Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Authorities' coercive and legitimate power. The impact on cognitions underlying cooperation. In: Frontiers in Psychology (Online Journal) 8
Abstract: The execution of coercive and legitimate power by an authority assures cooperation and prohibits free-riding. While coercive power can be comprised of severe punishment and strict monitoring, legitimate power covers expert and informative procedures. The perception of these powers wielded by authorities stimulates specific cognitions: trust, relational climates, and motives. With four experiments, the single and combined impact of coercive versus legitimate power on these processes and on intended cooperation of a total of 720 student participants, is investigated within two exemplary contexts (i.e., tax contributions, insurance claims). The results revealed that coercive power increases an antagonistic climate and enforced compliance, whereas legitimate power increases reason-based trust, a service climate, and voluntary cooperation. Unexpectedly, legitimate power additionally has a negative effect on an antagonistic climate, and a positive effect on enforced compliance. The findings lead to a modification of theoretical assumptions. However, exclusively reason-based trust, but not climate perceptions and motives, mediates the relationship between power and intended cooperation. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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(2017): Communal and agentic interpersonal and intergroup motives predict preferences for status versus power. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43 (1), S. 71-86
Abstract: Seven studies involving 1,343 participants showed how circumplex models of social motives can help explain individual differences in preferences for status (having others' admiration) versus power (controlling valuable resources). Studies 1 to 3 and 7 concerned interpersonal motives in workplace contexts, and found that stronger communal motives (to have mutual trust, support, and cooperation) predicted being more attracted to status (but not power) and achieving more workplace status, while stronger agentic motives (to be firm, decisive, and influential) predicted being more attracted to and achieving more workplace power, and experiencing a stronger connection between workplace power and job satisfaction. Studies 4 to 6 found similar effects for intergroup motives: Stronger communal motives predicted wanting one's ingroup (e.g., country) to have status but not power relative to other groups. Finally, most people preferred status over power, and this was especially true for women, which was partially explained by women having stronger communal motives.
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(2017): Editorial. Trust: The Limits of Human Moral. In: Frontiers in psychology 8. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00178
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00178 Abstract: This editorial briefs the articles featured in this special issue of Frontiers in Psychology . In this special issue on trust, several studies explored how the amount and the type of contact affects trusting behavior. In the course of daily life, people routinely engage in social exchanges that involve some level of trust. Studies published as a part of the current research topic suggest that individuals do not automatically adopt trusting and moral behavior in human interactions, but that those behaviors are determined by and modulated by a plethora of cognitive, psychological, situational, and contextual factors. We believe that research published within the special topic significantly contributes to understanding of trust and we encourage further research both on the brighter and darker sides of trust. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017) : Grundriss einer sozialpsychologischen Respekttheorie Hogrefe Verlag . Online verfügbar unter https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1026/0033-3042/a000326 , zuletzt geprüft am 23.02.2018
Abstract: Outline of a Social Psychological Theory of Respect: Implications for Cooperation and Conflict in Pluralistic Societies Abstract. In this article, I outline a social psychological theory of respect with a particular emphasis on the importance of respect for social life in pluralistic societies. Building on social recognition approaches in social philosophy, I first elaborate on a conception of respect as equality recognition. Subsequently, I discuss empirical findings from our own program of research, which validate the proposed respect concept and illuminate important social consequences of respect (as well as of disrespect). I close with some considerations regarding the dynamics of respect and possible trajectories of politicized struggles for recognition in pluralistic societies.
2016
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(2016): Third-party punishment. Altruistic and anti-social behaviours in in-group and out-group settings. In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology 28 (4), S. 486-495. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2016.1138961
Abstract: Explored the decision-making process involved in third-party punishment (TPP) within an economic frame, using the TPP game. Specifically, altruistic punishment (i.e., the behavior of spending one's own money, with no personal gain, to punish those who violate the norms of cooperation) was investigated. This behavior was analyzed in an ingroup and outgroup game setting to compare how individuals behave with members of their own group (ingroup) and with members of another group (outgroup). In particular, groups were defined on a real nationality basis (Chinese or Italian). Results showed altruistic punishment behavior in both experimental groups, and this tendency emerged as more prominent when faced with unfair play towards a member of one's own group. Furthermore, both groups exhibited a propensity for antisocial punishment behavior: Many participants spent small amounts of money to punish fair behavior, regardless of national group membership. zitiert von 5
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(2016) : Beschämung und Kooperation in historischen Gesellschaften - Eine evolutionäre Perspektive auf den sozialen Gebrauch moralischer Emotionen im Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit In: Hennighausen, Christine; Lange, Benjamin P.; Schwab, Frank (Hg.): Evolution des Sozialen: Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers (Die Psychogenese der Menschheit), S. 25-40
Abstract: Zur Beantwortung der Frage, welche Rolle moralische Emotionen für die Evolution des sozialen Miteinanders und für die Aufrechterhaltung von gruppenspezifischen Normen und Regeln spielen, werden zunächst verschiedene neuere Theorien und Forschungen zum Verhältnis von Scham und Kooperation aus der evolutionären Anthropologie, Spieltheorie, Psychologie sowie Ökonomie diskutiert. Diese legen eine enge Verbindung von moralischen Emotionen und kooperativem Verhalten nahe. Anschließend werden empirische Befunde aus historischen Gesellschaften exemplarisch vorgestellt und im Rahmen einer evolutionären Geschichtswissenschaft interpretiert. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass beschämende Strafen im europäischen Mittelalter vor allem für leichtere Vergehen gegen den inneren Frieden einer Gruppe wie etwa bei Verleumdung und übler Nachrede, Meineid, Fälschung, Betrug, Ehebruch sowie Gotteslästerung und später auch Diebstahl verhängt wurden. Die ursprünglich aus der kirchlichen Bußpraxis stammenden Strafen entwickelten sich im städtischen Strafrecht des Hoch- und Spätmittelalters eigenständig weiter und waren zum Beginn der Neuzeit in weiten Teilen Europas fester Bestandteil des Sanktionenkatalogs. Moralische Emotionen waren somit für einen bestimmten Zeitraum ein wichtiger Baustein, mit dem eine effektive Kooperation in Gruppen, die auf gegenseitiges Vertrauen bauten, sichergestellt werden sollte. Im Fazit wird der Blick auf Funktionalisierungen der Scham in modernen Gesellschaften geweitet, und Implikationen der historischen Befunde werden diskutiert.
Keywords: COOPERATION, Emotions, Gesellschaft, Historie, History, Moral, Morality, Punishment, Rechtswissenschaft, Shame, society 2015
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(2015): Coordination, Collaboration and Cooperation. In: Interaction Studies 16 (3), S. 383-418. DOI: 10.1075/is.16.3.03ami
Abstract: Reviews the literature on the evolution and development of human cooperation, emphasizing important aspects of intercultural variation in collaborative and cooperative behavior. Humans have attained an unparalleled level of sophistication when engaging in collaborative and cooperative activities. Remarkably, the skills and motivation to engage in complex forms of collaboration and cooperation seem to emerge early on during infancy and childhood. The authors confront the different evolutionary scenarios in which cooperation may have emerged and provide the reader with a first orientation in the abundant literature on human cooperation. zitiert von 4
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(2015): The evolution and development of human cooperation. In: Interaction Studies 16 (3), S. 383-418
Abstract: Reviews the literature on the evolution and development of human cooperation, emphasizing important aspects of intercultural variation in collaborative and cooperative behavior. Humans have attained an unparalleled level of sophistication when engaging in collaborative and cooperative activities. Remarkably, the skills and motivation to engage in complex forms of collaboration and cooperation seem to emerge early on during infancy and childhood. The authors confront the different evolutionary scenarios in which cooperation may have emerged and provide the reader with a first orientation in the abundant literature on human cooperation.
