Alle Publikationen
2010
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(2010): Avoiding twisted pixels. Ethical guidelines for the appropriate use and manipulation of scientific digital images. In: Science and engineering ethics 16 (4), S. 639-667. DOI: 10.1007/s11948-010-9201-y
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20567932 Abstract: Digital imaging has provided scientists with new opportunities to acquire and manipulate data using techniques that were difficult or impossible to employ in the past. Because digital images are easier to manipulate than film images, new problems have emerged. One growing concern in the scientific community is that digital images are not being handled with sufficient care. The problem is twofold: (1) the very small, yet troubling, number of intentional falsifications that have been identified, and (2) the more common unintentional, inappropriate manipulation of images for publication. Journals and professional societies have begun to address the issue with specific digital imaging guidelines. Unfortunately, the guidelines provided often do not come with instructions to explain their importance. Thus they deal with what should or should not be done, but not the associated 'why' that is required for understanding the rules. This article proposes 12 guidelines for scientific digital image manipulation and discusses the technical reasons behind these guidelines. These guidelines can be incorporated into lab meetings and graduate student training in order to provoke discussion and begin to bring an end to the culture of "data beautification".
Keywords: Absichtslosigkeit (Fehler), Codes of Ethics, Data Compression/ethics, Elektronische Bildverarbeitung, Ethics, Research, Ethik, Guidelines as Topic, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/ethics, Intentionalität, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Nachvollziehbarkeit des Sinns von Regeln/Anweisungen etc., Photography/ethics, Realtechnik, Science/ethics, Scientific Misconduct, Technik -
(2010): Conventionalised impoliteness formulae. In: Journal of Pragmatics 42 (12), S. 3232-3245. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.05.007
Abstract: This paper makes a contribution to the study of impoliteness. More particularly, it explores conventionalised impoliteness formulae and their basis. It taps into debates about whether impoliteness (or politeness, for that matter) can be inherent in expressions, and argues that there is a sense in which it can. An important foundation for this paper is Terkourafi's (e.g. 2001, 2002) work on formulaic politeness expressions. However, it argues that Terkourafi's strong focus on the frequency of people's direct experience of linguistic expressions in specific contexts, whilst appropriate for politeness, does not entirely suit an account of conventionalised impoliteness formulae. Indirect experience of impoliteness, especially via metadiscourse, does much to shape what counts as impolite and thus what may be conventionalised as impolite. Such impoliteness metadiscourse is driven not only by the salience of impoliteness, but by the social dynamics of impoliteness itself. Finally, this paper proposes two methods for identifying conventionalised impoliteness formulae (one being akin to Terkourafi's method), and offers a preliminary list of such formulae in English. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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(2010): Cross-cultural variation in the perception of impoliteness. A study of impoliteness events reported by students in England, China, Finland, Germany and Turkey. In: Intercultural Pragmatics 7 (4). DOI: 10.1515/iprg.2010.027
Abstract: This paper investigates cross-cultural variation in the perception of impoliteness. It is based on 500 impoliteness events reported by students in England, China, Finland, Germany, and Turkey. The main analytical framework adopted is Spencer-Oatey's (e.g. 2000) "rapport management," covering various types of face as well as sociality rights. We offer some clarifications of this framework, and explain and demonstrate how it can be operationalized for quantitative analysis. In general, it offers a good account of our data, though accommodating ambiguous cases proved to be a major challenge. Our quantitative analysis suggests that three of the five categories of Spencer-Oatey's framework are key ones, namely, quality face, equity rights, and association rights. Furthermore, differences between our geographically separated datasets emerge. For example, the England-based data has a preponderance of impoliteness events in which quality face is violated, whereas the China-based data has a preponderance where equity rights are violated. We offer some explanations for these differences, relating them where possible to broader cultural issues.
