Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018): A reinforcement sensitivity theory explanation of antisocial behaviour. In: Personality and Individual Differences 123, S. 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.008
Abstract: A comprehensive explanation of antisocial behaviour (ASB) needs to focus on both individual differences in personality and life events as potentially predisposing factors. The current studies investigated the relative influence of both of these in males and females. We used the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of personality to investigate the extent to which dispositional approach and avoidance tendencies relate to ASB. In the first study, 287 participants reported their engagement in ASB and completed the RST Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ). In the second study, a new sample of 282 participants completed the same measures as well as reporting the extent to which they had experienced life strains. Results from both studies showed a positive association between goal-drive persistence and ASB in males; while in females, a positive association was found between impulsivity and ASB. In Study 2, life strains explained further variance in ASB and this also show a gender differentiation: in males, there was a stronger relationship between financial strains and ASB while females showed an association between relational strains and ASB. Overall, results suggested that ASB is more pronounced in the male sample with an instrumental purpose while in the female sample personal life events are of more relevance. zitiert von 1
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(2018): Spontaneous theory of mind is reduced for nonhuman-like agents as compared to human-like agents. In: Psychological Research, S. 1571-1580. DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1000-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1000-0 Abstract: Theory of Mind research has shown that we spontaneously take into account other’s beliefs. In the current study, we investigate, with a spontaneous Theory of Mind (ToM) task, if this belief representation also applies to nonhuman-like agents. In a series of three experiments, we show here that we do not spontaneously take into account beliefs of nonhuman-like others, or at least we do it to a lesser extent than for human and human-like agents. Further, the experience we have with the other agent, in our case a dog, does not modulate spontaneous ToM: the same pattern of results was obtained when dog owners and no owners were compared. However, when more attention was attracted to the dog behavior, participants’ behavior was influenced by the beliefs of the dog. In sum, spontaneous belief representation seems to be primarily restricted to human and human-like agents, but can be facilitated when more attention is drawn to a nonhuman-like agent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: theory of mind, Verhaltensforschung -
(2018): Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Experimental evolutionary studies of mismatch. In: Journal of Bioeconomics 20 (1), S. 153-157. DOI: 10.1007/s10818-017-9266-7
Abstract: We describe two types of experimental evolution studies of 'mismatch' that are relevant to economics. 'Evolutionary mismatch' is the concept that an organism can be importantly 'out of sync' with its environment. In such cases, an organism may choose an option that is inferior to a feasible alternative. Mainstream and behavioral economics do not address the notion of evolutionary mismatch. We argue for an empirical program on mismatch utilizing the methodology of experimental evolution. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Individual differences are more than a gene × environment interaction. The role of learning. In: Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition 44 (1), S. 36-55. DOI: 10.1037/xan0000157
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29323517 Abstract: Individual differences in behavior are understood generally as arising from an interaction between genes and environment, omitting a crucial component. The literature on animal and human learning suggests the need to posit principles of learning to explain our differences. One of the challenges for the advancement of the field has been to establish how general principles of learning can explain the almost infinite variation in behavior. We present a case that: (a) individual differences in behavior emerge, in part, from principles of learning; (b) associations provide a descriptive mechanism for understanding the contribution of experience to behavior; and (c) learning theories explain dissociable aspects of behavior. We use 4 examples from the field of learning to illustrate the importance of involving psychology, and associative theory in particular, in the analysis of individual differences, these are (a) fear learning; (b) behavior directed to cues for outcomes (i.e., sign- and goal- tracking); (c) stimulus learning related to attention; and (d) human causal learning. (PsycINFO Database Record
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(2018) : Implicit moral cognition. In: Gray, Kurt James; Graham, Jesse (Hg.): Atlas of moral psychology: What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character? - Helzer, Erik G.; Critcher, Clayton R.: New York, NY: The Guilford Press, S. 516-524
Abstract: What is the best method for understanding moral judgment? We use implicit measurement and mathematical modeling to capture implicit moral evaluations, because this method can address debates over the role of intuition and reason in moral judgment and over domain-general versus domain-specific views of moral psychology. A man kicks a puppy as hard as he can. A son slaps his mother across the face. A soldier betrays his unit. A terrorist defiles a temple. These actions all seem like moral transgressions. And before you deliberate about why they are wrong—that is, what principles do they violate—you probably have an immediate gut reaction: 'That is wrong!' If you don’t have that reaction, that is important for us and everyone else to know, because it might mean you have fewer inhibitions about engaging in such behaviors. And you might know what the 'appropriate' reaction is supposed to look like, so it’s important to find a way to reliably assess your gut reactions b efore yo u can edit your responses. In this chapter, we discuss a new approach to measuring moral intuitions that draws upon advances in implicit social cognition and mathematical modeling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Culture, temperament, and social and psychological adjustment. In: Developmental Review, S. 42-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.03.004
