Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Ethical values and social care robots for older people. An international qualitative study. In: Ethics and Information Technology 19 (1), S. 49-68. DOI: 10.1007/s10676-016-9413-1
Abstract: Values such as respect for autonomy, safety, enablement, independence, privacy and social connectedness should be reflected in the design of social robots. The same values should affect the process by which robots are introduced into the homes of older people to support independent living. These values may, however, be in tension. We explored what potential users thought about these values, and how the tensions between them could be resolved. With the help of partners in the ACCOMPANY project, 21 focus groups (123 participants) were convened in France, the Netherlands and the UK. These groups consisted of: (i) older people, (ii) informal carers and (iii) formal carers of older people. The participants were asked to discuss scenarios in which there is a conflict between older people and others over how a robot should be used, these conflicts reflecting tensions between values. Participants favoured compromise, persuasion and negotiation as a means of reaching agreement. Roles and related role-norms for the robot were thought relevant to resolving tensions, as were hypothetical agreements between users and robot-providers before the robot is introduced into the home. Participants' understanding of each of the values-autonomy, safety, enablement, independence, privacy and social connectedness-is reported. Participants tended to agree that autonomy often has priority over the other values, with the exception in certain cases of safety. The second part of the paper discusses how the values could be incorporated into the design of social robots and operationalised in line with the views expressed by the participants.
2016
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(2016) : Moral Development ☆ In: Stein, John: Reference module in neuroscience and biobehavioral psychology: Place of publication not identified: Elsevier, S. 637-643
Abstract: Moral development involves the acquisition of the attitudes, dispositions, sentiments, and cognitive competencies involved in the process of moral judgment and action. The nature and role of these components depend on how morality is understood. Most contemporary moral psychologists distinguish morality from prudence and from custom or etiquette. They generally agree that to be moral is to treat others fairly and with a concern for their welfare. Moral development occurs through individuals interacting within distinctive cultural settings. Moral maturity involves not only judgments about what is right but also a sense of responsibility based on a moral identity.
2014
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(2014): Social Autopoiesis?. In: CONSTRUCTIVIST FOUNDATIONS (9/2), S. 153-166
Abstract: In previous papers, I suggested six rules proposed by Varela, Maturana and Uribe as a validation test to assess the autopoietic nature of a complex dynamic system. Identifying possible non-biological autopoietic systems is harder than merely assessing self-organization, existence of embodied boundaries and some observable autonomous behavioural capabilities: any rigorous assessment should include a close observation of the "intra-boundaries" phenomenology in terms of components' self-production, their spatial distribution and the temporal occurrence of interaction events. >Problem . Under which physical and components' relational conditions can some social systems be properly considered as autopoietic unities compliant with the six rules? >Results . Dynamic systems can be classified according to "degrees of autonomous behaviour" that they may acquire as a result of the emergence of organizational closure (i.e., autonomy). Also, the different "degrees of attainable systemic autonomy" depend on the "degrees of autonomy" shown by a system's dynamic components. For human social systems, a necessary balance between individuals' autonomy and the heteronomous behaviour brought about on people by social norms (laws, culture, tradition or coercion) sets limits to the "degree of systemic autonomy" that human organizations may acquire. Therefore social systems, defined as dynamic systems composed of physical agents, could not attain the high "levels of systemic autonomy" ascribable to autopoietic systems without constraining the autonomy of agents to "levels" that are incompatible with spontaneous human behaviour. Also, social organizations seen as composed of physical agents interacting in physical space cannot be construed as autopoietic systems. Alternatively, if seen as composed of "process-like" entities, where agents participate as actors within processes, some social systems could be described as autopoietic wholes existing in the abstract space in which we distinguish interactions between processes, provided that we can assess compliance with the rules for some specific cases. >Implications . These conclusions contribute to the debate on the possible autopoietic nature of some human social systems and to grasping the opportunity to shift focus to the more interesting issue of the "degrees of systemic autonomy" that human organizations could acquire (if needed) without imposing unbearable limitations on the autonomy of human actors. Also, the conceptual framework of this explanatory approach could be used in practical terms to assist the development of new dynamic modelling languages capable of simulating social systems.