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(2015): Why not? On axiomatizing sociological action theory. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie (44.2), S. 83-98
Abstract: This contribution demonstrates that two different approaches to decision theory, i.e. the axiomatic theories of bounded rationality (Rubinstein 1998) and the new sociological theory of action, share the common goal of developing a decision theory that describes what actually happens inside the minds of decision makers. Additionally, it is argued that sociological action theory has need of such an axiomatic method. This is illustrated by providing a partial characterization of the model of frame selection developed by Esser (2001) and Kroneberg (2005), arguably the most influential model in action theory in German sociological discourse.
Keywords: Axiomatic Theory, Bounded Rationality, CONSUMERS BEHAVIOR, COOPERATION, Decision theory, DEFINITION, Disziplin, Entscheidungsforschung, ESSER,HARTMUT, FRAME-SELECTION, model, Procedural Decision Making, PURE THEORY, RATIONAL CHOICE, Scripts, SITUATION, Soziologie, Soziologisches Handlungsmodell von Hartmut Esser, VOLUNTEERS 2012
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(2012): Getting Down to Basics. A Situated Model of Conflict in Social Relations. In: Negotiation Journal 28 (1), S. 7-43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1571-9979.2011.00324.x
Abstract: The field of conflict resolution is fractured. Despite many decades of fine research, we still lack a basic unifying framework that integrates the many theories of conflict dynamics. Thus, the findings from research on conflict are often piecemeal, decontextualized, contradictory, or focused on negative outcomes, which contributes to a persistent research-practice gap. In this article, we describe a situated model for the study of conflict that combines separate strands of scholarship into a coherent framework for conceptualizing conflict in dyadic social relations. The model considers conflict interactions in the context of social relations and employs prior research on the fundamental dimensions of social relations to create a basic framework for investigating conflict dynamics. The resulting model is heuristic and generative. We discuss the theoretical context and main propositions of this model as well as its implications for conflict resolution practitioners.
Keywords: adaptivity, BEHAVIOR, conflict, conflict theory, COOPERATION, decision-making, Dyadic Social Relations, dynamic systems theory, DYNAMICAL-SYSTEMS, HANDLING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT, Interaktion, interdependence, INTRACTABLE CONFLICT, Konfliktverhalten, NEGOTIATION, ORGANIZATIONAL POWER, POWER, social relations, stimulus fields, UNEQUAL POWER -
(2012): Minimal Cooperation. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 44 (1), S. 45-73. DOI: 10.1177/0048393112457428
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(2012): Emotion and the construal of social situations. Inferences of cooperation versus competition from expressions of anger, happiness, and disappointment. In: Cognition & emotion 26 (3), S. 442-461. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.648174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.648174 Abstract: The notion that emotional expressions regulate social life by providing information is gaining popularity. Prior research on the effects of emotional expressions on observers' inferential processes has focused mostly on inferences regarding the personality traits of the expresser, such as dominance and affiliation. We extend this line of research by exploring the possibility that emotional expressions shape observers' construal of social situations. Across three vignette studies, an interaction partner's expressions of anger, compared to expressions of happiness or disappointment, led observers to construe hypothetical situations as less cooperative, both in dyads and groups. These effects occurred even when factual information regarding the cooperativeness or competitiveness of the situation was provided, attesting to the power of emotional expressions in shaping the construal of social situations. Results are discussed in relation to appraisal theory, reverse appraisals, emotions as social information theory, and the emergence of cooperation in groups and cultures. ztiert von 58
2011
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(2011): Coordination in Human and Primate Groups. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Abstract: Examines and describes small group coordination. The authors formulate an overview of the basic group challenge (group task) of coordination and describe how the context of the group task regulates the group's functions (effectiveness criteria) for achieving the task. Varying facets of the coordination challenge (coordination entities, mechanisms, dynamics, and levels) are explored. Finally, an inclusive functions-entities-mechanisms-patterns (FEMP) model of group coordination is presented. zitiert von 22
2009
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(2009): How emotion communication guides reciprocity. Establishing cooperation through disappointment and anger. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (4), S. 987-990. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.010
