Alle Publikationen
2009
-
(2009): The impact of disrespect on prisoners’ aggression: Outcomes of experimentally inducing violence-supportive cognitions. In: Psychology, Crime & Law 15 (2-3), S. 235-250. DOI: 10.1080/10683160802190970
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160802190970 Abstract: Self-report research suggests that much violence is triggered by perceived insults and disrespect. This may be particularly true in the context of a prison or another environment of acute deprivation, whereby individuals have little other recourse to means of reputation enhancement. This paper presents the findings of two studies conducted with prisoner volunteers inside a Category C (minimum security) prison in England. In the first study, the authors randomly assigned a sample of 89 prisoners to one of two conditions: the experimental group were asked to discuss times they have been disrespected by authority figures inside and outside the prison; the control group were asked more neutral questions. Both groups then completed several measures of cognitive beliefs, distortions, and hostile attribution biases. None of the measures differed across the two groups except the measure of excuse and justification acceptance. Controlling for other factors, the experimental group endorsed these rationalizations at a significantly higher rate than the control group. This finding suggests that raising the salience of disrespect reminding prisoners of times they have been made to feel unworthy of consideration may raise the risk that prisoners will engage in violence by providing prisoners with justifications or excuses for actions they might not otherwise endorse. These findings received some additional validation in the second study, a qualitative analysis of offender accounts of violence and aggression within the prison. Implications for reducing violence within prisons are discussed.
-
(2009): Modeling Aspects of Theory of Mind with Markov Random Fields. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 1 (1), S. 41-51. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-008-0003-1
Abstract: We propose Markov random fields (MRFs) as a probabilistic mathematical model for incorporating the internal states of other agents, both human and robotic, into robot decision making. By using estimates of Theory of Mind (ToM), the mental states of other agents can be incorporated into decision making through statistical inference, allowing robots to balance their own goals and internal objectives with those of other collaborating agents. The MRF model is well-suited to domains in which the joint probability over latent (action) and observed (perceived) variables can be factored into pairwise interactions between these variables. Specifically, these interactions occur through functions that evaluate "local evidence" between an observed and latent variable and "compatibility" between a pair of latent variables. We will describe how experimental findings from the ToM literature can be explained using MRF models, and then show how this framework can be applied to a social robotics task. We will also describe how to use belief propagation on a multi-robot MRF as a novel approach to multirobot coordination, with parallels to human collaboration strategies.
Keywords: theory of mind -
(2009): “Just wondering if you could comment on that”. Indirect requests for information in corporate earnings calls. In: Text & Talk - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies 29 (6), S. 661-681. DOI: 10.1515/TEXT.2009.034
Abstract: For purposes of financial disclosure, large companies often organize earnings calls, i.e., multi-party telephone calls arranged through a teleconferencing service during which executives present financial results to investment analysts. The presentations are followed by question and answer sessions that allow, the analysts to obtain additional information or clarification. This study investigates the language used by investment analysts to request information, with particular attention to indirect requests. It is based on a cot-pits of thirty authentic question and answer sessions from earnings calls. The methodological approach uses corpus techniques as a point of entry for in-depth textual analysis to acquire a broader understanding of the strategic use of indirectness. The emerging insights were further illuminated by the input of a professional informant. On the quantitative level, indirect requests were found to be more than twice as frequent as direct requests, even if the latter would seem entirely appropriate in these routine informative events. Qualitative analysis suggested that the motivation behind this usage does not reflect a particular concern for politeness, but rather the analysts' aim to extract as much information as possible in this technology-mediated setting, while projecting an image of highly competent yet likeable professionals at the same time.
