Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Are You Smiling, or Have I Seen You Before? Familiarity Makes Faces Look Happier. In: Psychological science 28 (8), S. 1087-1102. DOI: 10.1177/0956797617702003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28594281 Abstract: It is clear that unreinforced repetition (familiarization) influences affective responses to social stimuli, but its effects on the perception of facial emotion are unknown. Reporting the results of two experiments, we show for the first time that repeated exposure enhances the perceived happiness of facial expressions. In Experiment 1, using a paradigm in which subjects' responses were orthogonal to happiness in order to avoid response biases, we found that faces of individuals who had previously been shown were deemed happier than novel faces. In Experiment 2, we replicated this effect with a rapid "happy or angry" categorization task. Using psychometric function fitting, we found that for subjects to classify a face as happy, they needed less actual happiness to be present in the face if the target was familiar than if it was novel. Critically, our results suggest that familiar faces appear happier than novel faces because familiarity selectively enhances the impact of positive stimulus features. zitiert von 3
2015
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(2015) : Robot Form and Motion Influences Social Attention: 2015 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Portland, Oregon, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 43-50
Abstract: For social robots to be successful, they need to be accepted by humans. Human-robot interaction (HRI) researchers are aware of the need to develop the right kinds of robots with appropriate, natural ways for them to interact with humans. However, much of human perception and cognition occurs outside of conscious awareness, and how robotic agents engage these processes is currently unknown. Here, we explored automatic, reflexive social attention, which operates outside of conscious control within a fraction of a second to discover whether and how these processes generalize to agents with varying humanlikeness in their form and motion. Using a social variant of a well-established spatial attention paradigm, we tested whether robotic or human appearance and/or motion influenced an agent’s ability to capture or direct implicit social attention. In each trial, either images or videos of agents looking to one side of space (a head turn) were presented to human observers. We measured reaction time to a peripheral target as an index of attentional capture and direction. We found that all agents, regardless of humanlike form or motion, were able to direct spatial attention in the cued direction. However, differences in the form of the agent affected attentional capture, i.e., how quickly the observers could disengage attention from the agent and respond to the target. This effect further interacted with whether the spatial cue (head turn) was presented through static images or videos. Overall whereas reflexive social attention operated in the same manner for human and robot social agents for spatial attentional cueing, robotic appearance, as well as whether the agent was static or moving significantly influenced unconscious attentional capture processes. These studies reveal how unconscious social attentional processes operate when the agent is a human vs. a robot, add novel manipulations to the literature such as the role of visual motion, and provide a link between attention studies in HRI, and decades of research on unconscious social attention in experimental psychology and vision science.Categories and Subject Descriptors H.1.2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems -Human factors. H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces - Evaluation/methodology, User-Centered DesignGeneral TermsDesign, Human Factors.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), automatic attention, Biology, Cognition, conscious awareness, conscious control, cued direction, Experimental Psychology, head turn, HRI, human appearance, Human Factors, human observers, human perception, humanlike form, Humanlikeness, human-robot interaction, Human-robot interaction researchers, ieee xplore, implicit social attention, Kinematics, Mobile robots, motion influences social attention, PSYCHOLOGY, reflexive social attention, robot design, robot form, Robot sensing systems, robotic agents, robotic appearance, Social Attention, social robots, social variant, Spatial Attention, spatial attention paradigm, spatial attentional cueing, spatial cue, static images, Time measurement, unconscious attentional capture processes, unconscious social attention, unconscious social attentional processes, user interfaces, User/Machine Systems-Human factors, varying humanlikeness, Videos, visual motion, Visual Perception 2014
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(2014): Visual mismatch negativity. A predictive coding view. In: Frontiers in human neuroscience 8
Abstract: Reviewed the theoretical underpinnings of visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) in light of methodological considerations and provided recommendations for measuring and interpreting the vMMN. An increasing number of studies have investigated the vMMN or used the vMMN as a tool to probe various aspects of human cognition. The following key issues were discussed from the experimentalist's point of view in a predictive coding framework: (1) experimental protocols and procedures to control refractoriness effects; (2) methods to control attention; and (3) vMMN and veridical perception. zitiert von 93
2009