Abstract: Relative to personality and many behavioral attributes, temperament is believed to be determined to a greater extent by genetic and other biological factors. Nevertheless, personal and social experiences are involved in temperamental development. In this paper, I discuss issues related to culture, temperament, and adjustment mainly from a contextual-developmental perspective, which emphasizes the role of social evaluation processes in bridging culture and temperamental development. The review of the research findings indicates that cultural beliefs and values, particularly those related to socialization goals, are reflected in parents’ and peers’ attitudes toward children’s temperamental characteristics, such as reactivity in challenging situations and self-control and its behavioral manifestations. Culturally guided social attitudes contribute to variations in the display of temperamental characteristics among children across societies. Moreover, culture plays a role in shaping the functional meanings or significance of temperamental characteristics in human development. Researchers need to investigate in the future cultural issues in temperamental development, especially relations between temperament and adjustment in different contexts, using a multi-level and multi-method approach.
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(2018): Moral foundations of positive and negative intergroup behavior. Moral exclusion fills the gap. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS 64, S. 67-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.03.006
Abstract: Personal criteria about the morally appropriate forms of behavior can be crucial when coming into contact with members of culturally different outgroups. In our study, we investigated whether moral exclusion mediates the relationship between moral foundations and positive and negative behavioral intentions toward Muslim people. Our aim was to identify the psychological mechanism that explains why particular people intend to harm (or not harm), and help (or not help) members of particular outgroups. Using survey data from an online questionnaire, structural equation modeling and mediation analysis showed that individualizing moral foundations had a negative relationship with negative behavioral intentions and a positive relationship with positive intentions towards Muslim people. Binding moral foundations showed the opposite connection with behavioral intentions. The relationship between moral foundations and intergroup behavioral intentions was mediated by moral exclusion. These results imply that moral intuitions form the basis of behavioral intentions toward a culturally different outgroup both directly and by influencing whether or not the outgroup is worthy of moral concern.
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(2018): Fairness, fast and slow. A review of dual process models of fairness. In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, S. 49-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.016
Abstract: Fairness, the notion that people deserve or have rights to certain resources or kinds of treatment, is a fundamental dimension of moral cognition. Drawing on recent evidence from economics, psychology, and neuroscience, we ask whether self-interest is always intuitive, requiring self-control to override with reasoning-based fairness concerns, or whether fairness itself can be intuitive. While we find strong support for rejecting the notion that self-interest is always intuitive, the literature has reached conflicting conclusions about the neurocognitive systems underpinning fairness. We propose that this disagreement can largely be resolved in light of an extended Social Heuristics Hypothesis. Divergent findings may be attributed to the interpretation of behavioral effects of ego depletion or neurostimulation, reverse inference from brain activity to the underlying psychological process, and insensitivity to social context and inter-individual differences. To better dissect the neurobiological basis of fairness, we outline how future research should embrace cross-disciplinary methods that combine psychological manipulations with neuroimaging, and that can probe inter-individual, and cultural heterogeneities.
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(2018): What's (not) underpinning ambivalent sexism?. Revisiting the roles of ideology, religiosity, personality, demographics, and men's facial hair in explaining hostile and benevolent sexism. In: Personality and Individual Differences 122, S. 29-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.001
Abstract: Ambivalent sexism is a two-dimensional framework that assesses sexist and misogynous attitudes. The current corpus of research on such attitudes suggest that they are predicted by numerous variables, including religious beliefs, ideological variables, and men's facial hair. Most studies, however, have treated such predictors as if they are independent – inferring that zero-order correlations between sexism and its predictors are not confounded by omitted third variables. In the current work, we address ambivalent sexism using a large array of known correlates of sexist attitudes in two large and demographically diverse samples. We show that low empathic concern is the primary driver of hostile-, but not benevolent sexism (Study 1); that social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, religiosity, and low Openness and Agreeableness differentially predict ambivalent sexism (Study 2); along with male gender and low education level (Study 1 and 2). Contradicting an earlier finding, men's facial hair was not correlated with hostile sexism in either studies and a short full beard predicted lower scores on benevolent sexism in Study 2. Thus, we replicated the main findings from most previous research except for men's facial hair, and we also show the paths through which predictors of sexist attitudes exert their effects.
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(2018): How do social norms influence prosocial development?. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 20, S. 87-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.011
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28858771 Abstract: Humans are both highly prosocial and extremely sensitive to social norms, and some theories suggest that norms are necessary to account for uniquely human forms of prosocial behavior and cooperation. Understanding how norms influence prosocial behavior is thus essential if we are to describe the psychology and development of prosocial behavior. In this article I review recent research from across the social sciences that provides (1) a theoretical model of how norms influence prosocial behavior, (2) empirical support for the model based on studies with adults and children, and (3) predictions about the psychological mechanisms through which norms shape prosocial behavior. I conclude by discussing the need for future studies into how prosocial behavior develops through emerging interactions between culturally varying norms, social cognition, emotions, and potentially genes. zitiert von 4
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(2018) : The model of moral motives: A map of the moral domain. In: Gray, Kurt James; Graham, Jesse (Hg.): Atlas of moral psychology: What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character? - Helzer, Erik G.; Critcher, Clayton R.: New York, NY: The Guilford Press
Abstract: Motivation is fundamental to morality, which involves both an understanding of right and wrong—of what we should or should not do—and the activation or inhibition of these behaviors. The model of moral motives (MMM) has its roots in the most basic motivational processes recognized in psychology: approach and avoidance. The MMM crosses approach and avoidance processes with distinct levels of analysis reflecting the focus of one’s moral behavior: oneself (intrapersonal), another person (interpersonal), or the group (collective). As evident in this chapter, this produces six cells with unique moral motives, each reflecting how to be moral in that context. Our model explains these two innate processes that are generic from a psychological perspective and culturally uniform in their social function, with a special focus on how these processes manifest in different social contexts. However, it is important to clarify that our model does not try to explain the many ways in which c ultures elaborate on these basic processes. Learned cultural innovations, including everything from rituals and tradition, gossip and reputation, the rule of law, religion, governmental institutions, penal systems, leadership, and various forms of tribalism, are woven into moral behavior in different ways from culture to culture. These cultural elaborations on the two basic processes of moral behavior lead to unique societies that emphasize differing moral motives with differing levels of effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): From being nice to being kind. Development of prosocial behaviors. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 20, S. 45-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.036
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28830006 Abstract: Empirical findings regarding the origins and development of prosocial behaviors from infancy to childhood have generated new information on when young children act prosocially toward others, how prosocial behavior changes across development, and why children do or do not behave prosocially. We discuss recent advances in three areas of research: First, studies have increasingly focused on age-related differences in various prosocial behaviors. Second, psychological underpinnings of prosocial behavior development have contributed to a better understanding of children's motives for prosocial behaviors. Third, dispositional and situational effects on the development of prosocial behaviors have been examined. We discuss consequences of individual differences in prosocial behaviors and provide recommendations for future directions for the study of prosocial behavior development. zitiert von 2
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(2018): An expanded model of the moral self. Beyond care and justice. In: Social science research 72, S. 1-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.02.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29609732 Abstract: Most research on moral identities conceptualizes morality exclusively in terms of care and justice, but work from across the social sciences indicates that these represent only a corner of the moral landscape. Emphasizing care and justice alone severely restricts the scope of moral identity models, and risks under-estimating the influence of moral self-processes. To address this, we develop and validate measures of moral identity focused on group loyalty, authority, and purity, three additional facets of morality highlighted in Moral Foundations Theory. Although the loyalty identity is remarkably similar to the care/justice identity, the authority and purity identities are distinct, and demonstrate adequate convergent, divergent, and nomological validity. These identities also predict a wide range of behaviors that traditional care/justice focused moral identities miss. Taken together, our work indicates that the moral self is more complex - and has a much wider scope of influence - than previously supposed.