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(2010) : Aiding Designers, Operators and Regulators to Deal with Legal and Ethical Considerations in the Design and Use of Lethal Autonomous Systems: 2010 International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies: Canterbury, United Kingdom: IEEE, S. 148-152
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EST.2010.35 Abstract: The focus of this paper is how to design legal and ethical behaviour into Semi/Autonomous Systems (S/AS) that work within a System-of-Systems (SoS) context, in either a military or civilian environment. Its intention is to explore the problem domain, question the comprehensiveness of current work in this area and postulate a series of issues that the authors feel need to be addressed if serious progress is to be made in an area of considerable interest to governments, manufacturers and users of theses systems and indeed the general public. It should be read as a discussion document.
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(2010) : Wertschätzung - ein Garant für gutes Arbeiten In: Rigotti, Thomas: Gesund mit und ohne Arbeit: Lengerich; Berlin; Bremen; Miami, Fla.; Riga; Viernheim; Wien; Zagreb: Pabst Science Publ, S. 237-248
Abstract: Die Rolle von Wertschätzung im Arbeitskontext wird erörtert. Wesentliche Aspekte der Wertschätzung (Wertschätzung als Führungsverhalten, Wertschätzung und Emotionen, Wertschätzung als Stressauslöser und Ressource) werden vorgestellt. Neben psychischen und physischen Konsequenzen, unterschiedlichen Einflussfaktoren sowie neueren Definitionsansätzen von Anerkennung und Wertschätzung wird gezeigt, dass das Konstrukt der Wertschätzung das Potenzial aufweist, innerhalb der Organisation über verschiedene Personengruppen und Arbeitsplatzbedingungen hinweg ein gutes Arbeiten zu garantieren.
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(2010): Toward a Historical Sociology of Social Situations. In: American Journal of Sociology 115 (6), S. 1713-1752Keywords: Status / biologische Marker
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(2010) : Der Beitrag der Signaling-Theorie zur Erklärung sozialer Normen In: Albert, Gert; Sigmund, Steffen (Hg.): Soziologische Theorie kontrovers: Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, S. 220-237
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(2010): Soziale Normen als Signale. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. Sonderheft (50)
Abstract: Ausgehend von der Frage warum Personen verschiedene Formen kostspieligen, aber in den jeweiligen Subkulturen sozial normierten Verhaltens praktizieren (etwa Piercings, Tatoos, aufwändige Kleidung tragen), wird eutlich gemacht, dass die Rational-Choice-Theorie Koordinations- und Kooperationsnormen erklären kann. Eine dritte Kategorie sozialer Normen, die als "Signalnormen" bezeichnet wird, blieb dagegen weitgehend unbeachtet. Zunächst erscheint es schwierig, die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung sozialer Normen zu erklären, die auf den ersten Blick mit selbstschädigendem Verhalten verbunden sind und auf dem Prinzip der Verschwendung von Ressourcen basieren. Für das Verständnis der Entstehung und des Wandels von Signalnormen legt die Signaling-Theorie die Grundlagen. Sie ist auch für die Soziologie ein innovatives Theorieangebot. In diesem Artikel stellen die Autoren die Grundzüge der Theorie an verschiedenen Beispielen dar. Anknüpfend an Ideen von Posner entwickeln sie sodann ein formales, spieltheoretisches Modell. Mit dem Signaling-Modell wird die Möglichkeit eröffnet, Bedingungen für die Entstehung und den Wandel sozialer Normen zu identifizieren
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(2010): Culture in infancy: An account of a way the object "sculpts" early development. In: Psychology & Society 3 (1), S. 77-91. Online verfügbar unter http://www.psychologyandsociety.org/, zuletzt geprüft am 19.06.2018
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to bring into consideration a way of studying culture in infancy. An emphasis is put on the role that the material object plays in early interactive processes. Accounted as a cultural artefact, the object is seen as a fundamental element within triadic mother-object-infant interactions and is believed to be a driving force both for communicative and cognitive development. In order to reconsider the importance of the object in child development and to present an approach of studying object construction, accounts in literature on early communication development and the importance of the object are reviewed and discussed under the light of the cultural specificity of the material object. zitiert von 15
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(2010) : Emotion and social information processing In: Garber, Judy; Dodge, Kenneth A. (1991) (Hg.): The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press, S. 159-181
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(2010): Observations of Dyadic Power in Interpersonal Interaction. In: Communication Monographs 77 (4), S. 657-684. DOI: 10.1080/03637751.2010.520018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2010.520018 Abstract: Power and dominance are widely recognized as fundamental concepts in the study of human relationships. A theory of power, Dunbar’s dyadic power theory (DPT), was tested experimentally by manipulating power in interactions with confederate strangers. Participants’ verbal and nonverbal dominance behaviors were coded from videotapes of their interactions. DPT proposes that individuals will display more dominance in equal power relationships than in unequal relationships and increasing an individual’s relative power will increase that individual’s satisfaction with the encounter. The results revealed that the equal-power and unequal high-power conditions displayed more dominance and were more satisfied than those in the unequal low-power conditions but those in the unequal-high power condition were the least affected by their partners and maintained the most control over the partnership’s decisions. Implications for DPT and the relationship between microlevel domina nce beha viors and the macrolevel impressions of dominant interactants are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 60
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(2010): Genetics of Human Social Behavior. In: Neuron 65 (6), S. 831-844. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.020 Abstract: Human beings are an incredibly social species and along with eusocial insects engage in the largest cooperative living groups in the planet's history. Twin and family studies suggest that uniquely human characteristics such as empathy, altruism, sense of equity, love, trust, music, economic behavior, and even politics are partially hardwired. The leap from twin studies to identifying specific genes engaging the social brain has occurred in the past decade, aided by deep insights accumulated about social behavior in lower mammals. Remarkably, genes such as the arginine vasopressin receptor and the oxytocin receptor contribute to social behavior in a broad range of species from voles to man. Other polymorphic genes constituting the “usual suspects”—i.e., those encoding for dopamine reward pathways, serotonergic emotional regulation, or sex hormones—further enable elaborate social behaviors.
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(2010): Kernprobleme in der Geschichte der Psychologie. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
Abstract: Thalia: Infos zu Autor, Inhalt und Bewertungen ❤ Jetzt »Kernprobleme in der Geschichte der Psychologie« nach Hause oder Ihre Filiale vor Ort bestellen!
Keywords: Psychologie -
(2010): Cross-cultural and situational variation in requesting behaviour. Perceptions of social situations and strategic usage of request patterns. In: Journal of Pragmatics 42 (8), S. 2262-2281. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.02.001
Abstract: Brown and Levinson (1978) and Brown and Levinson (1987) is that social distance, power and imposition are the most important factors influencing speakers' linguistic choices and that there is a positive correlation between these social variables and the degree of indirectness employed. The present study investigates the relationship between social/situational and cultural factors and native and non-native speakers' requesting behaviour. It examines whether the requestive strategies of English native speakers and of Greek ESL learners follow a similar trend across different social situations. It additionally tests whether the same social situations are perceived and rated similarly by the two groups and the extent to which the speakers' directness is influenced by familiarity, power and imposition. Results have shown that there are high levels of cross-cultural agreement between the two groups for trends of situational variation but also some cross-cultural disagreement on the specific directness levels employed for given situations. Even though significant differences in the speakers' assessment of social reality seems to explain the differences in their linguistic choices to some extent, this study argues that power, familiarity and imposition alone do not always decide speakers' directness. A number of intervening situational and cultural factors need to be taken into account when interpreting speakers' linguistic choices.
