Alle Publikationen
2008
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(2008) : Emotion und Umwelt In: Lantermann, Ernst-Dieter; Linneweber, Volker; Birbaumer, Niels-Peter (Hg.): Grundlagen, Paradigmen und Methoden der Umweltpsychologie: Göttingen: Hogrefe Verl. für Psychologie, S. 533-565
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(2008): Fundamental Issues in Affective Intelligent Social Machines. In: The Open Artificial Intelligence Journal 2 (1), S. 21-34. DOI: 10.2174/1874061800802010021
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(2008): Towards human-like spoken dialogue systems. In: Speech Communication 50 (8), S. 630-645. DOI: 10.1016/j.specom.2008.04.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2008.04.002 Abstract: This paper presents an overview of methods that can be used to collect and analyse data on user responses to spoken dialogue system components intended to increase human-likeness, and to evaluate how well the components succeed in reaching that goal. Wizard-of-Oz variations, human–human data manipulation, and micro-domains are discussed in this context, as is the use of third-party reviewers to get a measure of the degree of human-likeness. We also present the two-way mimicry target, a model for measuring how well a human–computer dialogue mimics or replicates some aspect of human–human dialogue, including human flaws and inconsistencies. Although we have added a measure of innovation, none of the techniques is new in its entirety. Taken together and described from a human-likeness perspective, however, they form a set of tools that may widen the path towards human-like spoken dialogue systems.
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(2008) : Emotion and Understanding In: Brun, Georg; Doğuoğlu, Ulvi; Kuenzle, Dominique (Hg.): Epistemology and emotions: London: Ashgate, S. 33-50
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(2008): Anticipated verbal feedback induces altruistic behavior. In: Evolution and Human Behavior 29 (2), S. 100-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.11.001
Abstract: A distinctive feature of humans compared to other species is the high rate of cooperation with nonkin. One explanation is that humans are motivated by concerns for praise and blame. In this paper we experimentally investigate the impact of anticipated verbal feedback on altruistic behavior. We study pairwise interactions in which one subject, the "divider," decides how to split a sum of money between herself and a recipient. Thereafter, the recipient can send an unrestricted anonymous message to the divider. The subjects' relationship is anonymous and one-shot to rule out any repeated interaction effects. Compared to a control treatment without feedback messages, donations increase substantially when recipients can communicate. With verbal feedback, the fraction of zero donations decreases from about 40% to about 20%, and there is a corresponding increase in the fraction of equal splits from about 30% to about 50%. Recipients who receive no money almost always express disapproval of the divider, sometimes strongly and in foul language. Following an equal split, almost all recipients praise the divider. The results suggest that anticipated verbal rewards and punishments play a role in promoting altruistic behavior among humans.
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(2008): A handbook on good manners for children. De civilitate morum puerilium. London: Preface
Abstract: The first treatise in Western Europe on the moral and practical education of children was published in 1530 by an author who was outraged at the uncouth and undisciplined youth of his time. It is surprisingly relevant today!
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(2008): Charles Lamb on Romantic Reading and Social Decorum. In: WORDSWORTH CIRCLE 39 (3), S. 79-85
Abstract: This article discusses topics related to Charles Lamb on Romantic reading and social decorum. It states the for Lamb, reading is essentially an indoor, private activity for pleasure rather than duty. It explains that Lamb cares for the physical condition and appearance of his books and believes that reading entails appreciating its social and cultural status. In addition, Lamb dislikes hearing written and printed works being read aloud, especially newspapers, wherein he states that reading aloud in public is a tedious and potentially embarrassing activity because most readers are slow readers and because their private pleasure is rarely suitable for public exposure.
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(2008): Analyzing Multiplicity. A Postmodern Perspective on Some Current Psychoanalytic Theories of Subjectivity. In: Psychoanalytic Dialogues 11 (2), S. 221-251. DOI: 10.1080/10481881109348609
Abstract: Tensions between modernism and postmodernism in psychoanalytic theory and practice are evident in the allegedly "postmodern" view of subjectivity as not unified but plural. Suggesting that a thoroughgoing postmodern clinical practice does not exist at present, I distinguish between U. S. and European models of the postmodern multiple subject and between modern and postmodern varieties of pluralism in the current psychoanalytic theorization of subjectivity in this country, proposing that all such pluralist theories are in fact mixed models. I argue that these theories do not reflect objective, essential traits of selfhood but are complexly shaped by the cultural presuppositions and intrapsychic needs of the analyst; hence attempts to theorize subjectivity with reference to science (including developmental schemas) are problematic, Because a thoroughgoing postmodern pluralism cannot accommodate such concepts as agency and authenticity or a coherent narrative of the treatment process, clinical psychoanalysis, at least at present, inevitably includes major elements of the modernist approach, in which subjectivity is seen as unified. At this time of paradigm shift between modernism and postmodernism, therefore, it is important that pluralists decenter from their theories and respect the continuing influence of modernism on psychoanalytic theory and practice.
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(2008) : Sozialisation im Lebenslauf In: Hurrelmann, Klaus: Handbuch Sozialisationsforschung: 7., vollst. überarb. Aufl.: Weinheim [u.a.]: Beltz (Pädagogik), S. 157-172
Abstract: Sozialisation wird unter der Perspektive der Lebensspanne erörtert. Zunächst werden die Fragen formuliert, die sich in einer auf den Lebenslauf bezogenen Sozialisationsforschung stellen; dabei werden kurz die Paradigmen der Forschung dargestellt und die Konsequenzen, die sich für ihre methodischen Zugänge ergeben. Daran anschließend werden zentrale theoretische Perspektiven vorgestellt, die zur Erfassung von Sozialisationsprozessen im Lebenslauf eingenommen werden können. Folgende Perspektiven werden dabei thematisiert: Altern als sozialer Prozess (Altersnormen und Altersrollen); Sozialisation in den dominanten Lebensbereichen Beruf, Familie und soziale Beziehungen; Sozialisation an sozialen Übergängen und kritischen Lebensereignissen; das Subjekt als Produzent von Entwicklung; Sozialisation und Identitätsentwicklung. zitiert von 28
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(2008): Sexual coercion and the misperception of sexual intent. In: Clinical psychology review 28 (1), S. 48-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.002
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17462798 Abstract: Misperceiving a woman's platonic interest as sexual interest has been implicated in a sexual bargaining process that leads to sexual coercion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of sexual misperception, including gender differences in perception of women's sexual intent, the relationship between sexual coercion and misperception, and situational factors that increase the risk that sexual misperception will occur. Compared to women, men consistently perceive a greater degree of sexual intent in women's behavior. However, there is evidence to suggest that this gender effect may be driven largely by a sub-group of men who are particularly prone to perceive sexual intent in women's behavior, such as sexually coercive men and men who endorse sex-role stereotypes. Situational factors, such as alcohol use by the man or woman, provocative clothing, and dating behaviors (e.g., initiating the date or making eye contact), are all associated with increased estimates of women's sexual interest. We also critique the current measurement strategies and introduce a model of perception that more closely maps on to important theoretical questions in this area. A clearer understanding of sexual perception errors and the etiology of these errors may serve to guide sexual-assault prevention programs toward more effective strategies.
Keywords: Alcohol Drinking, Biologische Marker, Coercion, Control, degree of acquaintance, eye-contact, Female, Gender Identity, Gestik, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mimik, MODELS, Numerical Data, Perceptual Distortion, Postkasten, Prevention, Psychological, Psychologie, PSYCHOLOGY, Rape, Sex Factors, Sexual Behaviour, Social Perception, Statistics, Status, SV -
(2008): Personality as manifest in word use. Correlations with self-report, acquaintance report, and behavior. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 94 (2), S. 334-346. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.334
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211181 Abstract: The use of words is one of the most direct means of expressing thoughts and feelings. However, past studies have had limited success in correlating word use with personality. The purpose of the present study was to identify categories of word use relevant to personality using a broad range of personality data. Using data from 181 participants, the present study correlated word use within a 1-hr life history interview with self-judgments of personality, judgments of personality provided by close acquaintances (who were not exposed to the language sample), and behavioral ratings based on direct observation from a context entirely separate from that from which the language sample was derived. Several categories of word use yielded a large number of correlates with self- and acquaintance personality ratings and behavior. It is suggested that word use is related to personality to a larger degree than previously observed and deserves increased attention as a source of data in personality assessment.
