Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Children Consider Their Own Group to Be More Human Than Other Social Groups. In: Social Psychology 49 (3), S. 125-134. DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000329
Abstract: Three studies were conducted to determine whether outgroups were dehumanized through animalization since childhood. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), in Study 1 we found faster reaction times in the compatible condition (ingroup names and human words, outgroup names and animal words), compared with the incompatible condition (ingroup names and animal words, outgroup names and human words). In Study 2, we used a paper-and-pencil design and found that the association between animal-related words and outgroups was more prevalent in comparison to ingroups. The participants of Study 3 selected a larger number of animal-related words to describe the outgroups than their own groups. Results revealed that the tendency to animalize is a process that begins during early childhood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
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(2018): They did it again!. Social control responses to repeated incidences of deviance in small groups / ¡Lo han vuelto a hacer! Respuestas de control social a la incidencia repetida de la desviación en grupos pequeños. In: Revista de Psicología Social 33 (3), S. 578-619. DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2018.1482055
Abstract: Deviant group members who break group norms often challenge social validity and group locomotion, invoking varying types of social control responses. The current study (N = 95) investigated changes over time in the use of four social control responses of varying severity (persuasion, embarrassment, temporary exclusion and permanent exclusion) employed in response to deviance. It also tested the roles that perceived effectiveness of and social support for various responses play in response selection. Findings show severity of social control response selection is driven by both pragmatic and identity-based concerns: Over time, responses become more severe, driven in part by effectiveness and social support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Supervisor-employee power distance incompatibility, gender similarity, and relationship conflict. A test of interpersonal interaction theory. In: The Journal of applied psychology 103 (3), S. 334-346. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000265
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000265 Abstract: According to interpersonal interaction theory, relational harmony surfaces when two individuals have compatible interaction styles. Building from this theory, we propose that supervisor-employee power distance orientation incompatibility will be related to employees' experience of higher levels of relationship conflict with their supervisors. Additionally, we propose an asymmetrical incongruence effect such that relationship conflict will be highest when supervisors are high in power distance and employees are low in power distance. Furthermore, we address calls in interpersonal interaction research for more direct attention to the social context of the dyadic interaction and explore the moderating effects of supervisor-employee gender (dis)similarity on the relationship between this incompatibility and conflict. We propose that supervisor-employee gender dissimilarity (e.g., male-female or female-male pairs) acts as a conditional moderator, neutralizing the power distance incongruence effect and the asymmetrical incongruence effect. Using 259 supervisor-employee dyads in the physical therapy industry, the hypotheses were generally supported. Theoretical and practical implications regarding the unique benefits of power distance compatibility and gender diversity in supervisor-employee dyads are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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(2018): Individual differences in social control. Who 'speaks up' when witnessing uncivil, discriminatory, and immoral behaviours?. In: The British journal of social psychology 57 (3), S. 524-546. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12246
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29468703 Abstract: This research examined the personality characteristics of individuals who 'speak up' and confront perpetrators of norm transgressions. We tested whether those who intervene tend to be 'bitter complainers' or 'well-adjusted leaders'. In four studies (total N = 1,003), we measured several individual differences that are directly implicated by at least one of the two concepts. We also presented participants with uncivil, discriminatory, and immoral behaviours and asked them how likely they would be to intervene if they were to witness each of these behaviours as a bystander. The results confirmed the well-adjusted leader hypothesis: Participants' self-reported tendency to confront perpetrators correlated positively with altruism, extraversion, social responsibility, acceptance by peers, independent self-construal, emotion regulation, persistence, self-directedness, age, occupation, and monthly salary, but not with aggressiveness or low self-esteem. Individuals who confront prejudice also speak up against other immoral and uncivil behaviours. We discuss the implications of these findings for the perpetuation and change of social norms. zitiert von 2
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(2018): Supplemental Material for Unethical and Inept?. The Influence of Moral Information on Perceptions of Competence. In: Journal of personality and social psychology, S. 195-210. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000097.supp