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(2010): The Causal Power of Social Structures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Abstract: This book offers a solution to the problem of structure and agency: a new solution, but one that draws on a number of existing traditions of thought, most significantly philosophical theories of emergence and causality, and the sociological debates around structuration theory. This introductory chapter sets the context by explaining the problem of structure and agency and its significance for sociology, and outlines some of the key points of my argument. It also offers the reader some hints on different ways to read the rest of the book and briefly locates it with respect to critical realism, the main philosophical tradition on which I draw. The problem of structure and agency Sociology is founded on the belief that our behaviour is causally influenced and in particular that there are social factors that influence our behaviour. Karl Marx, for example, famously wrote ‘It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness’ (Marx 1978 [1859]: 4). Émile Durkheim, similarly, argued that ‘the individual is dominated by a moral reality greater than himself: namely, collective reality’ (Durkheim 1952 [1897]: 38). Conventionally, the social factors that are held to influence our behaviour are known as social structure, a concept that even today remains implicit in, and indeed essential to, much of the work done in the social sciences. Yet there is also widespread disagreement about what social structure really is and how it could affect us.
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(2010): Explaining social behavior. More nuts and bolts for the social sciences. Reprinted.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Abstract: In this new edition of his critically acclaimed book, Jon Elster examines the nature of social behavior, proposing choice as the central concept of the social sciences. Extensively revised throughout, the book offers an overview of key explanatory mechanisms, drawing on many case studies and experiments to explore the nature of explanation in the social sciences; an analysis of the mental states - beliefs, desires, and emotions - that are precursors to action; a systematic comparison of rational-choice models of behavior with alternative accounts, and a review of mechanisms of social interaction ranging from strategic behavior to collective decision making. A wholly new chapter includes an exploration of classical moralists and Proust in charting mental mechanisms operating 'behind the back' of the agent, and a new conclusion points to the pitfalls and fallacies in current ways of doing social science, proposing guidelines for more modest and more robust procedures.
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(2010): Evolutionary Influence on Human Landscape Preference. In: Environment and Behavior 42 (4), S. 479-493. DOI: 10.1177/0013916509341244
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(2010): Socially relevant philosophy of science. An introduction. In: Synthese 177 (3), S. 301-316. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-010-9855-7
Abstract: This paper provides an argument for a more socially relevant philosophy of science (SRPOS). Our aims in this paper are to characterize this body of work in philosophy of science, to argue for its importance, and to demonstrate that there are significant opportunities for philosophy of science to engage with and support this type of research. The impetus of this project was a keen sense of missed opportunities for philosophy of science to have a broader social impact. We illustrate various ways in which SRPOS can provide social benefits, as well as benefits to scientific practice and philosophy itself. Also, SRPOS is consistent with some historical and contemporary goals of philosophy of science. We're calling for an expansion of philosophy of science to include more of this type of work. In order to support this expansion, we characterize philosophy of science as an epistemic community and examine the culture and practices of philosophy of science that can help or hinder research in this area.
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(2010) : Answering questions: Public speaking for psychologists: A lighthearted guide to research presentations, job talks, and other opportunities to embarrass yourself: Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, S. 43-57
Abstract: Good speakers are typically good answerers, but it's possible to do only one part well. Some people are ebullient speakers but defensive, surly answerers: They brook no dissent or criticism. Other people are abominable speakers, reading aloud from a paper, but are witty and insightful when forced to abandon their script. Answering questions is an art: It has its own rules, norms, and decorum. This chapter teaches you the craft of this art. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2010) : “Does it work?” A framework to evaluate the effectiveness of a robotic toy for children with special needs: 19th International Symposium in Robot and Human Interactive Communication: Viareggio, Italy: IEEE, S. 100-106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2010.5598734 Abstract: To evaluate the performance of a social robot, both the aspects of safety and technical efficiency as well as the effectiveness of the interaction with the robot from the users' points of view need to be considered. The work described in this paper derived from the IROMEC 1 project (Interactive Robotic Social Mediators as Companions) that investigates the design and role of an interactive, autonomous robotic toy in therapy and education contexts for children with special needs. The paper proposes a framework for the evaluation of robotic toys used as mediators for children with special needs and present its implementation with the specially designed IROMEC robot. Special attention is given to the interactions' effectiveness, considering the therapeutic and educational role that the robot can play for children with special needs in many different developmental areas.
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(2010): Die Struktur der moralischen Orientierung. Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven - Deliberation und Intuition in moralischen Entscheidungen und Urteilen. Wien; Zürich; Berlin; Münster: Lit (Ethik interdisziplinär)
Abstract: Die Frage, was Moral ist und aus welchen Quellen sich die moralische Orientierung speist, wurde in den letzten Jahren über die Ethik hinaus zunehmend Gegenstand auch empirischer Forschung. Deren Ergebnisse kritisch zu sichten und in ein Gespräch zu bringen, ist das Ziel des vorliegenden Bandes. Neben Beiträgen aus genuin ethischer Perspektive (J. Fischer; P. Schaber; A. Hügli) vereint er Einblicke aus neuro- und verhaltensbiologischer (M. Christen; C. van Schaik / C. Rudolf v. Rohr), entwicklungspsychologischer (M. Keller/J.-C. Heilinger) und religionspädagogischer Perspektive (Th. Schlag). Die Rolle von rationaler Deliberation und emotional gefärbter Intuition in moralischen Entscheidungssituation wird erörtert. Zunächst wird konstatiert, dass derzeit weder in der Psychologie noch in den Neurowissenschaften eine haltbare Konzeption vorliegt, die beiden Polen moralischer Entscheidungsfindung - Rationalität und Emotionalität - angemessen Rechnung trägt. Unter Einbeziehung einer ontogenetischen Entwicklungsperspektive wird dann das Verhältnis von Rationalität und Emotionalität im moralischen Urteilen zu klären versucht. Dabei werden zunächst einige Grundannahmen des kognitiven Ansatzes skizziert, die Frage der moralischen Motive in diesem Ansatz reflektiert und alternative Theorien angesprochen, die versucht haben, das Problem der moralischen Emotion und Motivation zu klären. Anschließend werden die intuitionistischen Kritiker als neueste Variante emotivistischer Positionen dargestellt und ausführlich diskutiert. Abschließend wird auf die Notwendigkeit einer beide Pole umfassenden Theorie hingewiesen. zitiert von: 2
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(2010): Social cognition and the evolution of language: constructing cognitive phylogenies. In: Neuron 65 (6), S. 795-814. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.011 Abstract: Human language and social cognition are closely linked: advanced social cognition is necessary for children to acquire language, and language allows forms of social understanding (and, more broadly, culture) that would otherwise be impossible. Both "language" and "social cognition" are complex constructs, involving many independent cognitive mechanisms, and the comparative approach provides a powerful route to understanding the evolution of such mechanisms. We provide a broad comparative review of mechanisms underlying social intelligence in vertebrates, with the goal of determining which human mechanisms are broadly shared, which have evolved in parallel in other clades, and which, potentially, are uniquely developed in our species. We emphasize the importance of convergent evolution for testing hypotheses about neural mechanisms and their evolution.
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(2010): Self–other rating agreement in leadership. A review. In: The Leadership Quarterly 21 (6), S. 1005-1034. DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.006
Abstract: This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on self-other rating agreement (SOA) related to leadership in the workplace focusing primarily on research published between 1997 (the year of Atwater & Yammarino s seminal paper on SOA) and the present. Much of the current interest in SOA derives from its purported relationships with self-awareness and leader effectiveness The literature however has used a variety of metrics to assess SOA resulting in discrepancies between findings across studies As multi-rater (360-degree multisource) feedback instruments continue to be widely used as a measure of leadership in organizations it is important that we more clearly understand the relationships between SOA and its predictors and outcomes To this end in this article we review (a) models of agreement (b) factors affecting self ratings and the congruence between self-others ratings (c) factors affecting others ratings (d) correlates of agreement and (e) measurement issues and data analytic techniques We conclude with discussions of practitioner issues and directions for future research.
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(2010): Kant on the Highest Moral-Physical Good. The Social Aspect of Kant's Moral Philosophy. In: Kantian Review 15 (01), S. 1-36. DOI: 10.1017/S1369415400002351
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(2010): Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen. Zur Idee eines interdisziplinären Forschungsprogramms. Normative Orders Working Paper 01/2010. Frankfurt (Main)