Alle Publikationen
1978
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(1978): Looking back on Kurt Lewin: From field theory to action research. In: Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 14 (3), S. 228-232. DOI: 10.1002/1520-6696(197807)14:3<228::AID-JHBS2300140306>3.0.CO;2-C
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Goody, Esther N. (1978): Questions and politeness. Strategies in social interaction. 1. Aufl.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Abstract: These essays, by anthropologists and anthropological linguists, draw on material from speech communities in three continents to raise fundamental questions about the ways in which interrogative and politeness forms are used in day-to-day social interaction. The authors suggest that interrogative and politeness forms have universal features which make them efficient for certain strategies of interaction. Why should these strategies constantly recur? Here the focus shifts to the consideration of status and power, social roles and social distance. Esther Goody looks at the way in whichy the institutionalization of questioning allows only for speech acts consistent with status differences. Brown and Levinson claim that speech acts are potentially threatening to those being addressed, and that politeness forms have evolved as a mechanism for reducing such threats. They analyse the conditions under which politeness forms will be used and show that their findings are consistent with data drawn from India, Mexico and the US.
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(1978): MAKING OF DIPLOMATIC MIND - TRAINING, OUTLOOK, AND STYLE OF UNITED-STATES-FOREIGN-SERVICE OFFICERS, 1908-1931 - SCHULZINGER,RD. In: PACIFIC NORTHWEST QUARTERLY 69 (3)
Abstract: [book review] Abstract of the reviewed publication: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1971. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 320-355). Photocopy of typescript.
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(1978) : Compliment Responses. Notes on the Cooperation of Multiple Constraints In: Schenkein, Jim: Studies in the organization of conversational interaction: New York NY u.a.: Acad. Press (Language, thought, and culture), S. 79-112
Abstract: A large proportion of compliment responses deviate from the model response of accepting compliments. A close examination of those responses reveals that while rejections are frequent, they are not performed as preferred seconds. While various sequential features suggest that determination, one indication is that most compliment responses lie somewhere in between acceptances and agreements on the one hand and rejections and disagreements on the other hand. This chapter describes an organization, which accounts, in part, for the in between-ness of compliment responses. The chapter presents descriptions of constraint systems bearing on compliment responses and describes solution types to conflicting constraints as displayed by compliment responses. The productions of compliment responses are sensitive to the cooperation of multiple constraint systems. One preference system is that of supportive actions, which are responses that legitimize, ratify, and affirm prior compliments. A second constraint system is that of self-praise avoidance.
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(1978): Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1 (4), S. 515-526. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X00076512
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(1978) : Accretion, Tuning, and Restructuring: Three Modes of Learning In: Cotton, John; Klatzky, Roberta (Hg.): Semantic factors in cognition: Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum, S. 37-53Keywords: Schematheorie
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Schenkein, Jim (1978): Studies in the organization of conversational interaction. New York NY u.a.: Acad. Press (Language, thought, and culture)
Abstract: Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction examines the different features of conversational interaction, which reflect a vigorous research paradigm for the study of natural conversations. This book discusses the naturally occurring interactions that have been recorder and transcribed. Organized into 10 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the turn-taking system for conversation and explains that the organization of taking turns at talk is one type of organization operative in conversation. This text then discusses encounters with strangers that only conduct their business under the auspices of their official identity relations. Other chapters consider the production of compliment responses, which are sensitive to the cooperation of multiple constraint systems. This book discusses as well the conversational activity of telling stories and listening to stories. The final chapter deals with an analysis of a dirty joke. This book is a valuable resource for sociologists, conversationalists, linguists, grammarians, and anthropologists.
Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung, Aufsatzsammlungen, Disziplin, Good manners, Interaktion, Kommunikation, Komversationsanalyse, Linguistik, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprache, Sprachgebrauch, Sprachverstehen, Status / biologische Marker -
(1978): Social competence – challenge for teacher-training. In: SOCIAL STUDIES 69 (1), S. 3-6
Abstract: Criticizes the state of social studies education. Content is fragmented, curriculum is not continuous, and teacher attitudes are negative. Teacher education institutions do not adequately combine social studies content and skill training. Suggests improvements in teacher education and curriculum development. (AV)
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(1978): Process and reality: An essay in cosmology. Corrected Edition. New York, NY: Free Press
1977
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(1977): Ideologie und ideologische Staatsapparate. Aufsätze zur marxistischen Theorie. Hamburg: VSA (Positionen)Keywords: Anerkennung, Aufsatzsammlung, Favoriten, Historischer Materialismus, Ideologie, Konstitutionen des Selbst (Anerkennung), Marxismus, Marxismus. Theorie, Marxistische Philosophie, Modelle/Theorien, OEK.BASIS/UEBERBAU, Philosophie / marxistische Theorie, (post)strukturalistische Ansätze, Soziale Angemessenheit, Staat, Staatslehre, STAATSMACHT, Subjektivierung, Subjektivierung als Unterwerfung, Theorie, Unterwerfung
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Berkowitz, Leonard (1977): Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 10. Orlando, FL: Academic Press
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(1977): Resilience, Hypotheticality and Computers. Designing Social Systems under Uncertainty. In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (121/5), S. 346-349
Abstract: OVER TWO THOUSAND years ago, Archimedes invented some formidable, for his time, machines. And, in a moment of forgivable boastfulness, he isreported to have said: "Give me where to stand, and I shall move the earth." Since his day, man- kind has generated the energy to move the earth and has set about transforming it, often to our satisfaction, not infrequently to our regret. And we know where is Archimedes' place to stand: technology. About twenty-five years ago, computing machines made their appearance. A computing machine is a means for multiplying mankind's capacity to generate, manage, and apply information, just as Archimedes' machines were force- multiplying devices. Where energy machines give us the power to alter natural systems, to fashion the physical world to a state we believe we shall like better, information machines may give us expanded analytical power to foresee the conse- quences of technological choice. However, much of the computer simulation of social and physical systems falls far short of demonstrating the reality of this hope. Economic models do not yet provide unambiguous direction to economic planners. The use by the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth project, of what Gerald Piel calls the "awesome authority of the computer" to forecast a dismal fate for mankind, undoubtedly helped catch the public's attention. But whether it advanced the reputation of computer simulation of complex social processes is more debatable.
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(1977): Two Kinds of Respect. In: Ethics 88 (1), S. 36-49. DOI: 10.1086/292054
Abstract: S. 39: "My project in this paper is to develop the initial distinction which I have drawn between recognition and appraisal respect into a more detailed and specific account of each. These accounts will not merely be of intrinsic interest. Ultimately I will use them to illuminate the puzzles with which this paper began and to understand the idea of self-respect." 42 " Thus, insofar as respect within such a pursuit will depend on an appraisal of the participant from the perspective of whatever standards are held to be appropriate to the pursuit, such respect will depend on a judgement to which excellences of character are thought relevant. Note that exactly what aspect of the person's character is thought to be relevant in this instance is his recognition respect (or lack of it) for the standards of the pursuit." 44 "This attitude fails of being appraisal respect in that my having it toward the person is conditional on those traits being such as to make him server a particular purpose that I happen to have" 44 - 45 "To sum up: Appraisal respect is an attitude of positive appraisal of a person either judged as a person or as engaged in some more specific pursuit. In the first case, the appropriate grounds are features of the person's character: dispositions to act for particular reasons or a higher-level disposition to act for the best reasons. In the second case, though features of character do not exhaust the appropriate grounds for appraisal respect, some such character traits will be relevant (recognition respect for the standards of a particular pursuit). Also, the other features which constitute the appoprate excellences of the pursuit must be related to traits of character in the way specified. In both cases, the positive appraisal of the person, and of his traits, must be categorical. It cannot depend on the fact that the person, because of his traits, serves an interest or purpose of one's own." 45 "To have recognition respect for someone as a person is to give appropriate weight to the fact that he or she is a person by being willing to constrain one's behaviour in ways required by that fact." 45 "This is rather different from having an attitude of appraisal respect for someone as a person. The latter is a positive appraisal of an individual made with regard to those features which are excellences of persons. As such, it is not owed to everone, for it may or may not be merited. When it is, what is merited is just the positive appraisal itself." 47 "Second, the only beings who are approriate objects of appraisal respect are those who are capable of acting for reasons and hence capable of conceiving of various facts as meriting more or less consideration in deliberation."