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000097.supp Abstract: While moral character heavily influences global evaluations of others (Goodwin, Piazza, & Rozin, 2014), its causal effect on perceptions of others’ competence (i.e., one’s knowledge, skills, and abilities) is less clear. We found that people readily use information about another’s morality when judging their competence, despite holding folk intuitions that these domains are independent. Across 6 studies (n = 1,567), including 2 preregistered experiments, participants judged targets who committed hypothetical transgressions (Studies 1 and 3), cheated on lab tasks (Study 2), acted selfishly in economic games (Study 4), and received low morality ratings from coworkers (Study 5 and 6) as less competent than control or moral targets. These findings were specific to morality and were not the result of incidentally manipulating impressions of warmth (Study 4), nor were they fully explained by a general halo effect (Studies 2 and 3). We hypothesized that immoral targets are seen as less competent because their immoral actions led them to be viewed as low in social intelligence. Studies 4 and 5 supported this prediction, demonstrating that social intelligence was a more reliable mediator than perceptions of self-control or general intelligence. An experimental test of this mediation argument found that presenting targets as highly socially intelligent eliminated the negative effect of immoral information on judgments of competence (Study 6). These results suggest that information about a person’s moral character readily influences perceptions of their competence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): The Influence of Media Exposure on the Accessibility of Moral Intuitions and Associated Affect. In: Journal of Media Psychology 30 (2), S. 79-90. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000183
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000183 Abstract: The model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) predicts that media content can increase the accessibility of preconscious moral intuitions, which shape subsequent moral decision making. To date, attempts to demonstrate evidence of this intuitive, preconscious process with self-report measures have met with little success. The current paper presents results from a study designed to test the MIME’s predictions, measuring the accessibility of moral intuitions with a moral foundations–affect misattribution procedure (MF-AMP) argued in the current paper to be more capable of detecting the aforementioned effect. An experiment manipulated exposure to media content that focused on care and fairness to test the proposition that media content can increase the accessibility of these moral intuitions. The findings offer preliminary evidence supporting the MIME’s proposition that media content featuring behaviors relevant to specific moral intuitions can increase (temporar ily at l east) the accessibility of those specific moral intuitions in the audiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 6
Keywords: Intuition, Media Exposure, Medien, MODELS, Moral, Morality, Social Influences, Test Construction -
(2018): Ranking low, feeling high. How hierarchical position and experienced power promote prosocial behavior in response to procedural justice. In: The Journal of applied psychology 103 (2), S. 164-181. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000260
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28933910 Abstract: Research shows that power can lead to prosocial behavior by facilitating the behavioral expression of dispositional prosocial motivation. However, it is not clear how power may facilitate responses to contextual factors that promote prosocial motivation. Integrating fairness heuristic theory and the situated focus theory of power, we argue that in particular, organization members in lower (vs. higher) hierarchical positions who simultaneously experience a high (vs. low) sense of power respond with prosocial behavior to 1 important antecedent of prosocial motivation, that is, the enactment of procedural justice. The results from a multisource survey among employees and their leaders from various organizations (Study 1) and an experiment using a public goods dilemma (Study 2) support this prediction. Three subsequent experiments (Studies 3-5) show that this effect is mediated by perceptions of authority trustworthiness. Taken together, this research (a) helps resolve the debate regarding whether power promotes or undermines prosocial behavior, (b) demonstrates that hierarchical position and the sense of power can have very different effects on processes that are vital to the functioning of an organization, and (c) helps solve ambiguity regarding the roles of hierarchical position and power in fairness heuristic theory. (PsycINFO Database Record
2016
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(2016): An introduction to the Moral Agency Scale. Individual differences in moral agency and their relationship to related moral constructs, free will, and blame attribution (PSYNDEXshort). In: Social Psychology 47 (6), S. 295-310
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to develop a psychometric measure of moral agency and explore its relationship with related moral constructs. Although our legal system, daily interactions with others, and most theories about moral psychology assume moral agency, few researchers have studied it, and there is no instrument devised to specifically measure it. Here, we present the Moral Agency Scale (MAS), a self-report instrument designed to assess the extent to which participants feel control over their moral choices. In Study 1, the MAS demonstrated strict factorial invariance; validity is further supported by its relations to similar constructs and reported volunteering behavior. In Study 2, MAS scores were associated with free will beliefs, moral disengagement, and judgments of moral blame. Results are discussed with reference to theory and future directions for research.
Keywords: agency, Attribution, Blame, Moral, Morality, psychometrics, Rating Scales, Self-Report, Sozialpsychologie, Test Construction, Volition 2015
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(2015): The cue is the key. The relevance of cues and contextual information in the social understanding tasks of the Magdeburg Test of Social Intelligence. In: European Journal of Psychological Assessment 31 (1), S. 38-44. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000204
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000204 Abstract: In contrast to former tests, the Magdeburg Test of Social Intelligence measures social understanding with a scenario approach. Each scenario is based on one real target person and includes both social cues and contextual information about this person in different realistic situations. The subjects' task is to understand the given social cues and to judge the target persons' cognitions, emotions, and relationships to other people. However, subjects can potentially use only contextual information instead of social cues or base their judgments equally on both. The present study was aimed at examining the relative contribution of social cues and contextual information. In an experiment (N = 126), the following conditions were manipulated: Participants were given (1) only social cues, (2) only contextual information, or (3) both components. Results showed that social cues played a more important role in this social understanding task than the contextual information.
Keywords: Contextual Associations, Cues, empirical examination, Hinweisreize, importance of social cues & contextual information, Intelligence, Intelligenz, Kontextgebundene Assoziationen, Magdeburg Test of Social Intelligence (MTSI-2), MTSI, only social cues vs only contextual information vs social cues plus contextual information, Personality Measures, Personality Scales & Inventories, Persönlichkeitstests, scenario approach during testing, Social Behavior, social psychology, Soziale Intelligenz, soziales Verhalten, Sozialpsychologie, Test Construction, Testkonstruktion, Tests & Testing, Tests und Testen -
(2015): Moral identity: Identification and validation of moral traits.. In: Developmental Psychology: Journal of Iranian Psychologists 11 (44), S. 367-378
Abstract: In order to construct a moral identity scale primarily based on Aquino and Reed (2002) model, two pilot studies were conducted. The first study aimed to identify moral traits among college students. One hundred and twenty two students (56% females) participated in a free-listing task. The participants were asked to list characteristics that a moral person possessed. A content analysis of the traits based on five criteria (Hardy et al, 2011) resulted in 26 non-redundant traits. In order to obtain further evidence that these 26 traits had sufficient content validity, in a sample different from the first study 217 students (58% females) were asked to rate each trait using a scale ranging from 1(absolutely unnecessary) to 5 (absolutely necessary). The results indicated that 24 traits were judged to be above the midpoint of the scale. Investigating the results of females and males students led to identification of nine traits that had the highest ratings: polite, trustworthy, honest, self-respect, rational, loyal, fair, religious, and patient. These nine traits were considered as identity-invoking stimuli for constructing moral identity scale. The implications of the findings were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2013
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(2013): New findings about social intelligence. Development and application of the Magdeburg Test of Social Intelligence (MTSI). In: Journal of Individual Differences 34 (3), S. 119-137. DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000106 Abstract: Social intelligence (SI) is an ability construct with a long history in scientific psychology which has yet to be clearly established. SI tests show low convergent validity and can hardly be distinguished from academic intelligence. This may be the result of conceptual ambiguity and a lack of reliable and valid performance tests that apply nonverbal stimuli. The Magdeburg Test of Social Intelligence (MTSI) is a new multimedia-based performance test battery relying on a potential-based concept of SI. It presently comprises subtests for social understanding, social memory, and social perception, each of which is measured with real auditory, video-based, pictorial, and verbal task material. It applies target scoring to the social understanding tasks. Two studies with 127 and 190 participants, respectively, examined the psychometric properties and construct validity of the MTSI. Discriminant construct validation was conducted with well-established academic intelligence and personality tests. The findings revealed satisfactory psychometric properties for nearly all of the 22 tasks. A general SI and a social perception factor were not substantiated. Social understanding was separate from academic intelligence, whereas social memory and social perception tasks showed systematic correlations with academic intelligence. The SI tasks were not systematically related to personality traits.