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(2008): The Effects of Theory-of-Mind and Social Skill Training on the Social Competence of a Sixth-Grade Student With Autism. In: Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 10 (4), S. 228-242. DOI: 10.1177/1098300708319906
Abstract: The authors investigated the effects of a theory-of-mind (ToM) and social skill training program on the ToM assessments and social interactions of a sixth-grade high-functioning student with autism. A multiple probe design across behaviors and settings was conducted to evaluate the training program on the participant's learning outcomes. The results showed a functional relationship between the intervention and the participant's skill mastery. Specifically, the participant's appropriate social interactions increased substantially across time and settings with similar improvements in the ToM test scores. The participant's teachers, mother, and peers responded positively to the intervention, indicating their acceptance of the training procedures and outcomes.
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(2008) : Das Unvorhergesehene steuern?. Zum Umgang mit der komplexen Dynamik in Technologieaneignungsprozessen In: Gumm, Dorina; Janneck, Monique; Langer, Roman; Simon, Edouard J. (Hg.): Mensch - Technik - Ärger? Zur Beherrschbarkeit soziotechnischer Dynamik aus transdisziplinärer Sicht: Münster: Lit (Arbeitsgestaltung, Technikbewertung, Zukunft, Band 19), S. 85-101
Abstract: Unter Heranziehung von Ergebnissen eines Forschungsprojekts, in dem eine informationstechnische Unterstützung für Netzwerke freiberuflicher "Wissensarbeiterinnen" und "Wissensarbeiter" entwickelt und erprobt werden sollte, wird informiert über Wechselwirkungen zwischen Technik, Struktur und sozialen und organisatorischen Prozessen, die im Rahmen des Einsatzes von Kommunikationstechnik entstehen. Dabei werden die folgenden beiden Wechselwirkungen besprochen: sozio-technische Prozesse, bei denen bestehende Netzwerkstruktur, -kommunikation und -kooperation auf die technisch vermittelte Interaktion projiziert wird; techno-soziale Prozesse, in denen Technik auf die soziale Interaktion im Netzwerk einwirkt. Fokussiert werden die folgenden Aspekte: Veränderungen in der Bedeutung von Netzwerkfunktionen, Vergegenständlichung impliziter Hierarchien und Netzwerkstrukturen, erhöhte Sichtbarkeit der Beteiligungsstruktur, Nutzung und Schutz von Informationsressourcen; Entstehung neuer Rollen und Machtstrukturen; veränderte Kompetenzzuschreibungen, neue Funktionen der Technik als "Sündenböcke" für Mitglieder-Passivität. Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass die Technik die sozialen Prozesse verändert und dass die Technikeinführung eine Eigendynamik entwickelt.
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Forgas, Joseph Paul; Fitness, Julie (Hg.) (2008): Social relationships: Cognitive, affective, and motivational processes. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press (The Sydney symposium of social psychology)
Abstract: Human beings are an intrinsically gregarious species-our personal relationships are of immense interest to us and are a key factor in achieving happiness and well being. From the moment of birth, humans crave love and intimacy and we devote much energy to creating …
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(2008): Implicit and explicit processes in social cognition. In: Neuron 60 (3), S. 503-510. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.032
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18995826 Abstract: In this review we consider research on social cognition in which implicit processes can be compared and contrasted with explicit, conscious processes. In each case, their function is distinct, sometimes complementary and sometimes oppositional. We argue that implicit processes in social interaction are automatic and are often opposed to conscious strategies. While we are aware of explicit processes in social interaction, we cannot always use them to override implicit processes. Many studies show that implicit processes facilitate the sharing of knowledge, feelings, and actions, and hence, perhaps surprisingly, serve altruism rather than selfishness. On the other hand, higher-level conscious processes are as likely to be selfish as prosocial.
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(2008): Progress in machine consciousness. In: Consciousness and cognition 17 (3), S. 887-910. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.04.005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2007.04.005 Abstract: This paper is a review of the work that has been carried out on machine consciousness. A clear overview of this diverse field is achieved by breaking machine consciousness down into four different areas, which are used to understand its aims, discuss its relationship with other subjects and outline the work that has been carried out so far. The criticisms that have been made against machine consciousness are also covered, along with its potential benefits, and the work that has been done on analysing systems for signs of consciousness. Some of the social and ethical issues raised by machine consciousness are examined at the end of the paper.
