that staff members are sensitive to ‘intentions’ of nearby visitors. That is, when a visitor intends to talk to a staff member and starts to approach, the staff member also walks a few steps toward the visitors in advance to being talked. Further, even when not being approached, staff members exhibit ”availability” behavior in the case that a visitor’s intention seems uncertain. We modeled these behaviors that are adaptive to pedestrians’ intentions, occurred prior to initiation of conversation. The model was implemented into a robot and tested in a real shopping mall. The experiment confirmed that the proposed method is less intrusive to pedestrians, and that our robot successfully initiated interaction with pedestrians.
Keywords: Adaptation models, availability behavior, Behavior Design, Collaboration, Estimation, ieee xplore, initiation of interaction, Intention estimation, Künstliche Intelligenz, learning (artificial intelligence), Micromechanical devices, nearby visitors, polite approaching behavior, robot programming, Robot sensing systems, service staff members, shopping mall, Task Analysis -
(2015) : The Robot Who Tried Too Hard: Social Behaviour of a Robot Tutor Can Negatively Affect Child Learning In: Adams, Julie A.; Smart, William; Mutlu, Bilge; Takayama, Leila (Hg.): HRI'15: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction: March 2-5, 2015, Portland, OR, USA: [New York]: ACM, Associaton for Computing Machinery, S. 67-74
Abstract: Social robots are finding increasing application in the domain of education, particularly for children, to support and augment learning opportunities. With an implicit assumption that social and adaptive behaviour is desirable, it is therefore of interest to determine precisely how these aspects of behaviour may be exploited in robots to support children in their learning. In this paper, we explore this issue by evaluating the effect of a social robot tutoring strategy with children learning about prime numbers. It is shown that the tutoring strategy itself leads to improvement, but that the presence of a robot employing this strategy amplifies this effect, resulting in significant learning. However, it was also found that children interacting with a robot using social and adaptive behaviours in addition to the teaching strategy did not learn a significant amount. These results indicate that while the presence of a physical robot leads to improved learning, caution is required when applying social behaviour to a robot in a tutoring context.