Abstract: Emotions fulfill many social functions, but data on their essential function of establishing cooperation are lacking. We investigated how communicating anger and disappointment guides reciprocal cooperative behavior. Although anger may force cooperation by announcing retaliation, we predicted that communicating disappointment was less likely to backfire. A laboratory study in which participants played against the reciprocal strategy of tit-for-tat showed that communicated disappointment established more cooperation than did anger. This effect also carried over to future cooperation decisions. Partners communicating disappointment evoked less anger, were evaluated more positively and as forgiving rather than retaliatory. Communication of disappointment thus appears conducive to establishing mutually beneficial relationships. zitiert von 44
2008
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Biel, Anders; Eek, Daniel; Gärling, Tommy; Gustafsson, Mathias (Hg.) (2008): New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas.. Toward an analysis of cooperation and fairness that includes concepts of cooperative game theory. Unter Mitarbeit von Axel Ostmann und Holger Meinhardt. New York: Springer
Abstract: Presents a game-theoretical analysis of cooperative and fair behavior. First, important concepts such as cooperation, fairness, bargaining, social dilemma, and communication are elaborated. The next sections introduce formal notation used to designate elements of noncooperative and cooperative games, and further define concepts such as core allocation and convexity. Several example games are outlined, including the CP3 game, and the HSW1 and HSW2 games. Solution concepts and properties of each example game are considered. Experimental results attained by S. Hackett et al. are reanalyzed, focusing on player efficiency and compliance, and providing geometric localization of game results. The results of the analysis suggest that common dilemma games are clear and convex, allowing for stable and efficient solutions. Players tended to compromise between the Nash equilibrium, the egalitarian standard, and the fairness standard. The interpretation of the findings considers the role of communication, the activation of behavior standards, and the equity of final results.
1998
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(1998): Modelling social action for AI agents. In: Artificial Intelligence 103 (1), S. 157-182. DOI: 10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00056-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00056-3 Abstract: In the new AI of the 90s an important stream is artificial social intelligence. In this work basic ontological categories for social action, structure, and mind are introduced. Sociality (social action, social structure) is let emerge from the action and intelligence of individual agents in a common world. Also some aspects of the way-down—how emergent collective phenomena shape the individual mind—are examined. First, interference and dependence are defined, and then different kinds of coordination (reactive versus anticipatory; unilateral versus bilateral; selfish versus collaborative) are characterised. “Weak social action”, based on beliefs about the mind of the other agents, and “strong social action”, based on goals about others' minds and their actions, are distinguished. Special attention is paid to Goal Delegation and Goal Adoption that are considered as the basic ingredients of social commitment and contract, and then of exchange, cooperation, group action, and organisation. Different levels of delegation and then of autonomy of the delegated agent are described; and different levels of goal-adoption are shown to characterise true collaboration. Social goals in the minds of the group members are argued to be the real glue of joint activity, and the notion of social commitment, as different from individual and from collective commitment, is underlined. The necessity for modelling social objective structures and constraints is emphasised and the “shared mind” view of groups and organisations is criticised. The spontaneous and unaware emergence of a dependence structure is explained, as well as its feedback on the participants' minds and behaviours. Critical observations are presented on current confusions such as that between “social” and “collective” action, or between communication and social action. The main claims of the paper are the following: (a) The real foundation of all sociality (cooperation, competition, groups, organisation, etc.) is the individual social action and mind. One cannot reduce or connect action at the collective level to action at the individual level unless one passes through the social character of the individual action, (b) Important levels of coordination and cooperation necessarily require minds and cognitive agents (beliefs, desires, intentions, etc.). (c) However, cognition, communication and agreement are not enough for modelling and implementing cooperation: emergent pre-cognitive structures and constraints should be formalised, and emergent forms of cooperation are needed also among planning and deliberative agents, (d) We are going towards a synthetic paradigm in AI and Cognitive Science, reconciling situatedness and plans, reactivity and mental representations, cognition, emergence and self-organisation.