Keywords: time -
(2009): Affective robot for elderly assistance. In: Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine 7, S. 44-49. Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2009-17266-011&site=ehost-live
Abstract: Recently, several robotic solutions for the elderly have been proposed. However, to date, the diffusion of these devices has been limited: available robots are too cumbersome, awkward, and expensive to become widely adopted. Another key issue which reduces the appeal of assistive robots is the lack of socioemotional interaction: affective interchanges represent key requirements to create sustainable relationships between elderly and robots. In this paper, we propose a new approach to enhance the acceptability of robotic systems, based on the introduction of affective dimensions in human-robot interaction. This strategy is aimed at designing a new generation of relational and cognitive robots fusing information from embodied unobtrusive sensory interfaces. The final objective is to develop embodied interfaces, which are able to learn and adapt their affective responses to the user's behavior. User and robot will engage in natural interactions, involving verbal and non-verbal communication, improving empathic exchange of moods and feelings. Relevant independent living and quality of life related issues will be addressed: on-going monitoring of health parameters, assistance in everyday's activities, social support and cognitive/physical exercises. We expect that the proposed strategy will enhance the user's acceptance and adoption of the assistive robotic system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: emotional & Robotik, Social robotic -
(2009): Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment.. In: NEUROIMAGE 47 (4), S. 2031-2040, zuletzt geprüft am 07.07.2018
Abstract: Both affective neuroscience and decision science focus on the role of emotions in decisions. Regret and disappointment are emotions experienced with negative decision outcomes. The present research examines the neural substrates of regret and disappointment as well as the role of regret and disappointment in decision making. Experiment 1 compared the subjective experience of regret and disappointment. Participants selected one of two gambles and received different types of feedback during the outcome phase. Despite identical nominal losses, regret induced a more intense dislike of the outcomes and a stronger desire to switch choices than disappointment. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, Experiment 2 examined the neural correlates of regret and disappointment. Both regret and disappointment activated anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex relative to fixation, with greater activation in regret than in disappointment. In contrast to disappointment, reg ret also showed enhanced activation in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. These findings suggest that regret and disappointment, emotions experienced during decision-related loss, share a general neural network but differ in both the magnitude of subjective feelings and with regret activating some regions with greater intensity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 109
-
(2009): Language and human relations. Styles of address in contemporary language. 1. publ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511576690
Abstract: Exploring practices in the family, school, the workplace, this book investigates the varied ways people choose to address one another. The way in which people address one another is crucial to expressing social relationships and is closely linked with cultural values. In English we call some people by their first names, and others 'Mr' or 'Ms', followed by their surname. In some other languages there are different ways of saying 'you' depending on the degree of social distance. Exploring practices in the family, school, university, the workplace and in letters, this book reveals patterns in the varied ways people choose to address one another, from pronouns to first names, from honorifics to titles and last names. Examples are taken from contemporary English, French, German and Swedish, using rich data from focus group research, interviews, chat groups, and participant observation.
Keywords: Anrede, Art der Beziehung zum Interaktionspartner, Art des Kommunikationsmediums, Forms of address, gesprochene Sprache, Grammar, Comparative and general, Honorific, Milieu, Nationalität, Politeness (Linguistics), POWER, Pronoun, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Soziale Distanz, Sprachgebrauch -
(2009): Ethical issues related to the use/non-use of assistive technologies. In: Developmental Disabilities Bulletin 37 (1-2). Online verfügbar unter HTTP://sfx.hbz-nrw.de/sfx_bie?genre=article&isbn=&issn=11840412&title=Developmental%20Disabilities%20Bulletin&volume=37&issue=1-2&date=20090101&atitle=Ethical%20issues%20related%20to%20the%20use%2Fnon-use%20of%20assistive%20technologies.&aulast=Cook%2C%20Albert%20M.&spage=127&sid=EBSCO%3APsycINFO&pid=