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(2008): Value of wireless personal digital assistants for practice: perceptions of advanced practice nurses. In: Journal of clinical nursing 17 (16), S. 2146-2154. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02351.x
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18705736 Abstract: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aims were to explore advanced practice nurses' perceptions on wireless Personal Digital Assistant technologies, to establish the type and range of tools that would be useful to support their practice and to identify any requirements and limitations that may impact the implementation of wireless Personal Digital Assistants in practice. BACKGROUND The wireless Personal Digital Assistant is becoming established as a hand-held computing tool for healthcare professionals. The reflections of advanced practice nurses' about the value of wireless Personal Digital Assistants and its potential to contribute to improved patient care has not been investigated. DESIGN A qualitative interpretivist design was used to explore advanced practice nurses' perceptions on the value of wireless Personal Digital Assistant technologies to support their practice. METHODS The data were collected using survey questionnaires and individual and focus group interviews with nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists and information technology managers based in British Columbia, Canada. An open-coding content analysis was performed using qualitative data analysis software. RESULTS Wireless Personal Digital Assistant's use supports the principles of pervasivity and is a technology rapidly being adopted by advanced practice nurses. Some nurses indicated a reluctance to integrate wireless Personal Digital Assistant technologies into their practices because of the cost and the short technological life cycle of these devices. Many of the barriers which precluded the use of wireless networks within facilities are being removed. Nurses demonstrated a complex understanding of wireless Personal Digital Assistant technologies and gave good rationales for its integration in their practice. CONCLUSIONS Nurses identified improved client care as the major benefit of this technology in practice and the type and range of tools they identified included clinical reference tools such as drug and diagnostic/laboratory reference applications and wireless communications. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses in this study support integrating wireless mobile computing technologies into their practice to improve client care.
Keywords: Assistenz, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Computers, British Columbia, computer literacy, Computers, Handheld, Data Collection, Decision Support Systems, Clinical, Drug Information Services, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion, Motivation, Nurse Clinicians/education/organization & administration/psychology, Nurse Practitioners/education/organization & administration/psychology, Nurse's Role/psychology, Nursing Methodology Research, Qualitative research, Quality of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Technology Assessment, Biomedical, Time Management, Workload -
(2008): Alief and Belief. In: Journal of Philosophy 105 (10), S. 634-663. DOI: 10.5840/jphil20081051025Keywords: Epistemologie, Philosophie
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(2008) : Simultaneous teleoperation of multiple social robots: 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 311-318
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1349822.1349863 Abstract: Teleoperation of multiple robots has been studied extensively for applications such as robot navigation; however, this concept has never been applied to the field of social robots. To explore the unique challenges posed by the remote operation of multiple social robots, we have implemented a system in which a single operator simultaneously controls up to four robots, all engaging in communication interactions with users. We present a user interface designed for operating a single robot while monitoring several others in the background, then we propose methods for characterizing task difficulty and introduce a technique for improving multiple-robot performance by reducing the number of conflicts between robots demanding the operator's attention. Finally, we demonstrate the success of our system in laboratory trials based on real-world interactions.
