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2017
Alessandri, Jérôme; Cançado, Carlos R. X.; Abreu-Rodrigues, Josele (2017): Effects of reinforcement value on instruction following under schedules of negative reinforcement. In: Behavioural Processes 145, S. 27-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.10.003

DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993244

Abstract: The effects of reinforcement value and social control on instruction following under a negative-reinforcement (escape) schedule were studied. Initially, responding produced timeouts from pressing a force cell under a low and a high force requirement on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. Next, participants were reexposed to the low and high force requirements, but were instructed that the experimenter expected them to decrease the number of timeouts relative to the previous exposures to the procedure. Even though following the instruction led to a decrease in number of timeouts and to an increase in effort (i.e., was non-efficient), instruction following occurred consistently for each participant and was modulated by reinforcement value. That is, the decrease in the number of timeouts (i.e., instruction following) was lower under the high force requirement than under the low force requirement. These results replicate and extend previous findings that instructions interact with social and nonsocial contingencies in controlling human behavior.

Keywords: Animals, Association Learning, Attention, Interaktionsforschung, Male, Maze Learning, Motivation, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Reinforcement, Reinforcement (Psychology), Reinforcement Schedule, Retention (Psychology), Reward, Spatial Memory, Verhaltensforschung
2012
Hill, Lindsay; Trusler, Karen; Furniss, Frederick; Lancioni, Giulio (2012): Effects of multisensory environments on stereotyped behaviours assessed as maintained by automatic reinforcement. In: Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID 25 (6), S. 509-521. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2012.00697.x

DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055285

Abstract: BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the sensory equipment provided in a multi-sensory environment (MSE) and the level of social contact provided on levels of stereotyped behaviours assessed as being maintained by automatic reinforcement. METHOD Stereotyped and engaged behaviours of two young people with severe intellectual disabilities were observed while the participants were either in a living room or in a MSE and receiving either high or low levels of interaction from carers. RESULTS For both participants, levels of stereotyped behaviour were lower in the MSE irrespective of the level of carer attention received, while levels of engagement were higher under conditions of high carer attention in both environments. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reductions in stereotyped behaviour observed in MSEs are due to the increased levels of specific sensory stimulation provided by such environments. zitiert von 14

Keywords: Adolescent, Attention, Autistic Disorder/psychology/rehabilitation, Environment, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability/psychology/rehabilitation, Male, Observer Variation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reinforcement, Reinforcement (Psychology), Sensation, Sensory Art Therapies/methods, Stereotyped Behavior/physiology, Verhaltensforschung
2009
Schwabe, Lars; Wolf, Oliver T. (2009): Stress prompts habit behavior in humans. In: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 29 (22), S. 7191-7198. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0979-09.2009

DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494141

Abstract: Instrumental behavior can be controlled by goal-directed action-outcome and habitual stimulus-response processes that are supported by anatomically distinct brain systems. Based on previous findings showing that stress modulates the interaction of "cognitive" and "habit" memory systems, we asked in the presented study whether stress may coordinate goal-directed and habit processes in instrumental learning. For this purpose, participants were exposed to stress (socially evaluated cold pressor test) or a control condition before they were trained to perform two instrumental actions that were associated with two distinct food outcomes. After training, one of these food outcomes was selectively devalued as subjects were saturated with that food. Next, subjects were presented the two instrumental actions in extinction. Stress before training in the instrumental task rendered participants' behavior insensitive to the change in the value of the food outcomes, that is stress led to habit performance. Moreover, stress reduced subjects' explicit knowledge of the action-outcome contingencies. These results demonstrate for the first time that stress promotes habits at the expense of goal-directed performance in humans. zitiert von 319

Keywords: Analysis of Variance, Blood Pressure/physiology, Conditioning, Operant/physiology, Emotions, Extinction, Psychological/physiology, Female, Goals, Habits, Humans, Hydrocortisone/metabolism, Learning, Male, MEMORY, Neurowissenschaften, Operant Conditioning, performance, Probability, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Saliva/metabolism, Satiation/physiology, Reinforcement (Psychology), Stress, Stress, Psychological/physiopathology, Young Adult

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