Abstract: Assistive technologies (AT) can provide significant assistance in accomplishing the tasks of daily living for persons who have disabilities. Five types of ethical principles underlie the distribution and use of AT: beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, autonomy and fidelity. Beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, most directly affect the distribution of AT, leading to increased autonomy for persons with disabilities. In this paper, I develop the premise that it is principles of distributive justice that both inform and shape equitable assistive technology application and ultimately affect use and non-use of these technologies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Ethik -
(2009): The Efficiency of Social Comparisons With Routine Standards. In: Social Cognition 27 (6), S. 939-948. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.939
Abstract: Demonstrated that social comparisons with routine standards are faster and hence more efficient than comparisons with other standards. Routine standards are people with whom one has compared frequently in the past. The 1st study (n=74 college students) focused on naturally occurring routine standards such as one's best friend, and former school friends were used as nonroutine standards. In the 2nd study (n=42 college students), it was shown that experimentally established routine standards also facilitate comparisons with the self. Importantly, the facilitation occurred even though no standard selection was necessary. Previous research suggests that routine standards are more efficient because routinely using the same standard circumvents the need to select standards for each comparison anew. However, the present results are concluded to indicate that the comparison process itself becomes faster if one compares oneself with a routine standard rather than with a new standard. zitiert von 21
-
(2009): Social competence and social skills training and intervention for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In: JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 39 (9), S. 1268-1277. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0741-4
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19365716 Abstract: This study examined the effectiveness of a 30 week social competence and social skills group intervention program with children, ages 7-11, diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Eighteen children with ASD were assessed with pretreatment and posttreatment measures on the Walker-McConnell Scale (WMS) and the MGH YouthCare Social Competence Development Scale. Each received the 30-week intervention program. For comparison, a matched sample of ten non-ASD children was also assessed, but received no treatment. The findings indicated that each ASD intervention group demonstrated significant gains on the WMS and significant improvement in the areas of anxiety management, joint attention, and flexibility/transitions. Results suggest that this approach can be effective in improving core social deficits in individuals with ASD.
Keywords: Anxiety, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Behavior Therapy, Character development, Child, Communication, Diagnosis, Disziplin, Erziehung, Erziehungswissenschaften, Female, Follow-Up Studies, (Freiheit von) Ängsten, Group, Group Processes, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Kinder, Kognitive Skills, Male, Mensch mit Behinderung, Methods, Negotiating, Personal Construct Theory, Personality Assessment, Postkasten, Problem Solving, PSYCHOLOGY, Psychotherapie, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, Social Cognition, social competence training, social competences, social learning, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialkompetenz, SV, Therapy -
(2009): An adaptive detection/attention mechanism for real time robot operation. In: Neurocomputing 72 (4), S. 850-860. DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2008.06.023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2008.06.023 Abstract: During the lifetime of a mobile robot, the number and complexity of the stimuli it receives may be quite high. Therefore, the construction of a detection system considering the whole sensorial space is usually not a viable proposition when aiming for real time operation. It becomes necessary to build some kind of sensorial hierarchy map to put some order into how detectors are applied. This is what is usually called an attentional system, and it provides a framework for applying detectors in a more efficient manner. In this paper, an architecture for developing attentional functions for robots that must operate in real time in dynamic environments is presented. This architecture is based on the concept of attentor and it allows for the real time adaptation to the environment and tasks to be performed in a natural manner. One of the main requirements imposed on the design of the architecture was the capability of handling different sensorial modalities and attentional streams in a transparent manner while, at the same time, being able to progressively create more complex attentional structures. The architecture is particularized for its implementation in a real robot.