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(2008) : Balzac, ‚science des manières‘ et identitè nationale In: Kimmich, Dorothee; Matzat, Wolfgang (Hg.): Der gepflegte Umgang: Interkulturelle Aspekte der Höflichkeit in Literatur und Sprache: Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript Verlag, S. 79-92
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(2008): Sunken costs and desired plans: Examining different types of investments in close relationships. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (12), S. 1639-1652. DOI: 10.1177/0146167208323743
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208323743 Abstract: Although the concept of investments in romantic relationships has featured prominently in close relationships research, there have been no empirical analyses of different types of investments and their possible differential predictive power regarding relationship state or fate. With data from five independent samples, the authors offer and examine investments that differ in terms of their timing (past vs. planned) and materiality (tangible vs. intangible). Cross-sectional and longitudinal tests of hypotheses regarding these investment types provide evidence for the utility of considering specific types of investments in predicting a variety of important relationship factors, including commitment, stability, and the impact of breakup on relationship partners. Intangible investments and planned investments were found to be particularly robust predictors of key relational states and outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2008) : Edelstein oder Stachelschwein. Aspekte der Höflichkeit in der Goethezeit In: Kimmich, Dorothee; Matzat, Wolfgang (Hg.): Der gepflegte Umgang: Interkulturelle Aspekte der Höflichkeit in Literatur und Sprache: Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript Verlag, S. 19-32
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(2008): Dynamic phenomena and human activity in an artificial society. In: Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics 78 (6 Pt 2). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.066110
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19256908 Abstract: We study dynamic phenomena in a large social network of nearly 3x10;{4} individuals who interact in the large virtual world of a massive multiplayer online role playing game. On the basis of a database received from the online game server, we examine the structure of the friendship network and human dynamics. To investigate the relation between networks of acquaintances in virtual and real worlds, we carried out a survey among the players. We show that, even though the virtual network did not develop as a growing graph of an underlying network of social acquaintances in the real world, it influences it. Furthermore we find very interesting scaling laws concerning human dynamics. Our research shows how long people are interested in a single task and how much time they devote to it. Surprisingly, exponent values in both cases are close to -1 . We calculate the activity of individuals, i.e., the relative time daily devoted to interactions with others in the artificial society. Our research shows that the distribution of activity is not uniform and is highly correlated with the degree of the node, and that such human activity has a significant influence on dynamic phenomena, e.g., epidemic spreading and rumor propagation, in complex networks. We find that spreading is accelerated (an epidemic) or decelerated (a rumor) as a result of superspreaders' various behavior.
Keywords: Artificial society, complex networks, Computerspielwissenschaft, degree of acquaintance, dissemination, dynamic systems theory, Favoriten, gaming, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, multiplayer role online game, Netzwerktheorien, real world vs. virtual world, Realtechnik, rumor, spreading, SV, Technik -
Gumm, Dorina; Janneck, Monique; Langer, Roman; Simon, Edouard J. (Hg.) (2008): Mensch - Technik - Ärger? Zur Beherrschbarkeit soziotechnischer Dynamik aus transdisziplinärer Sicht. Münster: Lit (Arbeitsgestaltung, Technikbewertung, Zukunft, Band 19)
Abstract: Die Informationstechnik hat in fast allen privaten wie beruflichen Bereichen Einzug gehalten. Schüler erhalten Informatikunterricht, Beschäftigte haben sich nach und nach–meist über „learning by doing “–die für ihren beruflichen Bereich notwendigen Qualifikationen angeeignet. Die ältere Generation lässt sich von ihren Enkeln „coachen “oder besucht Volkshochschulkurse...
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(2008): Auf der Suche nach der inneren Uhr. Musikalische, psychologische und neurologische Konzepte des Timings. Osnabrück: Electronic Publ (Osnabrücker Beiträge zur systematischen Musikwissenschaft)
Abstract: Die wesentlichen Strömungen in der Erforschung von Phänomenen des Timing werden im Überblick dargestellt. Dabei werden musikalische, psychologische und neurologische Konzepte behandelt. Im Zentrum der Betrachtung stehen Fragen zur äußeren Wirkungsweise der "inneren Uhr", zur abstrakten Modellbildung der inneren Uhr, zur Verortung von Modellen im menschlichen Organismus und zur Wirkungsweise der inneren Uhr auf neurophysiologischer Grundlage. - Inhalt: (1) Einleitung. (2) Musikbezogene Untersuchungen (Timingphänomene; Timingmodelle). (3) Psychologische Timingmodelle (Timingphänomene; Timingmodelle). (4) Verortungen. (5) Zusammenfassung: Auf der Suche nach der inneren Uhr. (6) Anhang (Nerven und Informationsübertragung; Motorik: Reflexe und Bewegungsprogramme; Aufbau und Funktion des ZNS; motorische Zentren; auditiver Pfad).
Keywords: Motor Processes, music, Musik, musikalische Bildung, neurophysiology, Neurowissenschaften, Rhythm, PSYCHOLOGY, Theories, time, time perception, timing, Zeit