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(1977): Blake and the Artistic Machine. An Essay in Decorum and Technology. In: PMLA 92 (5). DOI: 10.2307/461845Keywords: Aufklärung, Blake, decorum, geschriebene Sprache, gesprochene Sprache, Ideengeschichte, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, Kunst als Technik, Kunstgeschichte, Kunstmaschinen, Literaturwissenschaft, Maschinenkunst, Mechanismus, Mechanismus und Organismus, mechanistisches Weltbild, Mechanizismus, Mensch und Maschine, Mensch/Maschine (Maschinetheorie des Lebens), Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Ontologische Differenzierungen: Tier, Mensch, Maschine, Reflexionen über MTR, Schrift, Schriftkultur, Sprache, Sprachtheorie, Technikgeschichte, Technologie, Verschriftlichung
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(1977): Presentive psychotherapy as a training of social competence. In: PSYCHOTHERAPIE MEDIZINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 27 (1), S. 1-5
Abstract: Proposes 4 theses toward a definition of the basic conditions, aims, and special techniques in preventive psychotherapy: (a) Preventive psychotherapy works in the social space where psychic disturbances potentially may occur. (b) The basic condition of this work is sufficiently developed social competence, which enables the clients to bear social and inner conflicts and tensions. (c) The training of social competence aims at the prevention of pathogenic psychosocial defense mechanisms, which are the basis of social and individual psychic disturbances. (d) Preventive measures make use mainly of the progressive strengths of the clients, but they also include those regressive processes that further identification and personal autonomy. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Disziplin, Identifikation, personale Autonomie, persönliche Stärken, Postkasten, Psychologie, psychosoziale Verteidigungsmechanismen, social competence training, social competences, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialkompetenz, SvA, Therapie, (Un)Fähigkeit, innere und soziale Konflikte und Spannungen zu ertragen -
(1977): The Ontology of Social Roles*‡, S. 139-161
Abstract: Surely it ought to be a principle of the science of religions that religion expresses nothing which does not exist in nature; .... The only question is to learn from what part of nature these realities come and what has been able to make men represent them under this singular form which is peculiar to religious thought. But if this question is to be raised, it is necessary to commence by admitting that they are real things which are thus represented. - Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life Since Durkheim expressed his views on the matter, there has emerged a considerable body of literature devoted to the question of whether the subject-matter of the social sciences can be explained in terms of the actions and psychology of individual persons taken collectively, or whether these phenomena are irreducibly emergent. Some methodological individualists have held that an explanatory reduction is possible and perspicuous. This paper is divided into two parts. In Part I, the prospects for such a reduction are examined once again, and an alternative proposal for the construal of events and institutions at the social level is sketched which is ultimately materialistic without conceding reductionism in the intended sense. I then explore the implications which such a nonreductionist stance has for the way in which we should understand the ontological status of societies, offices, and persons qua holders of offices. Part II brings those results to bear upon the vexed question of what anthropologists are to make of the religious beliefs of the cultures they study. I hope there to vindicate (in a sense) some of Durkheim’s fundamental conclusions about religious language; but I hope to show at the same time that we must understand the natives of those ’primitive’ cultures to be far less simple-minded than they have been taken by most social theorists (notably including Durkheim) to be. So I come to resur- rect Durkheim, not to praise him. If I hit my mark, one consequence will be that native myth-makers must by and large be very clever fellows indeed-as theoretically clever, perhaps, as some of us who write scholarly tomes about them.
Keywords: philosophy of the social sciences -
(1977) : Scenes and Frames Semantics In: Zampolli, A.: Linguistic Structure Processing: Amsterdam; New York: North-Holland Pub. Co., S. 55-81
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(1977): Beyond culture. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books/Doubleday
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(1977): Psychologie der interpersonalen Beziehungen. 1. Aufl.. Stuttgart: Klett (Konzepte der Humanwissenschaften)
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Johnson-Laird, P. N.; Wason, P. C. (Hg.) (1977): Thinking: Readings in cognitive sceince. Oxford: Cambridge University Press
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(1977): Facial Gestures Which Influence the Perception of Status. In: Sociometry 40 (4). DOI: 10.2307/3033487Keywords: Gestik/Mimik, Status / biologische Marker
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(1977) : Frame-system theory In: Johnson-Laird, P. N.; Wason, P. C. (Hg.): Thinking: Readings in cognitive sceince: Oxford: Cambridge University Press, S. 355-376
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(1977) : The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings. Distortions in the attribution process In: Berkowitz, Leonard: Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 10: Orlando, FL: Academic Press, S. 173-220
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(1977): The Preference for Self-Correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation. In: Language 53 (2), S. 361-382
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(1977): Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc