Alle Publikationen
2001
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(2001): Calculating speakers: Codeswitching in a rational choice model. In: Language in Society 30 (1), S. 1-28. DOI: 10.1017/S0047404501001014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404501001014 Abstract: Although the methodologies for describing many types of linguistic variation have been well developed, satisfactory theoretical links between data and explanation – especially links that include causal mechanisms – remain lacking. This article argues, somewhat paradoxically, that even though most choices reflect some societal pattern, speakers make linguistic choices as individuals. That is, choices ultimately lie with the individual and are rationally based. Rational Choice Models (e.g. Elster 1979, 1989, 1997) provide explanatory mechanisms for the ways actors in society select from alternative structures and available options. The Rational Choice approach taken here is enhanced by diverse theories of human action (e.g. Damasio 1996, Klein 1998, Lessig 1995). Analysis of codeswitching examples within a recasting of the Markedness Model (Myers-Scotton, e.g. 1993, 1998) suggests how a rationally based model offers better explanations for linguistic variation than do other approaches.
Keywords: Youssef, Ramy -
(2001): Toward a general theory of action. Theoretical foundations for the social sciences. Abridged ed.. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers (Social science classics)
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(2001): FTAs and Erskine May. Conflicting needs?—Politeness in question time. In: Journal of Pragmatics 33 (2), S. 143-169. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00002-3
Abstract: This article attempts to show how British Members of Parliament (MPs) employ politeness strategies (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987) as a device to make their discourse abide by the rules of Erskine May's Treatise on the law, privileges, proceedings and usage of Parliament. Question Time is a highly aggressive genre, and Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) are intrinsic to its essence, but MPs are constrained by the need to produce ‘parliamentary language’. Politeness strategies become the linguistic device that helps the system work. When an MP flouts the rules, s/he is often obliged to reformulate the FTA, with face redress. Brown and Levinson's ‘balance principle’ still holds, although with different postulates: there is consensus to threaten each other's Public Face (Gruber, 1993), but respecting Erskine May's rules. Politeness strategies serve to comply with a sort of ‘institutionalized hypocrisy’.
Keywords: time -
(2001): Toward machine emotional intelligence: analysis of affective physiological state. In: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 23 (10), S. 1175-1191. DOI: 10.1109/34.954607
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(2001): Mistakes as a Social Construct. An Historical Approach. In: Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 11 (2), S. 117-133. DOI: 10.1353/ken.2001.0016
Abstract: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) published To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System in November 1999. The report focused public attention on the errors that occur within the medical system that cause death and harm to patients. It outlined a series of changes for health care that are aimed at reducing these errors by 50 percent over the next five years. This paper examines the problem of medical mistakes historically. It documents how legal, scientific, and medical trends during the years 1890-1934 intersected to effect the reporting of mistakes in the subspecialty of neurosurgery. At the start of this time frame, mistakes were reported openly in journal articles as an educational tool. By its end, however, mistakes had gone "underground" and were buried amid a more objective, scientific reporting system. Using this historical perspective as a baseline, the paper concludes by re-examining the IOM's suggestions for change and comments on what they mean for the culture of medicine.
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(2001): Let's talk!. Socially intelligent agents for language conversation training. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 31 (5), S. 465-471. DOI: 10.1109/3468.952722
Abstract: This paper promotes socially intelligent animated agents for the pedagogical task of English conversation training for native speakers of Japanese. Since student-agent conversations are realized as role-playing interactions, strong requirements are imposed on the agents' affective and social abilities. As a novel feature, social role awareness is introduced to animated conversational agents, that are by now strong affective reasoners, but otherwise often lack the social competence observed in humans. In particular, humans may easily adjust their behavior depending on their respective role in a social setting, whereas their synthetic pendants tend to be driven mostly by emotions and personality. Our main contribution is the incorporation of a "social filter program" to mental models of animated agents. This program may qualify an agent's expression of its emotional state by the social context, thereby enhancing the agent's believability as a conversational partner. Our implemented system is web-based and demonstrates socially aware animated agents in a virtual coffee shop environment. An experiment with our conversation system shows that users consider socially aware agents as more natural than agents that violate conventional practices.
