Alle Publikationen
1984
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(1984): SOCIAL LEARNING VERSUS ATTRIBUTIONAL INTERPRETATIONS. THE EFFECT OF TASK FAMILIARITY ON TASK PERFORMANCE PERCEPTIONS AND FUTURE SUCCESS EXPECTANCIES. In: Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 12 (1), S. 75-83. DOI: 10.2224/sbp.1984.12.1.75
Abstract: Social learning theory (Rotter, 1954, 1966. 1975) predicts that generalized locus of control influences how expectancies for future success result from success or failure at performing a task. However, a study by Weiner et al. (1976) has cast serious doubt on the social learning model of expectancy formation by supporting the attributional (Heider, 1958; Weiner et al., 1971) interpretation of the same phenomena as a function of the stability of causal attributions. Unfortunately, Weiner et al's (1976) findings are suspect due to several problems with their methodology. The present study was designed to correct for these problems. Partial support was found for elements of both the social learning and attributional theories. Specifically, social learning theory best accounted for the effects of task familiarity on changes in expectancies, while attributional theory provided the best description of the types of information that are involved in the initial formation of expectancies.
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(1984): On the primacy of affect. In: American Psychologist 39 (2), S. 117-123. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.39.2.117
1983
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(1983): The architecture of cognition. 3. printing. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ.Pr (Cognitive science series)Keywords: Schematheorie
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(1983): Moral, Erziehung, gerechte Gesellschaft. Soziologische Anmerkungen zu Piaget, Kohlberg und der "Moral-Education"-Bewegung. In: KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 35 (1), S. 121-132
Abstract: "Moralische Erziehung" ist ein Thema, das in Theorie und empirischer Forschung wachsendes Interesse findet. Zunachst werden die Grundlagen dieser Bewegung skizziert, die sich auf Jean Piaget stutzt und von Lawrence Kohlberg weiterentwickelt wurde. Ausserdem wird kurz umrissen, mit welchen Spezialfragen moralischer Erziehung sich Wissenschaftler verschiedener Nationalitaten und Disziplinen derzeit befassen; dieser Uberblick basiert auf Informationen vom "International Symposium on Moral Education" 1982 in Fribourg/Schweiz. Zum Schluss werden aus soziologischer Sicht Annahmen, Ziele und Methoden des "moral education"-Ansatzes kritisch diskutiert, wobei vor allem auf die folgenden Punkte eingegangen wird: (1) Universalitat moralischer Entwicklung, (2) Schritt von der moralischen Entwicklung zur moralischen Erziehung, (3) Idee der gerechten Gesellschaft und (4) die Methode, mit Hilfe von "Dilemmata" moralische Reife zu prufen. zitiert von: 10
Keywords: education, Measurement, Methodology, Moral, Moral Development, Morality, Sozialpsychologie, Soziologie, Theories -
(1983): Theoretische und empirische Analysen zur Untersuchung sozialer Normen mit der SHERIF-Technik. Frankfurt am Main; Bern; New York: Lang (Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 6, Psychologie)
Abstract: Die Experimente Sherifs zur Bildung und Wirkung sozialer Normen werden einer theoretischen und empirischen Reanalyse unterzogen. Inhaltliche und methodische Probleme von Sherifs Untersuchungen werden diskutiert. Charakteristiken der verbesserten Nachfolgeuntersuchungen sind unter anderem die Verwendung von Zeitreihenanalysen und die persönlichkeitspsychologische Einbettung der Normbildungskonzeption. - Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: (1) Theoretische Analyse der Erstuntersuchung von Sherif. (2) Das autokinetische Phänomen. (3) Konkurrierende Hypothesen über Normbildung und Adaptationszeit. (4) Aufbau und Durchführung der eigenen Untersuchung. (5) Ergebnisse zu Entfernungsschätzungen und Normbildung. (6) Ergebnisse zur Adaptationszeit. (7) Persönlichkeitstheoretische Fundierung.
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(1983): Sociological Aspects of Attribution. In: Annual Review of Sociology 9 (1), S. 425-446. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.so.09.080183.002233
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.09.080183.002233 Abstract: Attribution theory, the study of the causal interpretations that persons give to events in their environment, has recently been a major emphasis in psychological social psychology. This paper explores the utility of the classic theoretical statements in attribution for sociological problems, and reviews the efforts of sociologists to apply attribution concepts in their research. The theory has been criticized regarding its limited applicability to attribution occurring in interaction or in natural contexts. These criticisms are reviewed, as well as arguments for synthesizing attribution theory with symbolic interactionism, and efforts to apply such a synthesis in the areas of labeling, impression management, and accounts. Future research and conceptualization agendas are suggested, along with a research strategy for accomplishing these.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy -
(1983): The Interaction Order. In: American Sociological Review 48 (1), S. 1-17. DOI: 10.2307/2095141
Abstract: [book review] Abstract of the reviewed publication: For an evening's hour, it is given to each current president of the Association to hold captive the largest audience of colleagues that sociology can provide. For an hour then, within the girdle of these walls, a wordy pageantry is reenacted. A sociologist you have selected from a very short list takes to the center of this vasty Hilton field on a hobbyhorse of his own choosing. (One is reminded that the sociologically interesting thing about Hamlet is that every year no high school in the English-speaking world has trouble finding some clown to play him.) In any case, it seems that presidents of learned societies are well enough known about something to be elected because of it. Taking office, they find a podium attached, along with encouragement to demonstrate that they are indeed obsessed by what their election proved they were already known to be obsessed by. Election winds them up and sets them loose to set their record straight: they rise above restraint and replay it. For Association presidents are led to feel that they are representative of something, and that this something is just what their intellectual community wants represented and needs representing. Preparing and then presenting their addresses, presidents come to feel that they are temporarily guardians of their discipline. However large or oddly shaped the hall, their self swells out to fill it. Nor do narrow disciplinary concerns set limits. Whatever the public issues of the day, the speaker's discipline is shown to have incisive bearing on them. Moreover, the very occasion seems to make presidential speakers dangerously at one with themselves; warmed by the celebration they give without stint, sidetracking their prepared address with parenthetical admissions, obirer dicta, ethical and- political asides and other medallions of belief. And once again there occurs that special flagrancy of high office: the indulgence of selfcongratulation in public. What this dramaturgy is supposed to bring is flesh to bones, confronting the reader's image of a person with the lively impression created when the words come from a body not a page. What this dramaturgy puts at risk is the remaining illusions listeners have concerning their profession. Take comfort, my friends, that although you are once again to witness the passion of the podium, ours is the discipline, the model of analysis, for which ceremonies are data as well as duty, for which talk provides conduct to observe as well as opinion to consider. Indeed, one might want to argue that the interesting matter for all of us here (as all of us know) is not what I will come to say, but what you are doing here listening to me saying it.
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(1983): Uncertainty reduction and predictability of behaviour in low- and high-context structures. An exploratory study. In: Communication Quarterly 31 (1), S. 49-55
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(1983) : Konsensfiktionen in Kleingruppen. Dargestellt am Beispiel von jungen Ehen In: Neidhardt, F.: Gruppensoziologie: Perspektiven und Materialien: Opladen: Westdt. Verlag, S. 210-232
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(1983): Group training for the promotion of social competence – Conception and initial results of the evaluation. In: ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE-FORSCHUNG UND PRAXIS 12 (4), S. 229-244
Abstract: [-]
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(1983): Effects of script structure on children's story recall. In: Developmental Psychology 19 (4), S. 625-635. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.19.4.625
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(1983): The principles of psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press (The works of William James)
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(1983): Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht. Unter Mitarbeit von Wolfgang Becker und Hans Ebeling. Stuttgart: Reclam
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(1983): Reconstructive memory. A computer model. In: Cognitive Science 7 (4), S. 281-328Keywords: Schematheorie
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(1983): Principles of pragmatics. 1. publ. London u.a.: Longman
Abstract: Over the years, pragmatics - the study of the use and meaning of utterances to their situations - has become a more and more important branch of linguistics, as the inadequacies of a purely formalist, abstract approach to the study of language have become more evident. This book presents a rhetorical model of pragmatics: that is, a model which studies linguistic communication in terms of communicative goals and principles of 'good communicative behaviour'. In this respect, Geoffrey Leech argues for a rapprochement between linguistics and the traditional discipline of rhetoric. He does not reject the Chomskvan revolution of linguistics, but rather maintains that the language system in the abstract - i.e. the 'grammar' broadly in Chomsky's sense - must be studied in relation to a fully developed theory of language use. There is therefore a division of labour between grammar and rhetoric, or (in the study of meaning) between semantics and pragmatics. The book's main focus is thus on the development of a model of pragmatics within an overall functional model of language. In this it builds on the speech avct theory of Austin and Searle, and the theory of conversational implicature of Grice, but at the same time enlarges pragmatics to include politeness, irony, phatic communion, and other social principles of linguistic behaviour.
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Lind, Georg (1983): Moralisches Urteilen und soziale Umwelt. Theoretische methodologische und empirische Untersuchungen. Gedr. nach Typoskript. Weinheim [u.a.]: Beltz (Beltz-Monographien)
Abstract: Es wird ein ideen- und theoriengeschichtlicher Überblick über die Kategorien Moral, Ethik und Moralität im Rahmen der Sozialwissenschaften gegeben. Einleitend werden einige philosophische Konzepte, die von den Sozialwissenschaften rezipiert wurden, skizziert (Kant, Comte, Nicolai Hartmann, Durkheim). Anschließend werden die Theorien von Piaget und Kohlberg umrissen. Kohlbergs Stufenmodell der Entwicklung des moralischen Urteilens wird dargestellt und diskutiert. Die Rezeption dieses Modells in Habermas' Konzeption einer Entwicklungslogik wird rekonstruiert. Anschließend wird erörtert, dass die individuelle Entwicklung des moralischen Urteilens um die soziale und historische Dimension erweitert werden muss. Als Modell einer solchen Erweiterung wird Habermas' Konzeption der gesellschaftlichen Evolution der Moral sowie der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Deutungsmuster analysiert. Abschließend werden einige allgemeine Anmerkungen zum gegenwärtigen Stand der sozialwissenschaftlichen Theoriebildung in diesem Bereich gemacht. zitiert von: 11
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(1983): Moral Arguments and Social Contexts. In: The Journal of Philosophy 80 (10). DOI: 10.2307/2026154
Abstract: Virginia Held believes it possible for intellectuals to speak from a point of view independet of existing social arrangements and interests, from which as purely external critics they should articulate for society the standards that genuine moral and aesthetiv worth decree. The issue between her and Richard Rorty turns on whether a necessary precondition of this possibility can be satisfied. Held's thesis requires that conclusions concerning genuine moral worth can be devised and justified, independently of any appeal to de facto beliefs, conventions, and institutions. This is what Rorty denies. Held's thesis also requires that everyone else, plain persons who are not intellectuals, have good reason to attend to declarations by intellectuals. This I deny for reasons which undermine Rorty's argument as well as Held's. What precludes modern intellectuals from being justly accorded the role and the responsibilities assigned to them by Held is the extent of intellectual and social dissensus. On every substantive social and moral issue intellectuals appear on opposing sides: Sowell versus Thorow, Scholem versus Arendt, Bethe versus Teller. If Held's thesis is that plain persons should attend only to intellectuals whose arguments are sound, then the intellectual task of identifying sound arguments devolves on the plain person, and any clear distinction between intellectuals and nonintellectuals is obliterated.
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(1983): The Little Thoughts of Thinking Machines. In: Psychology Today (December), S. 46-49
Abstract: When we interact with computers and other machines, we often use language ordinarily used for talking about people. We may say of a vending machine, `It wants another ten cents for a lousy candy bar.' We may say of an automatic teller machine, `It thinks I don't have enough money in my account because it doesn't yet know about the deposit I made this morning.' This article is about when we're right or almost right in saying these things, and when it's a good idea to think of machines that way.
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(1983): Tagebücher. Anmerkungen, Anhang, Register. Neu durchges. und erg. Aufl.. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt
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Neidhardt, F. (1983): Gruppensoziologie. Perspektiven und Materialien. Opladen: Westdt. Verlag
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(1983): Die Entstehung sozialer Normen. Ein Integrationsversuch soziologischer, sozialpsychologischer und ökonomischer Erklärungen. Tübingen: Mohr
Abstract: Literaturverzeichnis
Keywords: behavioural science, bibliography, Eigentumsrecht, empirical analysis, Empirische Untersuchung, ethical argumentation, Ethische Argumentation, Natur & Genese von Normen, social psychology, Sociology, Soziale Norm, Soziale Normen, Sozialer Wert, Soziallehre, Sozialpsychologie, Soziologie, Soziologische Theorie, transformation of values, Utilitarismus, Verhaltensforschung, Wertewandel -
(1983): Die klientenzentrierte Gesprächspsychotherapie. Ungekürzte Ausg., 4. Aufl.. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag (Fischer-Taschenbücher)Keywords: Nichtdirektive Psychotherapie
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(1983): Schriften zur Kulturkritik. 4. erw. Aufl.. Hamburg: Meiner
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(1983): Dynamic memory: A theory of reminding and learning in computers and people. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
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(1983): Kriminal- und Rechtspsychologie. Ein Handbuch in Schlüsselbegriffen. München; Wien; Baltimore: Urban und Schwarzenberg (U & S Psychologie)
Abstract: Der Beitrag, den die sozialwissenschaftliche Devianzforschung zum Verständnis von abweichendem Verhalten leistet, wird erörtert. Einleitend wird ein kurzer Überblick über konkurrierende Ansätze in der Devianzforschung gegeben. Dabei werden drei Polaritäten genannt: (1) absolutistische versus relativistische Ansätze, (2) täter- versus kontrollzentrierte Ansätze und (3) strukturelle versus prozessuale Ansätze. Dann wird der Zusammenhang von Abweichung und sozialer Kontrolle in einigen zentralen Punkten, in denen der Labeling-Ansatz einige Einsichten hervorgebracht hat, erläutert. Abschließend wird für eine interpretative Perspektive abweichenden Verhaltens plädiert, die als ein systematischer Versuch des verstehenden Nachvollzugs von abweichendem Verhalten gekennzeichnet wird.