Alle Publikationen
1975
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Winston, Patrik H. (1975): The Psychology of Computer Vision. New York: McGraw-Hill
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(1975): Mate selection - A selection for a handicap. In: Journal of theoretical biology 53 (1), S. 205-214Keywords: Biologie
1974
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(1974): Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University PressKeywords: doppelter Treffer
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(1974): Die westliche Soziologie in der Krise. Hamburg: Rowohlt
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(1974): Zur kognitiven Entwicklung des Kindes: drei Aufsätze. Berlin, Germany: Suhrkamp
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Luhmann, Niklas (1974): Soziologische Aufklärung 1. Aufsätze zur Theorie sozialer Systeme. Opladen: Westdt. Verl.
Abstract: Die Soziologie blickt, was praktische Verwendung und theoretische Konsolidierung anlangt, in eine offene, höchst ungewisse Zukunft. All ihren Beständen und jedem ihrer Einsätze fehlt die Gewißheit, dauerhafte Erkenntnis zu sein. Das gilt selbst für empirische Forschung, besonders aber für rein theoretische Überlegungen. In dieser Lage wäre ein Verzicht auf zusammenfassende Theorie verhängnisvoll, aber es emp fiehlt sich, solche Theorie zunächst einmal ins Unreine zu schreiben. Dafür schien mir, über eine Reihe von Jahren hinweg, der Zeitschriftenaufsatz die geeignete Form der Mitteilung zu sein. Die Zahl und die Zerstreuung solcher Aufsätze erschweren jedoch den Zugang, den Überblick, die Kontrolle und die Kritik. Diesen Mangel soll die hiermit vorgelegte Sammlung beheben. Im Sinne dieser Zweckbestimmung lag es, von einer Überarbeitung der bereits gedruckten Aufsätze abzusehen. So blieben Überschneidungen stehen und auch Un ebenheiten in der Formulierung, die bei einem Neuentwurf vermeidbar wären. Es war jedoch notwendig und sinnvoll, eine Auswahl zu treffen, und daraus ergab sich die Anregung, zur Abrundung zwei neue Aufsätze zu schreiben. Ausgewählt habe ich Beiträge zur allgemeinen theoretischen Soziologie und zur Theorie der Gesellschaft und ihrer primären Teilsysteme. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt war es erforderlich, einen Beitrag zur Theorie der Gesellschaft neu zu verfassen, da die bereits veröffentlichten Gedanken zu diesem Thema zu sehr vom jeweiligen Anlaß der Publikation geprägt waren. Und ferner schien es mir sich zu lohnen, die in Ansätzen skizzierte theoretische Konzeption auch für den Fall des Sozialsystems der Wirtschaft durchzuspielen.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy -
(1974): Grundrechte als Institution. Ein Beitrag zur politischen Soziologie. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
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(1974) : Funktionale Methode und Systemtheorie In: Luhmann, Niklas: Soziologische Aufklärung 1: Aufsätze zur Theorie sozialer Systeme: Opladen: Westdt. Verl., S. 31-53Keywords: Youssef, Ramy
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(1974): A Framework for Representing Knowledge. In: Artificial lntelligence Memo No. 306. Cambridge, Mass.