Keywords: Adaptive Systeme, Agent, Computerwissenschaft, doppelter Treffer, Emotions, emotionssensitiv, Favoriten, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Interaktion, Kommunikation, Künstliche Intelligenz, Linguistik, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, Realtechnik, social filter program, social filter program for animated agents, Soziale Angemessenheit, soziale intelligente Agenten, sozialer Kontext, Sozialkompetenz, Soziosensitive Systeme, Spracherwerb, Teaching, Sprachverstehen, Technik, training in social competences, Volltreffer -
(2001) : Power/interaction and interpersonal influence: Experimental investigations and case studies. In: Lee-Chai, Annette Y.: The use and abuse of power: Multiple perspectives in the causes of corruption: Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press, S. 217-240
Abstract: Begins with a review of the J. R. P. French, Jr. and B. H. Raven (1959) bases of power typology and its expansion into a Power/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence. Some empirical studies which were stimulated by this model are reviewed here. A case for additional research using case study and historical methods is then made. Such nonquantitative examinations of ongoing interaction can help to establish external validity of the model and method. By examining longer-term on-going interaction, we can also gain insight into more complex social power strategies that cannot be observed in questionnaires or short-term, experimental laboratory situations. The analyses offered allow us to see more clearly how framing the social influence strategy can contribute to the process. An attempt to understand how religions can function as mechanisms of social control is described. The author presents a very preliminary example of how the Power/Interaction model can be helpful in understa nding the power influence of religion, as well as understanding the tensions that may develop between religious authorities and religious adherents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 71
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(2001): Interaktion und die Hartnackigkeit der Geschlechter-Ungleichheit in der Arbeitswelt. In: KOLNER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SOZIOLOGIE UND SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE, S. 250-275
Abstract: Die Geschlechterhierarchie hat sich in den westlichen Gesellschaften als erstaunlich stabil erwiesen, obwohl sich ihre ursprungliche soziale und okonomische Basis grundlegend gewandelt hat. Wie lasst sich dieses verbluffende Phanomen erklaren? Eine wesentliche Ursache sind alltagliche Interaktionsprozesse, uber die die Geschlechterordnung auch in neue institutionelle Konstellationen eingeschrieben wird. Interaktion erfordert, dass sich die Interaktionspartner gegenseitig sozial einordnen. Eine wichtige Ordnungskategorie ist dabei die Geschlechtszugehorigkeit. Die in der Regel automatisch ablaufende geschlechtliche Kategorisierung aktiviert insbesondere im Arbeitsbereich Geschlechterstereotypen, die die beruflichen Interaktionen und Identitaten beeinflussen. Geschlechterstereotypen beinhalten immer auch Vorstellungen uber den unterschiedlichen sozialen Status von Mannern und Frauen. Da solche Statusannahmen zahlebiger sind als die strukturellen Bedingungen, die ihnen ursprunglich zu Grunde lagen, schreiben sie sich auch in neue Organisationsformen ein. Die geschlechtliche Kategorisierung fuhrt zudem zu geschlechtsselektiven Vergleichsmassstaben mit der Folge, dass Frauen und Manner unterschiedliche Erwartungen und Anspruche entwickeln. Diese Interaktionsprozesse stabilisieren die Geschlechterhierarchie am Arbeitsplatz, indem sie die geschlechtliche Etikettierung von Berufen begunstigen, Individuen als geschlechtsinteressierte Akteure konstruieren, bei Arbeitgebern zu diskriminierenden Praferenzen fuhren und die Selbsteinschatzung von Mannern und Frauen pragen und damit auch ihre Bereitschaft, sich mit ihrer Situation zufrieden zu geben. (Autorenreferat) zitiert von 139
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(2001): Der Psychologe der Maschinen: Über Gilbert Simondon und zwei Theorien technischer Objekte, S. 265-287. Online verfügbar unter https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ba151f601f2c147d411dbae0bdec3e421800f4ffKeywords: Technikphilosophie
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(2001) : Acquiring communicative motor acts of social robot using interactive evolutionary computation: 2001 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. e-Systems and e-Man for Cybernetics in Cyberspace (Cat.No.01CH37236): 2001 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. e-Systems and e-Man for Cybernetics in Cyberspace (Cat.No.01CH37236): Tucson, AZ, USA: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2001.973477 Abstract: Motor control for a social robot poses challenges beyond stability and accuracy. Human observers will perceive motor actions as semantically rich, regardless of whether the robot intends the imputed meaning. Such perception on intent and emotional state transparent at an intuitive level is constrained by the robot's appearance and movement, and is also formed by those with whom it interacts. We attempt to make a robot regulate its interactions so that they suit its perceptual and motor capabilities with what humans perceive in their interactions among themselves. For this purpose, we have to design the robot's behaviors readable to humans and variable in its allowable operations. This will let both robot and human participate in natural and intuitive social interactions. We introduce an idea of visual segmentation of a stream of continuous motor actions. Based on this, we design a mobile robot that can generate a variety of semantically rich movements. By getting the feedback of how the human observer feels in seeing those, the robot evolves its behaviors so that a human observer can form consistent emotional ontologies in a cooperative fashion with the robot.