Keywords: Intelligence Measures, Intelligenztests, Magdeburg Test of Social Intelligence (MTSI), Measurement, Messung, MTSI & BIS-TEST & NEO-FFI, Personality Scales & Inventories, Persönlichkeitstests, psychometric properties, psychometrics, Psychometrie, Social Behavior, Sonstiges, Soziale Intelligenz, soziales Verhalten, subtests for social understanding & social memory & social perception, Test Construction, test construction & evaluation, Test Validity, Testen, Testing, Testkonstruktion, Testvalidität -
(2013): Development and validation of Social Intelligence Scale for university students. In: Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 28 (1), S. 65-83
Abstract: The present research was undertaken to develop and validate the social intelligence scale. Attributes of social intelligence were elicited from 35 university students. After empirical validation, 431 university students were asked to rate themselves on the 98 item on a 4-point scale. Factor analysis revealed five factors namely; Social Manipulation (SM), Social Facilitation (SF), Social Empathy (SE), Extroversion (E), and Social Adaptability (SA). SM and SA appeared to be the two ends of social skills judged to be negative and positive. SM comprising rather devious set of items used to exploit others for selfish ends. SA represented honest and sincere interaction with others resulting in mutual benefit. SF was positively related to SE and SA whereas SM was not. Extroversion correlated highly with all factors. Construct validity was established with the help of Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-On, 1997) and test retest reliability was also found to be satisfactory. The findings are discussed in terms of the factor structure and function of SI in the context of the culture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2012
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(2012): Wie lässt sich der Einfluss von Kultur auf Erleben und Verhalten messen?. In: Diagnostica 58 (2), S. 53-63. DOI: 10.1026/0012-1924/a000045
Abstract: Die Frage nach dem Einfluss von Kultur auf Erleben und Verhalten hat innerhalb der quantitativen Psychologie erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Zunächst wird geklärt, was unter "Kultur" theoretisch und forschungspraktisch zu verstehen ist, wie sich psychologisch relevante Einflüsse von Kultur nachweisen lassen und welche Variablen diesen Einfluss vermitteln. Der empirische Schwerpunkt liegt auf den deutschsprachigen Adaptionen der "Self-Construal Scale" (SCS), der "Sex-Role Ideology Scale" (SRIS) und der "Tightness-Looseness Scale" (TLS), die ein breites Spektrum an kulturvermittelnden Variablen erfassen. Die adaptierten Skalen wurden bei einer heterogenen deutschen Stichprobe (515 Personen) hinsichtlich ihrer faktoriellen Struktur, Reliabilitäten und Validitätsindikatoren untersucht. Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften erwiesen sich als zufriedenstellend bis gut und als mit den Originalskalen gut vergleichbar. Zusammengenommen bilden die Skalen, erstmals im deutschsprachigen Bereich, eine reliable, multidimensionale Fragebogenbatterie, die den Einfluss von Kultur in testökonomisch vertretbarer Weise messbar macht. zitiert von 15
2008
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(2008) : Neue Wege zur leistungsbasierten Erfassung sozialer Intelligenz und erste Befunde In: Sarges, Werner; Scheffer, David (Hg.): Innovative Ansätze für die Eignungsdiagnostik: Göttingen: Hogrefe, S. 129-143
Abstract: Es wird informiert über die Entwicklung und Validierung des "Magdeburger Tests zur Sozialen Intelligenz" (SIM). Zunächst werden Überlegungen zur Bedeutung sozialer Kompetenzen in der Eignungsdiagnostik angestellt und terminologische Aspekte geklärt. Außerdem werden einige grundlegende methodische Probleme bei der Messung sozialer Intelligenz einschließlich möglicher Lösungen beschrieben: fehlender Theoriebezug; unsystematische Verwendung von Messkonzepten und Aufgabeninhalten; fehlender Realitätsbezug; dekontextualisierte Stimuli. Im SIM wird soziales Verständnis durch Szenarien erfasst. In Aufgaben zum sozialen Gedächtnis werden Probanden in limitierter Darbietungszeit mit sozialen Stimuli konfrontiert, deren Details sie anschließend korrekt erinnern sollen. Bei den Aufgaben zur sozialen Wahrnehmung werden Zielreize präsentiert, auf die die Probanden im anschließend gezeigten Aufgabenmaterial so schnell wie möglich reagieren sollen. Ein Validierung wurde an einer Stichprobe von 126 Studierenden vorgenommen. Strukturbefunde und Befunde zu den Außenbezügen sozialer Intelligenz werden mitgeteilt. Es wird betont, dass es mit den bisherigen Arbeiten gelungen ist, das facettentheoretisch konzipierte Modell der sozialen Intelligenz zu operationalisieren, leistungsbasiert reliabel zu erfassen und einige Aspekte der Konstruktvalidität nach innen (Binnenstruktur) und nach außen (Abgrenzung von der akademischen Intelligenz und allgemeinen auditiven Fähigkeiten) zu belegen.