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(1974): What Is It Like to Be a Bat?. In: The Philosophical Review 83 (4). DOI: 10.2307/2183914
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(1974): Behavioral appropriateness and situational constraint as dimensions of social behavior. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 30 (4), S. 579-586. DOI: 10.1037/h0037037
Abstract: In the 1st of 2 studies, 52 undergraduates were required to judge the appropriateness of 15 behaviors in each of 15 situations in a behavior-situation matrix. Differences among behaviors, situations, and Behavior Situation interactions contributed substantial proportions of the total variance in judgments. The concepts of behavioral appropriateness and situational constraint were offered to account for the differences obtained among behaviors and situations, respectively. A 2nd study, using a new sample of 42 Ss and different methods of measurement, provided initial construct validity evidence for the concepts. Implications of these results for the construction of situational response hierarchies, the development of behavior and situation taxonomies, and causal attribution are discussed. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1973
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(1973): Schema Theory. An Information Processing Model of Perception and Cognition. In: American Political Science Review 67 (04), S. 1248-1266. DOI: 10.2307/1956546Keywords: Cultural Schema Theory (Schemata)
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(1973): This Cybernetic World of Men, Machines and Earth Systems. In: Technology and Culture 14 (2). DOI: 10.2307/3102426
Abstract: Professional interests in systems and cybernetics now encompass a wide range of disciplines and activities, including some that appear to be only distantly related to each other. This gives the field a multidisciplinary character that is like a breath of fresh air in a world that is too specialized for its own good. As proposed by its founder, Norbert Wiener, cybernetics is the science of control and of information, whether applied to the living world or to the inanimate machine . It has come to represent a quite general search for relationships among phenomena. Some people distinguish the term cybernetics from what is called general systems theory, but all too often the distinctions seem to be more superficial than real. Most publications on cybernetics that followed Professor Wiener’s beautiful exposition have tended to emphasize highly specialized aspects of the field. The present volume is designed to present a broader view of the subject, to be read by laymen as well as by professionals, since there is no need to hide the common sense and beauty of the subject behind equations. My hope is that readers will find the treatment understandable and sufficiently exciting to encourage the use of the “cybernetic approach,” whatever that may turn out to be, for their own way of life and thought.
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Corum, C.; Smith-Stark, C. T.; Weiser, A. (Hg.) (1973): Papers from the 9th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago, IL, USA: Chicago Linguistic Society
Abstract: Papers delivered during the Society's three-day session (April 1975), augmented by 17 papers prepared for the meeting but not delivered, and reduced by 2 papers delivered but not presented for publication. Representative of the 60 in the publication are Two Levels of Logical Presupposition (Bickerton); Pronouns and Quantifiers in French: A Copying or an Analogical Rule? (Coppieters); and a Pragmatic Analysis of Parenthetic Adjuncts (Corum).
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(1973) : The logic of politeness: Or, minding your p’s and q’s In: Corum, C.; Smith-Stark, C. T.; Weiser, A. (Hg.): Papers from the 9th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society: Chicago, IL, USA: Chicago Linguistic Society, S. 292-305
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(1973): Zur historischen Kontinuität normativ diskriminierter syntaktischer Muster in spontaner Sprechsprache. In: Deutsche Sprache 1, S. 37-57
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(1973): Job Market Signaling. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics 87 (3), S. 355-374. DOI: 10.2307/1882010
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(1973): Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complex Systems and Decision Processes. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 3 (1), S. 28-44. DOI: 10.1109/TSMC.1973.5408575
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1973.5408575 Abstract: The approach described in this paper represents a substantive departure from the conventional quantitative techniques of system analysis. It has three main distinguishing features: 1) use of so-called ``linguistic'' variables in place of or in addition to numerical variables; 2) characterization of simple relations between variables by fuzzy conditional statements; and 3) characterization of complex relations by fuzzy algorithms. A linguistic variable is defined as a variable whose values are sentences in a natural or artificial language. Thus, if tall, not tall, very tall, very very tall, etc. are values of height, then height is a linguistic variable. Fuzzy conditional statements are expressions of the form IF A THEN B, where A and B have fuzzy meaning, e.g., IF x is small THEN y is large, where small and large are viewed as labels of fuzzy sets. A fuzzy algorithm is an ordered sequence of instructions which may contain fuzzy assignment and conditional statements, e.g., x = very small, IF x is small THEN Y is large. The execution of such instructions is governed by the compositional rule of inference and the rule of the preponderant alternative. By relying on the use of linguistic variables and fuzzy algorithms, the approach provides an approximate and yet effective means of describing the behavior of systems which are too complex or too ill-defined to admit of precise mathematical analysis.