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(2001): The Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale, a self‐report measure of social intelligence. In: Scandinavian journal of psychology 42 (4), S. 313-319
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(2001): Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. In: International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, S. 243-246
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(2001) : Die Bedeutung formaler und informaler Normen im Straßenverkehr In: Haft, Fritjof; Hof, Hagen; Wesche, Steffen (Hg.): Bausteine zu einer Verhaltenstheorie des Rechts: Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verl.-Ges (Interdisziplinäre Studien zu Recht und Staat), S. 390-397
Abstract: Die Bedeutung formaler und informaler Normen im Straßenverkehr wird aus sozialpsychologischer Perspektive erörtert. Dabei wird die defizitäre Bedeutungsstruktur für die Genese informaler Normen im Straßenverkehr deutlich gemacht, und es wird gezeigt, dass polizeiliche Präsenz weitaus mehr bewirkt als lediglich Kontrolle und Sanktion. Außerdem werden die Auswirkungen der Anonymität und des fehlenden direkten Kontakts zwischen den Verkehrsteilnehmern besprochen. Es wird dafür plädiert, durch geeignete Maßnahmen (Aufklärung und Information) die Akzeptanz für polizeiliche Kontroll- und Sanktionsmaßnahmen zu erhöhen.
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(2001): The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17). In: European Journal of Psychological Assessment 17 (3), S. 222-232. DOI: 10.1027//1015-5759.17.3.222
Abstract: Four studies are presented investigating the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age of the Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17). In Studies 1 to 3, a total of 266 university students participated. As to convergent validity, SDS-17 scores showed correlations between .52 and .85 with other measures of social desirability (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Lie Scale, Sets of Four Scale, Marlowe-Crowne Scale). Moreover, scores were highly sensitive to social desirability-provoking instructions (job application instruction). Finally, with respect to the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, SDS-17 scores showed a unique correlation with impression management, but not with self-deception. As to discriminant validity, SDS-17 scores showed nonsignificant correlations with neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism, and openness to experience, whereas there was some overlap with agreeableness and conscientiousness. With respect to relationship with age, the SDS-17 was administered in a community sample of 205 participants stratified for age, with age ranging from 18 to 89 years. In all but the oldest age group, the SDS-17 showed substantial correlations with the Marlowe-Crowne Scale. The influence of age (cohort) on mean scores, however, was significantly smaller for the SDS-17 than for the Marlowe-Crowne Scale. In sum, results indicate that the SDS-17 is a reliable and valid measure of social desirability, suitable for adults of 18 to 80 years of age.
Keywords: Soziale Erwünschtheit, Sozialpsychologie -
(2001): Cognitive science meets multi-agent systems. A prolegomenon. In: Philosophical Psychology 14 (1), S. 5-28. DOI: 10.1080/09515080120033599
Abstract: In the current research on multi-agent systems (MAS), many theoretical issues related to sociocultural processes have been touched upon. These issues are in fact intellectually profound and should prove to be significant for MAS. Moreover, these issues should have equally significant impact on cognitive science, if we ever try to understand cognition in the broad context of sociocultural environments in which cognitive agents exist. Furthermore, cognitive models as studied in cognitive science can help us in a substantial way to better probe multi-agent issues, by taking into account essential characteristics of cognitive agents and their various capacities. In this paper, we systematically examine the interplay among social sciences, MAS, and cognitive science. We try to justify an integrated approach for MAS which incorporates different perspectives. We show how a new cognitive model, CLARION, can embody such an integrated approach through a combination of autonomous learning and assimilation.