Keywords: Berufs- und arbeitspsychologische Tests, Comprehension, development & validation of Magdeburger Test zur Sozialen Intelligenz (SIM), Eignungsdiagnostik, Eignungstests, facet theory concept of social intelligence & construct validity & discriminative validity, Aptitude Measures, Gedächtnis, Intelligence, Intelligenz, MEMORY, Occupational & Employment Testing, performance-based test for assessment of social intelligence, Personality Measures, Personality Scales & Inventories, Persönlichkeitstests, Social Perception, Social Skills, Soziale Fertigkeiten, Soziale Intelligenz, Soziale Wahrnehmung, Test Construction, Test Reliability, Test Validity, Testkonstruktion, Testreliabilität, Testvalidität, Verständnis -
(2008): Theory and measurement of social intelligence as a cognitive performance construct.
Abstract: Examined social intelligence as a construct within the nomological network of existing human-ability constructs. Social intelligence is first discussed within a structural performance model that distinguishes between social understanding, social memory, social perception, and social creativity as the cognitive ability domains. This model also includes a hierarchal assumption in terms of a higher-order social-intelligence factor, and taxonomic considerations are applied that identify additional classificatory principles in definitions of social intelligence. Then, the development of a test battery to assess social intelligence in the operational ability domains (social understanding, social memory, and social perception) is presented. The multitrait-multimethod design included written and spoken language, pictures, and videos, and all tasks were systematically varied in terms of setting as well as number of people involved in situations. Thereafter, 2 empirical studies are presented that were conducted with 126 university students (mean age 21 years) and 182 adults (mean age 28 years), respectively. In both studies, participants completed the test battery of social intelligence, as well as German versions of the Berlin Intelligence Structure Test (BIS-Test), NEO-FFI, a simple reaction time task, a mouse speed task, Readspeed, the Social Behavior Questionnaire (FBS), and a biographical questionnaire. In addition, the participants in Study 2 completed a long-term memory task, an exhaustion questionnaire, the German version of the Social Emotional Intelligence Scale, an empathy questionnaire, the altruism scale of the German version of the FPI-R, and a depression questionnaire. The purpose of the studies was to examine the psychometric properties of social intelligence tasks and to examine construct validity of social intelligence. Results showed sufficient reliability, and a two-factor structural model of social intelligence was confirmed with correlated factors of social understanding and memory. No higher-order general social-intelligence factor was supported in Study 2. Social-intelligence factors were discernible from academic intelligence, whereas the social-memory factor correlated with BIS memory scores. Few gender effects were observed in both studies in favor of women. The results are discussed in regards to their consequences for the social-intelligence construct and the test approach as well as the underlying taxonomic considerations. Finally, considerations about test modifications and extensions are addressed.
Keywords: Academic Aptitude, BIS-TEST & NEO-FFI, cognitive ability, construct validity, Emotional Intelligence, Emotionale Intelligenz, Fähigkeit (Schule und Hochschule), Fragebögen, Intelligence, Intelligenz, Kognitive Fähigkeiten, Measurement, Messung, Modelle, MODELS, multitrait-multimethod, Personality Scales & Inventories, Personality Traits & Processes, Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Persönlichkeitsprozesse, Persönlichkeitstests, psychometrics, Psychometrie, Questionnaires, social creativity, Social intelligence, social memory, Social Perception, Social Skills, social understanding, Soziale Fertigkeiten, Soziale Intelligenz, Soziale Wahrnehmung, Test Construction, Test Reliability, Test Validity, Testreliabilität, Testvalidität
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