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(2009): The effects of degree of acquaintance, plate size, and sharing on food intake. In: Appetite 52 (3), S. 595-602. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.02.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501755 Abstract: This study examined the effects of degree of acquaintance, plate size, and sharing on the amount of pasta individuals served themselves and subsequently consumed and whether or not they took second helpings. Fifty-seven pairs of female participants ate a meal of pasta; the members of each pair were either friends or strangers. During the meal, they served themselves either from a common serving bowl or from individual serving bowls and onto either small or large plates. The findings indicated that participants who ate with a friend served and consumed more than those who ate with a stranger, and those who shared served and consumed less than those who did not share. However, this sharing effect seemed to occur only when participants ate from small plates. Whether or not participants reported taking second helpings was influenced by all three of the independent variables.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Bekanntheitsgrad, Cross-Over Studies, Cues, degree of acquaintance, Disziplin, Eating/psychology, Energy Intake, entscheiden, essen, Feeding Behavior/psychology, Female, Humans, Interpersonale Wahrnehmung, Psychologie, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Facilitation, Surveys and Questionnaires, SV, Verhalten, Visual Perception, Young Adult 2008
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(2008): On the interplay between familiarity and emotional expression in face perception. In: Psychological research 72 (5), S. 580-586. DOI: 10.1007/s00426-007-0132-4
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18066587 Abstract: Traditional models of face perception (e.g. Bruce and Young 1986) stress independent routes for processing identity and emotional expression. We investigated the interplay between familiarity and emotional expression by systematically varying both factors. In contrast to earlier studies which used binary forced-choice decisions, participants had to judge the familiarity of the presented face and the emotional hedonic valence and emotional arousal of its expressed emotion (angry, happy or neutral), using rating scales. The results demonstrated symmetric, strong interactions between familiarity and expressed emotion. Thus, this study supports more recent models of face perception (Haxby et al. 2000) that were mostly based on brain imaging data. These data together with our behavioural results emphasize the interaction of emotional expression and personal identity and support approaches that propose a relative segregation of these processes, rather than completely independent coding (Calder and Young 2005). zitiert von 28
2007
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(2007): Language as context for the perception of emotion. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 11 (8), S. 327-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.003
DOI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2225544 Abstract: In the blink of an eye, people can easily see emotion in another person's face. This fact leads many to assume that emotion perception is given and proceeds independently of conceptual processes such as language. In this paper we suggest otherwise and offer the hypothesis that language functions as a context in emotion perception. We review a variety of evidence consistent with the language-as-context view and then discuss how a linguistically relative approach to emotion perception allows for intriguing and generative questions about the extent to which language shapes the sensory processing involved in seeing emotion in another person's face.
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(2007): Intentional attunement: mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. In: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 55 (1), S. 131-176. DOI: 10.1177/00030651070550010601
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17432495 Abstract: The neural circuits activated in a person carrying out actions, expressing emotions, and experiencing sensations are activated also, automatically via a mirror neuron system, in the observer of those actions, emotions, and sensations. It is proposed that this finding of shared activation suggests a functional mechanism of "embodied simulation" that consists of the automatic, unconscious, and noninferential simulation in the observer of actions, emotions, and sensations carried out and experienced by the observed. It is proposed also that the shared neural activation pattern and the accompanying embodied simulation constitute a fundamental biological basis for understanding another's mind. The implications of this perspective for psychoanalysis are discussed, particularly regarding unconscious communication, projective identification, attunement, empathy, autism, therapeutic action, and transference-countertransference interactions.
2003
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(2003): Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. In: Psychological science 14 (6), S. 644-647. DOI: 10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1479.x
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14629700 Abstract: There is good reason to believe that gaze direction and facial displays of emotion share an information value as signals of approach or avoidance. The combination of these cues in the analysis of social communication, however, has been a virtually neglected area of inquiry. Two studies were conducted to test the prediction that direct gaze would facilitate the processing of facially communicated approach-oriented emotions (e.g., anger and joy), whereas averted gaze would facilitate the processing of facially communicated avoidance-oriented emotions (e.g., fear and sadness). The results of both studies confirmed the central hypothesis and suggest that gaze direction and facial expression are combined in the processing of emotionally relevant facial information.
Keywords: abgewendeter Blick, Affect, Angst, Blick / Gaze, Blickkontakt, Blickrichtung, Emotionaler Zustand, Emotionen, Facial Expression, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Freude, Gesicht und assoziierte Zuschreibungen, Gesichtsausdruck, Gestik/Mimik, Humans, Male, theory of mind, Traurigkeit, Visual Perception, Wut
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