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(2018): Individual differences in social control. Who 'speaks up' when witnessing uncivil, discriminatory, and immoral behaviours?. In: The British journal of social psychology 57 (3), S. 524-546. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12246
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29468703 Abstract: This research examined the personality characteristics of individuals who 'speak up' and confront perpetrators of norm transgressions. We tested whether those who intervene tend to be 'bitter complainers' or 'well-adjusted leaders'. In four studies (total N = 1,003), we measured several individual differences that are directly implicated by at least one of the two concepts. We also presented participants with uncivil, discriminatory, and immoral behaviours and asked them how likely they would be to intervene if they were to witness each of these behaviours as a bystander. The results confirmed the well-adjusted leader hypothesis: Participants' self-reported tendency to confront perpetrators correlated positively with altruism, extraversion, social responsibility, acceptance by peers, independent self-construal, emotion regulation, persistence, self-directedness, age, occupation, and monthly salary, but not with aggressiveness or low self-esteem. Individuals who confront prejudice also speak up against other immoral and uncivil behaviours. We discuss the implications of these findings for the perpetuation and change of social norms. zitiert von 2
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(2018): Social context reveals gender differences in cooperative behavior. In: Journal of Bioeconomics 20 (2), S. 213-225. DOI: 10.1007/s10818-018-9271-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10818-018-9271-5 Abstract: A number of previous researches indicate that men prefer competition over cooperation, and it is sometimes suggested that women show the opposite behavioral preference. In the current study the effects of social context on gender differences in cooperation are investigated. For the purpose, we compared men and women behavior under two social conditions: in groups of strangers and in groups with long-term socialization—groups of friends. The differences were found in changes in the level of cooperation, taking into account the effects of mixing social and gender variables. Social interaction and communication made cooperation of group members strength and sustainable. However, men’s and women’s cooperative behavior in groups differed. Women were initially more inclined to cooperate in interaction with strangers. Men showed greater sensitivity to sociality effects. They tended to make cooperative decisions more often if there were friends in the group. Furthermore, me n cooper ated with previously unknown people after socialization with them significantly more than women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018) : Interkulturelle Kompetenz In: Machleidt, Wielant; Kluge, Ulrike; Sieberer, Marcel Gerd; Heinz, Andreas; Agorastos, Agorastos (Hg.): Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und psychische Gesundheit: 2. Auflage: München: Elsevier, S. 189-197
Abstract: siehe pdf
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(2018): The origins of infants’ fairness concerns and links to prosocial behavior. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 20, S. 117-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.01.005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.01.005 Abstract: Concerns about fairness are central to mature moral judgments. We review research regarding the origins of a sensitivity to distributive fairness, and how it relates to early sharing. Infants’ sensitivity to fairness appears to be commensurate with that of school-age children: infants notice violations to fairness norms and evaluate individuals based on their fair or unfair behavior. However, it may differ in other ways: there is no evidence that infants punish unfair individuals. Sharing behavior plays a role in both the developmental emergence of, and subsequent individual differences in, infants’ fairness concerns. These results motivate novel questions, such whether infants can entertain other models of fairness, whether infants’ socio-moral concerns hang together, and the relationship early fairness sensitivities and later fair behavior. PMID: 29427877
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Stein, Roland; Müller, Thomas (Hg.) (2018): Inklusion in Schule und Gesellschaft. Inklusion im Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung. 2., erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage. Stuttgart; Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, Verlag W. Kohlhammer (Inklusion in Schule und Gesellschaft)
Abstract: Der Umgang mit Verhaltensstörungen bildet einen der Brennpunkte der Schulentwicklung in den nächsten Jahren und eine Herausforderung für die Inklusion. Verhaltensstörungen sind nicht nur verbreitet und vielfältig, sie stellen die Lehrkräfte auch vor erhebliche Probleme. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird zunächst ein exaktes Bild der gegenwärtigen schulischen Situation in diesem Förderschwerpunkt gezeichnet. Im Anschluss werden die wichtigsten Entwicklungs- und Leitlinien zusammen mit den sich heute abzeichnenden Zukunftsperspektiven in diesem Feld herausgearbeitet. Des Weiteren werden wirksame Maßnahmen im Hinblick auf spezifische Auffälligkeiten im Verhalten und Erleben und die Organisationsformen inklusiver Förderung thematisiert. Der Bogen wird dabei von der schulischen Prävention bis zur intensiven Intervention gespannt. - Inhalt: (1) Roland Stein und Thomas Müller: Inklusion im Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung - zur Einleitung. (2) Marc Willmann: Zur geschichtlichen Entwicklung der schulischen Erziehungshilfe. (3) Roland Stein und Stephan Ellinger: Zwischen Separation und Inklusion: zum Forschungsstand im Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung. (4) Thomas Hennemann, Heinrich Ricking und Christian Huber: Organisationsformen inklusiver Förderung im Bereich emotional-sozialer Entwicklung. (5) Birgit Herz und David Zimmermann: Beziehung statt Erziehung? Psychoanalytische Perspektiven auf pädagogische Herausforderungen in der Praxis mit emotional-sozial belasteten Heranwachsenden. (6) Clemens Hillenbrand: Evidenzbasierte Praxis im Förderschwerpunkt emotional-soziale Entwicklung. (7) Thomas Müller und Roland Stein: Erziehung im Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung. (8) Thomas Müller und Roland Stein: Schulische Inklusion im Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung - quo vadis?
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(2018) : Society and Knowledge In: Teraji, Shinji: The cognitive basis of institutions: A synthesis of behavioral and institutional economics: Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier (Perspectives in behavioral economics and the economics of behavior), S. 263-308
Abstract: This chapter deals with social order. Hayek’s thought largely rests on the concept of spontaneous order. Spontaneous orders in human affairs are patterns that arise as the unintended consequences of individual actions. The dissemination of knowledge is crucial in society. People live in a world of expectations about interactions with others’ actions. Rules are behavioral patterns that individuals expect each other to follow. Relying on rules is a device we have learned to use, because our reason is insufficient to master the detail of complex reality. If rules are recognized as recurrent patterns of behavior, individuals act according to rules of conduct. The diffusion of shared behavioral patterns is necessary to obtain social order. Shared rules facilitate decision-making in complex situations by limiting the range of circumstances to which individuals have to pay attention.
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(2018): Communication of anger versus disappointment in bargaining and the moderating role of power. In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 32. DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2079
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2079 Abstract: Emotional expressions can have a pervasive impact on bargaining behavior and outcomes. This widely documented phenomenon implies that in their communications, bargainers may adjust their apparent emotions. In the current paper, we developed a paradigm to study the communication of anger and disappointment, two of the most commonly experienced emotions in bargaining. The results of three experiments show that bargainers often adjust the intensity of their emotions in their communicated emotions. The findings show a differentiated pattern, revealing that bargainers rather exaggerate their disappointment than their anger, especially when the target of their communication is in a high power position. The results are discussed and related to the social functional approach of emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Ranking low, feeling high. How hierarchical position and experienced power promote prosocial behavior in response to procedural justice. In: The Journal of applied psychology 103 (2), S. 164-181. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000260
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28933910 Abstract: Research shows that power can lead to prosocial behavior by facilitating the behavioral expression of dispositional prosocial motivation. However, it is not clear how power may facilitate responses to contextual factors that promote prosocial motivation. Integrating fairness heuristic theory and the situated focus theory of power, we argue that in particular, organization members in lower (vs. higher) hierarchical positions who simultaneously experience a high (vs. low) sense of power respond with prosocial behavior to 1 important antecedent of prosocial motivation, that is, the enactment of procedural justice. The results from a multisource survey among employees and their leaders from various organizations (Study 1) and an experiment using a public goods dilemma (Study 2) support this prediction. Three subsequent experiments (Studies 3-5) show that this effect is mediated by perceptions of authority trustworthiness. Taken together, this research (a) helps resolve the debate regarding whether power promotes or undermines prosocial behavior, (b) demonstrates that hierarchical position and the sense of power can have very different effects on processes that are vital to the functioning of an organization, and (c) helps solve ambiguity regarding the roles of hierarchical position and power in fairness heuristic theory. (PsycINFO Database Record
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(2018): Moral cognition and its basis in social cognition and social regulation.. New York: Guilford Press, zuletzt geprüft am 25.04.2018
Abstract: What is the basis of moral cognition? Moral judgments are grounded in a number of cognitive and social cognitive processes, which guide the social regulation of behavior and are, in turn, constrained by such regulation to be fair and evidence-based. Human beings live complex social lives, composed of various types of relationships across nested social hierarchies, all structured by rights, rules, and obligations. However, selfish goals persist, and keeping individuals’ goals in line with community interests has become the primary challenge of modern morality. To meet this challenge, human societies have developed two major social-cultural tools: a vast network of rules, norms, and values and complex social practices of norm enforcement, such as blame, praise, apology, and reconciliation. This kind of social-cultural morality has to be taught, learned, and enforced by community members, even by the youngest among them. Acquiring norms likely benefits from early-appearing prefere nces for prosocial agents over antisocial agents, but socially mature moral capacities rely heavily on nonmoral capacities: those of social cognition. Social cognition encompasses a hierarchy of interdependent concepts, processes, and skills that allow individuals to perceive, understand, and—most important for the present topic—evaluate one another. For example, norm enforcers infer the mental processes that generated a transgressive behavior (e.g., motive, belief, intention) before blaming the transgressor. The transgressor must likewise infer the mental processes that generated the social act of blaming (e.g., the norm enforcer’s goals, knowledge, and power of enforcing sanctions) when deciding to deny or admit, maintain or correct the norm-violating behavior. These, then, are the phenomena this chapter aims to illuminate. We show how the elements of social cognition ground people’s moral cognition and how social and moral cognition together guide the social regul ation of behavior by moral norms. We aim to identify the concepts, mechanisms, and practices that go into making various kinds of moral judgments and the forms and functions of socially expressing those judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 4
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(2018): Brain responses to social norms. Meta-analyses of fMRI studies. In: Human brain mapping 39 (2), S. 955-970. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23895
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29160930 Abstract: Social norms have a critical role in everyday decision-making, as frequent interaction with others regulates our behavior. Neuroimaging studies show that social-based and fairness-related decision-making activates an inconsistent set of areas, which sometimes includes the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and others lateral prefrontal cortices. Social-based decision-making is complex and variability in findings may be driven by socio-cognitive activities related to social norms. To distinguish among social-cognitive activities related to social norms, we identified 36 eligible articles in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature, which we separate into two categories (a) social norm representation and (b) norm violations. The majority of original articles (>60%) used tasks associated with fairness norms and decision-making, such as ultimatum game, dictator game, or prisoner's dilemma; the rest used tasks associated to violation of moral norms, such as scenarios and sentences of moral depravity ratings. Using quantitative meta-analyses, we report common and distinct brain areas that show concordance as a function of category. Specifically, concordance in ventromedial prefrontal regions is distinct to social norm representation processing, whereas concordance in right insula, dorsolateral prefrontal, and dorsal cingulate cortices is distinct to norm violation processing. We propose a neurocognitive model of social norms for healthy adults, which could help guide future research in social norm compliance and mechanisms of its enforcement.
2017
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(2017): Effects of reinforcement value on instruction following under schedules of negative reinforcement. In: Behavioural Processes 145, S. 27-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.10.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993244 Abstract: The effects of reinforcement value and social control on instruction following under a negative-reinforcement (escape) schedule were studied. Initially, responding produced timeouts from pressing a force cell under a low and a high force requirement on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. Next, participants were reexposed to the low and high force requirements, but were instructed that the experimenter expected them to decrease the number of timeouts relative to the previous exposures to the procedure. Even though following the instruction led to a decrease in number of timeouts and to an increase in effort (i.e., was non-efficient), instruction following occurred consistently for each participant and was modulated by reinforcement value. That is, the decrease in the number of timeouts (i.e., instruction following) was lower under the high force requirement than under the low force requirement. These results replicate and extend previous findings that instructions interact with social and nonsocial contingencies in controlling human behavior.
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(2017): The Psychology of Middle Power. Vertical Code-Switching, Role Conflict, and Behavioral Inhibition. In: Academy of Management Review 42 (4), S. 659-682. DOI: 10.5465/amr.2016.0002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2016.0002 Abstract: Decades of research have demonstrated that having or lacking power can influence how people think and behave in organizations. By contrasting the experiences associated with high- and low-power states, however, this research has neglected the psychological and behavioral correlates of middle power, which is the subjective sense that one’s power is neither consistently higher nor lower than the power of one’s interaction partners. In this article we propose that middle-power positions and mindsets lead to frequent vertical code-switching—the act of alternating between behavioral patterns that are directed toward higher-power and lower-power interaction partners. We draw from identity and role transition theories to develop propositions specifying when frequent vertical code-switching will, in turn, result in heightened role conflict. We further situate our theoretical analysis by updating and extending the approach/inhibition theory of power on the basis of insights from rev ised reinforcement sensitivity theory to introduce an integrative framework called the approach/inhibition/avoidance theory of power. Overall, we highlight the promise of conceptualizing power in terms of the stability of one’s vertical orientation, offering novel predictions about the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects of power. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 5