1972
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(1972): Steps to an ecology of mind. A revolutionary approach to man‘s understanding of himself. New York: Ballantine BooksKeywords: Youssef, Ramy
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(1972): The Effects of Leadership Training and Experience: A Contingency Model Interpretation. In: Administrative Science Quarterly 17 (4). DOI: 10.2307/2393826
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393826 Abstract: Summarizes recent studies based on the contingency model of leadership effectiveness suggesting why research typically has failed to show that leadership training and experience increase organizational performance. The contingency model postulates that group performance depends on the match between situational favorableness, i.e., the leader's control and influence, and leadership motivation (as measured by the Least Preferred Coworker scale). Since leadership training and experience are designed to increase the leader's control and influence, they should improve the leader's situational favorableness. A change in situational favorableness through training and experience should, therefore, decrease the performance of some leaders while increasing that of others. Empirical evidence is reviewed which supports this hypothesis. Based on the contingency model, new strategies of leadership training and job rotation are suggested.
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(1972): Relations in public. Microstudies of the public order. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books (Pelican books)
Abstract: Until recently, to be in a "public place" meant to feel safe. That has changed, especially in cities. Urban dwellers sense the need to quickly react to gestural cues from persons in their immediate presence in order to establish their relationship to each other. Through this communication they hope to detect potential danger before it is too late for self-defense or flight. The ability to read accurately the "informing signs" by which strangers indicate their relationship to one another in public or semi-public places without speaking, has become as important as understanding the official written and spoken language of the country. In Relations in Public, Erving Goffman provides a grammar of the unspoken language used in public places. He shows that the way strangers relate in public is part of a design by which friends and acquaintances manage their relationship in the presence of bystanders. He argues that, taken together, this forms part of a new domain of inquiry into the rules for co-mingling, or public order. Most people give little thought to how elaborate and complex our everyday behavior in public actually is. For example, we adhere to the rules of pedestrian traffic on a busy thoroughfare, accept the usual ways of acting in a crowded elevator or subway car, grasp the delicate nuances of conversational behavior, and respond to the rich vocabulary of body gestures. We behave differently at weddings, at meals, in crowds, in couples, and when alone. Such everyday behavior, though generally below the level of awareness, embodies unspoken codes of social understandings necessary for the orderly conduct of society.
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(1972): Attribution. Perceiving the causes of behavior. Morristown, NJ: General Learning PressKeywords: Youssef, Ramy
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(1972): Die nicht-direktive Beratung. München: Kindler Verlag
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Brodersen, A. (1972): Gesammelte Aufsätze 2. Studien zur soziologischen Theorie. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Online verfügbar unter https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gbv/detail.action?docID=3109515
Abstract: Front -- INHALT -- VORWORT DES HERAUSGEBERS -- REINE THEORIE -- DIE SOZIALE WELT UND DIE THEORIE DER SOZIALEN HANDLUNG -- DAS PROBLEM DER RATIONALITAT IN DER SOZIALEN WELT -- ANGEWANDTE THEORIE -- DER FREMDE -- DER GUT INFORMIERTE BORGER -- DON QUIXOTE UND DAS PROBLEM DER REALITAT -- GEMEINSAM MVSIZIEREN -- MOZART UND DIE PHILOSOPHEN -- SANTAYANA DBER GESELLSCHAFT UND REGIERUNG -- DIE GLEICHHEIT UND DIE SINNSTRUKTUR DER SOZIALEN WELT -- EINIGE AQUIVOKATIONEN 1M BEG RIFF DER VERANTWORTLICHKEIT -- ZUKONFTIGEN EREIGNISSEN -- PERSONENREGISTER -- SACHREGISTER
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Schütz, Alfred (1972): Gesammelte Aufsätze 1. Das Problem der sozialen Wirklichkeit. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Online verfügbar unter https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gbv/detail.action?docID=3109407
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy