Alle Publikationen
2015
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(2015): Extensive assessment and evaluation methodologies on assistive social robots for modelling human–robot interaction – A review. In: Information Sciences 301, S. 305-344. DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2014.12.017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2014.12.017 Abstract: Assessment and evaluation methodologies as well as combinations of them, for modelling of Human–Robot Interaction (HRI), are reviewed extensively and thoroughly in this paper. However, based on the types of robots and the kinds of interactions involved in the modelling of HRI, we concentrate just on the assistive social robot types. A comprehensive review has been done on each of these extensive evaluation and assessment methodologies applied for testing the usability of assistive social robots, user acceptance towards robots and robot acceptance in terms of behavioural adaptation during the HRI. The evaluation methodologies are reviewed based on the primary and non-primary basis, while the assessment methodologies are reviewed based on the type(s) of modelling approaches. We then discussed the weaknesses, strengths and uniqueness of each type of the past research work done on the evaluation and assessment methodologies. Comparison and contrast tables are also illustrated. Lastly, this paper provides our recommended directions, new vision, as well as our inspirations and new insights for future researches by highlighting the key areas for enhancing each of the past evaluation and assessment methodologies so that a better modelling approach for HRI can be achieved. Contributions of this review paper are also discussed thoroughly.
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(2015): Sur la psychologie. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/puf.simon.2015.02
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(2015): The Realism and Ecology of Augmented Reality. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 19 (1), S. 92-112. DOI: 10.5840/techne20154229
Abstract: Unlike in the phrase “Virtual Reality,” in the phrase “Augmented Reality” (AR) the stress is put on the word “reality.” It seems, though, that we still lack a concept of reality which can fit the world of both humans and computers. In connection with this philosophical issue, this paper aims to provide the background for a better insight into the meaning of Augmented Reality and its impact on human behavior. My thesis is that an ecological version of direct perception’s realism constitutes the most natural framework from which to start. The ecological approach to perception – namely, the Gibsonian theory of affordances – together with a non-dualistic, pragmatist and evolutionist notion of reality, perfectly fits this purpose. Thus, after a brief survey of the present state of AR technologies, it should become natural to interpret AR digital contents as implementations of affordances.
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(2015): Gender at Work. A Social Psychological Perspective. 1st, New ed.. New York: Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers (Language as social action)
Abstract: While many women receive equal education, such equality is nowhere in sight when it comes to women's and men's career success: men still earn significantly more than women and are more likely to be promoted. In this book, the authors offer a state of the art review of applied social-psychological research on gender at work, shedding light on all the different ways that work-related perceptions, attributions, outcomes, and the like differ for women and men. Focusing on domains (e.g., engineering) and positions (e.g., leadership) that are marked by women's underrepresentation, the first part of the book looks at gender at work in terms of stereotypes, attitudes, and social roles, including parenthood, while the second part takes a social identity and communication perspective, exploring the situations in which men and women interact at work. Many chapters focus on applied questions, such as career choice, effects of role models, and sexual harassment at work. Theories and findings are applied to these topics, with conclusions and recommendations drawn throughout the book zitiert von 10
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(2015): Empathy for Artificial Agents. In: Int J of Soc Robotics 7 (1), S. 111-116. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-014-0260-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0260-0 Abstract: The paper has three goals. First, it introduces into different notions of empathy and related capacities such as emotional contagion, affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and sympathy. Second, it presents a case in point of an intelligent tutoring system, Affective AutoTutor, whose affect-sensitive behavior seems to further and enhance the outcome of its interactions with its students. Affective AutoTutor appears to behave empathically within a well defined learning environment. Third, attention is directed towards the requirements to be met by artificial empathizers to be judged as empathizers tout court by their social interactants, even when acting in unspecified social situations. To be a convincing empathizer, the artificial agent would not only need to grasp the emotional states of its interaction partners and understand their situation with respect to an adequate world model, but also communicate its own affective states. Eventually, an artificial empathizer should be ready to react appropriately to its interaction partner’s reciprocal empathy.
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(2015): Empathy for artificial agents (PSYNDEXshort). In: International Journal of Social Robotics 7 (1). Online verfügbar unter HTTP://sfx.hbz-nrw.de/sfx_bie?genre=article&isbn=&issn=18754791&title=International%20Journal%20of%20Social%20Robotics&volume=7&issue=1&date=20150101&atitle=Empathy%20for%20artificial%20agents%20%28PSYNDEXshort%29&aulast=Stephan%2C%20Achim&spage=111&sid=EBSCO%3APSYNDEX%3A%20Literature%20and%20Audiovisual%20Media%20with%20PSYNDEX%20Tests&pid=
Abstract: The paper has three goals. First, it introduces into different notions of empathy and related capacities such as emotional contagion, affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and sympathy. Second, it presents a case in point of an intelligent tutoring system, Affective AutoTutor, whose affect-sensitive behavior seems to further and enhance the outcome of its interactions with its students. Affective AutoTutor appears to behave empathically within a well defined learning environment. Third, attention is directed towards the requirements to be met by artificial empathizers to be judged as empathizers tout court by their social interactants, even when acting in unspecified social situations. To be a convincing empathizer, the artificial agent would not only need to grasp the emotional states of its interaction partners and understand their situation with respect to an adequate world model, but also communicate its own affective states. Eventually, an artificial empathizer should be ready to react appropriately to its interaction partner's reciprocal empathy.