-
(2009): Humor theory and the fear of being laughed at. In: Humor - International Journal of Humor Research 22 (1-2). DOI: 10.1515/HUMR.2009.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMR.2009.003 Abstract: Systematic empirical research into the extent to which individuals in different societies fear being laughed at is new and has implications for humor theory. Humor theorists such as Hobbes and Bergson implicitly assume that such fears were generally at a high level and both Hobbes' superiority theory of laughter and Bergson's view of it as a social corrective depend on this assumption. They purport to be general theories but are in fact the product of the particular societies in which those philosophers' lived and whose mores they took for granted. However, we can use their work to generate hypotheses that can in the future be tested against the comparative empirical data now being produced. In particular we should pay attention is the social variables of shame, face, etiquette and embarrassment on the one hand, and hierarchy, status divisions and power on the other, as probably having explanatory power. aus psycINFO 2009-05381-003 accession number
Keywords: Bergson, embarrassment, Etiquette, FEAR, Hobbes, humor, humor theory, laughter, POWER, Shame, status division, Umgangsformen -
(2009) : Synthesizing Conceptualizations of Intercultural Competence. A Summary and Emerging Themes In: Deardorff, Darla K.: The Sage handbook of intercultural competence: Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, S. 264-269
-
Deardorff, Darla K. (2009): The Sage handbook of intercultural competence. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage
Abstract: Bringing together leading experts and scholars from around the world, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the latest theories and research on intercultural competence. It will be a useful and invaluable resource to administrators, faculty, researchers, and students.
-
Denzin, Norman K. (2009): Studies in symbolic interaction. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited (Studies in symbolic interaction)
Abstract: Emphasizes critical approaches to the study of race, identity and self, as well as developments in interactionist theory, ethics and dramaturical studies.
-
(2009) : Dimensions of the postmodern self In: Denzin, Norman K.: Studies in symbolic interaction: Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited (Studies in symbolic interaction), S. 183-196
Abstract: In this essay I examine a variety of approaches to the contemporary postmodern self. I argue that this diverse literature may be analytically distinguished along two general lines. The first concerns institutional or structural claims regarding what a self "is'' or "is not.'' The second focuses instead on what a self "does'' or "does not do.'' I conclude by recommending a more comprehensive approach that takes into account the salience of both of these analytical dimensions in the contemporary debates over the postmodern self.
-
(2009): Respektvolle Führung und ihre Auswirkungen. Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., FB Psychologie, Diss., 2009 u.d.T.: Eckloff, Tilman: Respektvolle Führung und ihre Bedeutung für Einflussprozesse in Führungsdyaden. Berlin: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin
Abstract: Respekt ist ein sowohl im gesellschaftlichen Diskurs als auch in der Forschung immer stärker beachtetes Phänomen. Gleichzeitig wird der Begriff jedoch oft sehr unscharf gebraucht. Was ist also konkret gemeint, wenn wir sagen, dass wir eine andere Person respektieren? Wie müssen wir uns verhalten, damit unser Verhalten von anderen als respektvoll wahrgenommen wird? Und welche Auswirkungen hat es, wenn man sich respektvoll verhält? Das vorliegende Buch widmet sich diesen Fragen am Beispiel von Mitarbeiter-Führungskraft-Beziehungen unter Bezug auf neun empirische Studien an insgesamt über 4000 deutschen Erwerbstätigen. Neben einer grundlegenden theoretischen Klärung der Begrifflichkeiten wird aufgezeigt, wie bedeutsam das Thema respektvoller Führung im Wertekanon heutiger Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter ist. Es wird ein umfassendes Handlungsinventar für respektvolles Führungsverhalten vorgestellt und durch ein ökonomisches Messinstrument respektvoller Führung ergänzt, welches die zentralen Facetten respektvollen Führungsverhaltens enthält. Darauf aufbauend wird die Bedeutung respektvoller Führung für Identi&Mac222;kations- und Einflussprozesse in Führungsdyaden untersucht und dargestellt wie wichtig es ist, dass sich Führungskräfte respektvoll verhalten, damit sich die Beziehungen zu ihren Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern als positiv und effizient gestalten.