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(2001): Blirtatiousness. Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences of rapid responding. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 81 (6), S. 1160-1175. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.81.6.1160
Abstract: The Brief Loquaciousness and Interpersonal Responsiveness Test (BLIRT) measures the extent to which people respond to others quickly and effusively. The BLIRT displays desirable psychometric properties and distinguishes people who should theoretically score high (e.g., car salespersons) from those who should score low (e.g., librarians). Scores on the scale predict (a) the amount and rapidity of people's verbal responses in an unstructured interaction, (b) how likable and competent people's classmates perceive them to be early in the semester, (c) how quickly people respond to an obnoxious cell-phone user and how physiologically aroused they become, and (d) how quickly and emphatically people respond to a series of personal insults as well as their degree of physiological arousal. Converging evidence indicates that blirtatiousness is unique in its ability to amplify people's qualities, making these qualities more readily observable to perceivers.
Keywords: BLIRT, Brief Loquaciousness and Interpersonal Responsiveness Test (BLIRT), degree of acquaintance, Gestik/Mimik, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Psychologie, psychometrics, Reaktionsschnelligkeit, response, responsiveness, Sprache, Sprachverstehen, Status / biologische Marker, SV -
(2001): Nurturing decency through caring and serving during the early childhood years. In: EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 29 (2), S. 131-137. DOI: 10.1023/A:1012533230821
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012533230821 Abstract: The focus of this article is on what decency is, how we learn to be decent and caring (caring for others, caring for the environment, and caring for ideas), and how we can use serving and caring strategies in family and school to promote decency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Decency, Pädagogische Psychologie -
(2001): Numerical Model of the Strategy for Choosing Polite Expressions. In: COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS AND INTELLIGENT TEXT PROCESSING, S. 98-109
Abstract: Japanese speakers often use different expressions having the same meaning but with different levels of politeness when speaking to different listeners. Brown and Levinson proposed a theory to explain how the expression to use is selected, but it is only qualitative. We propose a numerical model, constructed using the quantification-I method and multiple regression analysis, for predicting the expressions selected in various relationships such as familiarity and relative social power between speaker and listener. The politeness of each expression is quantified by the method of paired comparison.
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(2001): Beruflich in …. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Reihe Handlungskompetenz im Ausland). Online verfügbar unter https://www.vandenhoeck-ruprecht-ver-lage.com/themen-entdecken/psychologie-psychotherapie-beratung/arbeit-und-organisa-tion/beratung-coaching-supervision/148/handlungskompetenz-im-ausland?number=289, zuletzt geprüft am 30.04.2019
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(2001): Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 80 (1), S. 86-94. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.86
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(2001) : Embodied Cognitive Science: Concepts, Methods and Implications for Psychology In: Matthies, Michael; Malchow, Horst; Kriz, Jürgen (Hg.): Integrative Systems Approaches to Natural and Social Dynamics: Systems Science 2000: Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, S. 551-567. Online verfügbar unter https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56585-4_35, zuletzt geprüft am 03.08.2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56585-4_35 Abstract: Since the “cognitive shift” of psychology, a close association between psychology and the advances in computer technology and artificial intelligence research has evolved. According to the ‘computational’ symbol processing approach, cognition consists of a series of sequentially ordered processing stages. Between perception and action, input is processed by higher cognitive functions, such as categorization, memory, and planning. These cognitive functions are conceived as independent modules lacking a direct interface with the environment. This approach is criticized due to its inherent fundamental problems. Alternative research programs, such as embodied cognitive science, primarily address the issues of embodied cognition, i. e., cognition is viewed as originating from the interaction of body and environment. The methods of the corresponding “new AI” encompass robotics and the use of autonomous agents. It is investigated here which implications for psychology may arise. A theoretical conceptualization of autonomous agents based on dynamical systems theory and synergetics is outlined. Within this context, the cognitive system is conceived as a complex system comprising numerous sensorimotor loops; coherent and adaptive perception-action processes emerge from the influence of affordances. Examples cited from the field of applied psychology indicate that these perspectives lead to the formulation of new research questions and reinterpretation of empirical findings.