1997
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(1997) : Social intelligence and language. Another Rubicon? In: Whiten, Andrew; Byrne, Richard W.; Whiten, Andrew (Ed); Byrne, Richard W. (Ed) (Hg.): Machiavellian intelligence II: Extensions and evaluations: New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, S. 364-396
Abstract: This chapter begins by looking briefly at the evolutionary trajectory from apes to Homo sapiens sapiens. It suggests that a gradually emerging proto-language among early hominids would have progressively augmented ape social intelligence in several ways: language itself would have to be incorporated in cognitive representations of own and others' intentions; language permits more effective classification and storage of information, and thus more effective use of memory; language-in-use is a powerful tool for the co-operative construction of meaning; language-in-use is a new sort of tool for co-operation between individuals; and language is a tool for construction socio-cultural devices for co-operation among members of a community. It is suggested that early proto-language, and subsequent increasingly complex forms of spoken language, should be thought of as a new sort of tool for thinking with and for acting with. The emergence of spoken language would have provided a new tool for co-operation at the same time that it can only be used through co-operation. Where ape Machiavellian intelligence seeks to outwit others, social intelligence built on language must achieve a framework for co-operation if conversational meanings are to be understood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Animal Communication, COOPERATION, Evolution, Kommunikation, Language, Lehrbuchkapitel, Primates (Nonhuman), Social Cognition, Social intelligence, Social Skills, Soziale Intelligenz, ways in which proto-language among early hominids could have augmented social intelligence & co-operation in apes 1993
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(1993): Raumlicher Abstand in dyadischen Interaktionen. In: Gruppendynamik 24 (1), S. 5-21
Abstract: Tests assumptions of the personal space concept in two studies. The first study, with 30 subjects aged 19-44, revealed that the physical distance between two people is more a transient, rapidly shifting phenomenon that depends heavily on the type and quality of interaction, contrary to assumptions of the personal space model. A model of interpersonal space is thus considered more appropriate. In the second study, with 66 subjects, the distance between two persons was measured repeatedly during either a cooperation or a competition condition. Smaller distances were chosen in the cooperation condition, and distances decreased even further over time. The results are interpreted as confirmation that distance in dyadic interactions is a complex phenomenon in which the type of interaction and the passage of time are both relevant. Zur Prufung von Annahmen des Personal-Space-Konzeptes wurden zwei Untersuchungen durchgefuhrt. Die erste Studie, an der 30 Personen zwischen 19 und 44 Jahren teilnahmen, zeigte im Gegensatz zu den Annahmen des Personal-Space-Modells, dass raumliche Distanz bei Menschen eher ein fluchtiges, schnell veranderbares Phanomen ist, das stark von der Art und Qualitat der Interaktion zwischen zwei Menschen gepragt ist. Daher wird die Modellvorstellung eines "interpersonal space" als angemessener betrachtet. In der zweiten Untersuchung mit 66 Probanden wurde die Distanz zwischen zwei Personen mehrmals wahrend einer Kooperations- oder Wettbewerbsbedingung gemessen. Es zeigte sich, dass in der Kooperationsbedingung die Abstande kleiner gewahlt wurden und dass sie sich im Verlauf der Zeit noch weiter verringerten. Die Ergebnisse werden als Bestatigung dafur gewertet, dass der raumliche Abstand in dyadischen Interaktionen ein komplexes Phanomen ist, bei dem neben der Art der Interaktion auch der Zeitverlauf relevant ist.
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