-
Ehrhardt, Claus; Neuland, Eva (Hg.) (2009): Sprachliche Höflichkeit in interkultureller Kommunikation und im DaF-Unterricht. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe (Sprache, Kommunikation, Kultur). Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=e000xat&AN=487646
Abstract: Dem Thema ‘Sprachliche Höflichkeit’ wird wieder eine verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit in Linguistik und Didaktik zuteil. Im Kontext zunehmender Internationalisierung und dem damit verbundenen höheren Aufkommen an interkultureller Kommunikation, aber auch im Kontext der zunehmenden Verbreitung neuer Medien ergeben sich neue Fragestellungen für Theoriebildung und Methodenentwicklung. Der Sammelband präsentiert 17 Beiträge zu theoretischen und methodischen Grundlagen, zu kulturkontrastiven und interkulturellen Themenstellungen sowie Vorschläge zum DaF-Unterricht. Neben historischen und aktuellen Beschreibungsansätzen werden Realisationsformen sprachlicher Höflichkeit am Beispiel von verschiedenen Sprachhandlungsmustern und Textsorten sowie Kommunikationsdomänen in unterschiedlichen kulturellen Kontexten analysiert. Schließlich folgt ein Ausblick auf interkulturelle Trainings und DaF-Lehrwerke.
-
(2009): Self-control as social control. In: Poetics 37 (2), S. 146-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.poetic.2009.01.001
Abstract: Accepting Ulrich Beck's and Anthony Giddens’ diagnosis of contemporary society, many sociologists have equated post-tradition with reflexive modernization and with a social order characterized by a strong degree of individualization. This article reviews relevant empirical evidence concerning that individualization thesis, and concludes that it should be rejected. It proposes to view post-tradition, not as the harbinger of increased reflexivity and individualization, but as a shift in the mode of social control. Scarcity, religious belief and ideology, traditional ethics and roles, sensitivity to command and respect for authority, have lost much, if not all of their steering and controlling capacity. This does however not herald an epoch of individual autonomy, but a new form of social control, centered around the self, and in which schooling, the mass-media, the world of goods and therapy play an important role. zitiert von 53
-
(2009) : Culture-specific communication management for virtual agents In: Sierra, Carles; Castelfranchi, Cristiano (Hg.): Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multimagent Systems: May 10-15, 2009, Budapest, Hungary: Richland, S.C.: International Foundation for Autonomous Agent and Multiagent Systems (ACM conference proceedings series), S. 281-287
-
(2009): History and the Critique of Social Concepts. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 40 (1), S. 3-29. DOI: 10.1177/0048393109350678
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393109350678 Abstract: Many theorists have regarded genealogy as an important technique for social criticism. But it has been unclear how genealogy can go beyond the accomplishments of other, more mundane, critical methods. I propose a new approach to understanding the critical potential of history. I argue that theorists have been misled by the assumption that if a claim is deserving of criticism, it is because the claim is false. Turning to the criticism of concepts rather than criticism of claims, I expand on the distinction between “descriptive semantics” and “foundational semantics” to show that genealogy can be uniquely qualified to explore the foundations of concepts, and hence to criticize concepts that are problematic in nonobvious ways.
-
(2009): Attachment anxiety, intra-group (dis)respect, actual efforts, and group donation. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 39 (5), S. 734-746. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.571
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.571 Abstract: The current study examines attachment-style differences in responses to inductions of group respect and disrespect. Participants completed a scale assessing attachment anxiety and avoidance, performed group tasks, and received high, average, or low respect feedback from group members. Then we assessed commitment to this group, actual effort expenditure on behalf of the group, and money donation to the group. For participants scoring relatively high on attachment anxiety, high group respect heightened group commitment and effort expenditure on behalf of the group, whereas group disrespect led to lower group commitment but to more money donation to the group and higher effort expenditure. Participants who scored relatively low on attachment anxiety were not significantly affected by group respect or disrespect. The implications of attachment theory for group dynamics were discussed.
-
(2009) : Sexuelle Sozialisation und Sexualerziehung In: Schweer, Martin K. W.: Sex and gender: Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu einer gesellschaftlichen Konstruktion: Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang (Psychologie und Gesellschaft), S. 53-68
Abstract: Überlegungen zur sexuellen Sozialisation und zur Sexualerziehung werden angestellt. Zunächst wird der Sozialisationsbegriff erläutert. Erziehung wird dabei als Unterbegriff von Sozialisation betrachtet (intentionale Sozialisation), der als zweitem Unterbegriff die "beiläufige" (also keine Merkmale informeller oder formeller Erziehung aufweisende) Sozialisation gegenübergestellt wird; hingewiesen wird auch auf die Rolle der "heimlichen" Miterzieher in der Grauzone zwischen beiläufiger Sozialisation und Erziehung. Dann werden die dargestellten Aspekte - Sozialisation, beiläufige Sozialisation, heimliche Miterzieher - im Bereich der sexuellen Sozialisation und der Sexualerziehung besprochen. Anschließend wird folgender Frage nachgegangen: Warum besteht die Gesellschaft einerseits darauf, jede nachwachsende Generation biologisch und sozial konsequent nach männlich und weiblich einzuordnen und zu sozialisieren und warum ist diese Polarisierung andererseits so problematisch, dass sich jetzt seit Generationen Menschen bemühen, dem entgegenzuwirken? Die Analyse des Verhältnisses von Geschlechtlichkeit, Sex und Gender mündet in folgender pädagogischen Konsequenz für die Sexualerziehung: Jungen und Mädchen soll bewusst werden, wie biologisches Geschlecht zustande kommt und wie variationsreich es sein kann, mit welchen angeborenen "typischen" Verhaltensbereitschaften sie bei Jungen und Mädchen eventuell zu rechnen haben, welche Einflüsse im Rahmen sexueller Sozialisation (beiläufig, intentional und über heimliche Miterzieher) auf sie einwirken, und sie sollen dabei zu einem sozial verträglichen Leben in sexueller Selbstbestimmung ermutigt werden. zitiert von 3
-
(2009): L' Intelligent Design. Philosophical and societal issues. In: Revue Philosophique de Louvain 107 (3), S. 387-409. DOI: 10.2143/RPL.107.3.2042616
Abstract: La problématique de l'lntelligent Design comporte clairement une dimension politique. En effet, elle se situe explicitement dans le prolon gement de la perspective créationniste qui, si nous nous limitons à la période récente, a marqué les débats politico-juridiques dans les années 1980 aux États-Unis. Rappelons en effet que le créationnisme est une position théologique, qui, sur base d'une lecture littérale de la Bible, refuse toute théorie de l'évolution biologique. Regroupés notamment au sein de l'Institut pour la Recherche sur la Création (ICR), les tenants de cette position ont réussi à faire adopter dans l'État d'Arkansas en 1981 l'«Act 590» qui pose que les «élèves de l'École publique doivent rece voir un enseignement qui place sur un pied d'égalité (a balanced treat ment) la 'science de la création' et la 'science de l'évolution'»1. Cette position fut remise en cause en 1982 par la Cour Suprême des États-Unis qui a considéré que l'«Act 590» constituait «purement et simplement une tentative d'introduire la version biblique de la création dans les programmes scolaires d'enseignement public».
Keywords: Design -
(2009): Geschichte der Gouvernementalität. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp
-
(2009): Minimal and maximal goal orientation and reactions to norm violations. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 39 (1), S. 3-21. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.481
Abstract: Violations of social norms can either be evaluated in an absolute or in a gradual fashion depending on whether group goals are represented as minimal or maximal goals. Recent research has shown that absolute versus gradual deviations lead to increased levels of demanded punishment and inclination to exclude the deviant from the respective moral community. In this article, we investigate whether individual differences in orientation towards setting goals in either minimal or maximal terms predict reactions to norm violation. In three studies we found that a dominant minimal goal orientation (MIN) relative to maximal goal orientation (MAX) increased punishment inclinations and social exclusion tendencies towards norm violators. These effects were mediated by affective reaction and proved to be unique goal orientation effects when possible effects of need for closure, intolerance of ambiguity and regulatory focus were controlled for.
Keywords: Normen, Sozialpsychologie