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(2001): Identity and Cooperative Behavior in Groups. In: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 4 (3), S. 207-226. DOI: 10.1177/1368430201004003003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430201004003003 Abstract: This study compares two models of motivation for cooperative behavior in groups. Those models are the resource-based social exchange model and the status-based social identity model. A comparison of the two models suggests that both are important in understanding cooperation in groups. However, issues of identity are relatively more important antecedents of cooperation, especially in the case of discretionary cooperative behavior. Further, identity also has a strong influence on attitudes and values, which themselves have been linked to discretionary behavior. Hence, identity issues dominate people’s motivation to voluntarily cooperate with the groups to which they belong.
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(2001) : Game theoretical perspectives on the emergence of social norms In: Hechter, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (Hg.): Social norms: New York N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, S. 105-138
Abstract: Rational choice theory argues that soci al norms emerge because the norms' content yields benefits for some agents. Game theory is that branch of rational choice theory that d eals with soci al interactions among rational actors. The subject of game theory is therefore social action and social relations among rational agents (in Max Weber's sense). The emergence of social norms is closely related to the Hobbesi an problem of social order, and i ts explanation is among the most important issues of social theory. In this chapter I discuss game theoretical approaches to social norms.
Keywords: Disziplin, Favoriten, Genese von Normen, Good manners, Modelle/Theorien, Nash-Gleichgewicht, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Rational Choice Theory, Sanktionierung, Social Norms, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Soziologie, Spieltheorie -
(2001): Preventing conduct problems, promoting social competence: A parent and teacher training partnership in head start. In: JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 30 (3), S. 283-302
Abstract: Studied the effectiveness of parent and teacher training as a selective prevention program for 272 Head Start mothers and their 4-year-old children and 61 Head Start teachers. Fourteen Head Start centers (34 classrooms) were randomly assigned to (a) an experimental condition in which parents, teachers, and family service workers participated in the prevention program (Incredible Years) or (b) a control condition consisting of the regular Head Start program. Assessments included teacher and parent reports of child behavior and independent observations at home and at school. Construct scores combining observational and report data were calculated for negative and positive parenting style, parent-teacher bonding, child conduct problems at home and at school, and teacher classroom management style. Following the 12-session weekly program, experimental mothers had significantly lower negative parenting and significantly higher positive parenting scores than control mothers. Parent-teacher bonding was significantly higher for experimental than for control mothers. Experimental children showed significantly fewer conduct problems at school than control children. Children of mothers who attended 6 or more intervention sessions showed significantly fewer conduct problems at home than control children. Children who were the "highest risk" at baseline (high rates of noncompliant and aggressive behavior) showed more clinically significant reductions in these behaviors than highrisk control children. After training, experimental teachers showed significantly better classroom management skills than control teachers. One year later the experimental effects were maintained for parents who attended more than 6 groups. The clinically significant reductions in behavior problems for the highest risk experimental children were also maintained. Implications of this prevention program as a strategy for reducing risk factors leading to delinquency by promoting social competence, school readiness, and reducing conduct problems are discussed.
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(2001): Simulation, theory, and the frame problem. The interpretive moment. In: Philosophical Psychology 14 (2), S. 141-153. DOI: 10.1080/09515080120051535
Abstract: The theory-theory claims that the explanation and prediction of behavior works via the application of a theory, while the simulation theory claims that explanation works by putting ourselves in others' places and noting what we would do. On either account, in order to develop a prediction or explanation of another person's behavior, one first needs to have a characterization of that person's current or recent actions. Simulation requires that I have some grasp of the other person's behavior to project myself upon; whereas theorizing requires a subject matter to theorize about. The frame problem shows that multiple, true characterizations are possible for any behavior or situation. However, only one or a few of these characterizations are relevant to explaining or predicting behavior. Since different characterizations of a behavior lead to different predictions or explanations, much of the work of interpersonal interpretation is done in the process of finding this characterization - that is, prior to either theorizing or simulating. Moreover, finding this characterization involves extensive knowledge of the physical, cultural, and social worlds of the persons involved.