Keywords: autonomy, Autopoiesis, causation, complex dynamic system, degrees of autonomous behaviour, Disziplin, heteronomy, Luhmann, Maturana, Multi-Agenten-Systeme, organizational closure, Philosophie, self-organization, simulating social systems, simulation, social system, social systems, Soziologie, Technikphilosophie, Varela 2009
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(2009): From autonomy to heteronomy (and back). The enaction of social life. In: Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 8 (4), S. 527-550. DOI: 10.1007/s11097-009-9139-1
Abstract: The term "social cognition" can be construed in different ways. On the one hand, it can refer to the cognitive faculties involved in social activities, defined simply as situations where two or more individuals interact. On this view, social systems would consist of interactions between autonomous individuals; these interactions form higher-level autonomous domains not reducible to individual actions. A contrasting, alternative view is based on a much stronger theoretical definition of a truly social domain, which is always defined by a set of structural norms; moreover, these social structures are not only a set of constraints, but actually constitute the possibility of enacting worlds that would just not exist without them. This view emphasises the heteronomy of individuals who abide by norms that are impersonal, culturally inherited and to a large extent independent of the individuals. Human beings are socialised through and through; consequently, all human cognition is social cognition. The article argues for this second position. Finally, it appears that fully blown autonomy actually requires heteronomy. It is the acceptance of the constraints of social structures that enables individuals to enter new realms of common meaningfulness. The emergence of social life marks a crucial step in the evolution of cognition; so that at some evolutionary point human cognition cannot but be social cognition.
Keywords: autonomy, cognition,, Disziplin, Interaction, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, Kultur, kultureller Zusammenhang, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtheorie, Normativität, Normen, Philosophie, Social Cognition, social learning, social systems, Sozialisierung, Sozialverhalten, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 1999
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(1999): Variables that affect job satisfaction in home health nurses. In: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 59 (8-B)
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to measure the variables related to job satisfaction and home healthcare nurses. Specifically, this study was designed to determine how satisfied the home healthcare nurse is at the current agency for which he or she is employed. This study attempted to determine which variables produce job satisfaction and which produce job dissatisfaction. The following research hypotheses were tested in this study. The first hypothesis is that seven factors comprise job satisfaction and these factors emerge in factor analysis: safety, autonomy, interaction, compensation, task requirements, professional status, organizational policies. The second hypothesis is that items measuring job satisfaction factors display acceptable internal consistency. The third hypothesis is social demographic variables relate to job satisfaction of home health services. The sample consisted of 150 home health nurses in the greater Houston and surrounding areas. The sample was a convenience sample from registered nurses (RN) and licensed vocational nurses (LVN) currently working at home health agencies. A 46-item Job Attitude Scale (JAS) was proposed in seven hypothesized factors. The seven factors were compensation, safety, autonomy, task requirement, organizational policies, professional status, and interaction. The construct validity of the original seven factor JAS was tested through factor analysis with principal component extraction. After factor analysis testing, the seven factor JAS was reduced to a proposed 3 factor scale which included: Job Compensation (10 items), Work Decorum (10 items), and Ancillary Function (10 items). Therefore, the first hypothesis was rejected. Alpha reliability coefficient was calculated for each of the retained factors. The analysis yielded a correlation coefficient of.86,.85 and.84 for the factors 'Job Compensation', 'Work Decorum', and 'Ancillary Function', respectively. The current scale reveals internal consistency and this is a solid and reliable scale. Therefore, the second hypothesis was accepted. The third hypothesis was tested by using the following measurement techniques: correlation coefficients, multiple regression, and ANOVA. No significant mean factor score differences were found between age and educational background. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Arbeits - und Organisationspsychologie, autonomy, compensation & safety & autonomy & task requirement & organizational policies & professional status & interaction & social demographic variables, Compensation (Defense Mechanism), decorum, Demographic Characteristics, Gesundheit, home health nurses, Interpersonal Interaction, Job Satisfaction, Occupational Status, Policy Making, safety
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