Keywords: Ethik, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion -
(2015): Communicating eating-related rules. Suggestions are more effective than restrictions. In: Appetite 86, S. 45-53
Abstract: Compared restrictive and suggested eating-related rules intended to curb unhealthy eating behavior to assess their effects on food consumption. Both restrictive and suggested rules were expected to be equally successful initially, but a restrictive rule was predicted to have negative after-effects once it was no longer in place. The role of reactance in the expected behavioral differences was empirically tested. Participants were exposed to M&M's while completing a creativity task. Consumption was either explicitly forbidden (restrictive rule) or mildly discouraged (suggested rule). In the control condition, participants were either explicitly allowed to consume M&M's or were not provided M&M's at all. Measures of psychological reactance were assessed following completion of the task. Participants then took part in a taste test in which they were allowed to freely consume M&M's. Results showed that both types of rules were equally successful initially in curbing unhealthy eating behavior during the creativity task. However, when allowed to eat freely, participants in the restrictive-rule group consumed more M&M's in the taste test and reported higher levels of psychological reactance than the suggested-rule participants or control group participants, supporting expectations that restrictive rules result in a negative after-effect. Both communication forms are considered initially successful in reducing unhealthy eating behavior, but a suggestive rule appears to be a more successful way to communicate healthy habits that remain in effect even after the rule is no longer in place. zitiert von 13
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(2015) : Erhalt der sozialen Teilhabe In: Lindner, Reinhard; Hummel, Jana (Hg.): Psychotherapie in der Geriatrie: Aktuelle psychodynamische und verhaltenstherapeutische Ansätze: 1. Aufl.: Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, S. 47-55
Abstract: Die Bedeutung des Erhalts der sozialen Teilhabe im höheren Alter wird erörtert. Zunächst wird der Begriff der sozialen Teilhabe erläutert, gewählt als Gegenbegriff zu Einsamkeit. Seine Abgrenzung zu "sozialer Isolation" und "Einsamkeit" wird eruiert. Es folgen Befunde zu Häufigkeit und Folgen von Einsamkeit. Anschließend werden Risikogruppen benannt und die verschiedenen Ebenen für gesellschaftlich relevante Handlungen zur Verbesserung des Erhalts der sozialen Teilhabe Älterer aufgelistet. Dann wird an drei Beispielen aufgezeigt, wie soziale Integration befördert werden kann: (1) Prävention von Depression und Angst im Alter. (2) Entlastung von Angehörigen von Demenzkranken durch Freiwilligenarbeit. (3) TAVOLATA (vom italienischen Wort "tavola") - ein Projekt in der Schweiz, bei dem es im Kern darum geht, dass Freiwillige sich regelmäßig mit Älteren zum Essen bzw. zur Zubereitung des Essens treffen und diese Form sozialen Austauschs fördern (Informationen unter: www.tavola.net).
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(2015): Attachment Competences in Children With ADHD During the Social-Skills Training and Attachment (SOSTRA) Randomized Clinical Trial. In: JOURNAL OF ATTENTION DISORDERS 19 (10), S. 865-871
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effects of social-skills training and a parental training program on children with ADHD as measured by the children's attachment competences. Method: The SOSTRA trial is a randomized, parallel-group, outcome-assessor-blinded, superiority trial evaluating 8 weeks social-skills training and parental training plus standard treatment versus standard treatment alone for 8- to 12-year old children with ADHD. Results: There were no significant differences in attachment competences at 6 months between the experimental (n = 25) and the control (n = 22) groups (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = [0.31, 3.58], p = .91). In total, 17 children (36%) changed their entry status, 1 (2%) from secure to insecure attachment, while 16 (34%) changed from insecure to secure attachment. Conclusion: The experimental treatment does not seem to affect attachment competences compared with standard treatment alone. Children in the SOSTRA trial improved their attachment competences significantly at 6-month follow-up.
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(2015): The role of critical friends in supporting institutional change Developing a collaborative environment. In: JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION 7 (2), S. 412-428
Abstract: Purpose - Over the course of three years (2010-2013), the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED; a Consortium of 86 colleges and schools of education) Phase I institutions were involved in the Fund for the Improvement of Secondary Education mixed-methods, multi-case study. Data were collected from Primary Investigators, and stakeholders involved in the (re) design of a professional practice doctorate in education. At the conclusion of the research study, each institution was the recipient of a Critical Friends (CFs) Response Report. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the effectiveness of CFs in supporting institutional change by developing a collaborative environment in Higher Education. Design/methodology/approach - First, the role of CFs, and Critical Friend Group (CFG) protocol is described. Second, analyzed data from CF Response Reports is reviewed. Lastly, recommendations for the application of the conceptual framing of CFs within the academy are discussed. Findings - CF Response Reports reflect application of CFG protocol All CF Response Reports contained examples of both positive and cool feedback. This outcome supports previous research (Curry, 2008; Kuh, 2006; Butler et al., 2011) which suggest the protocol structure helped the CFs to focus in order to be supportive and positive. Fewer reports (12) identified institutional and program challenges. This may be a reflection of the dichotomy between friendship and critique which may lead to tension (Swaffield, 2005). A CF may be more likely to articulate a challenge in a face to face meeting knowing that any ensuing tension can be immediately addressed as opposed to stating the issues on paper with no immediate opportunity for the recipient to respond. Research limitations/implications - Several limitations of the data deserve attention. First, the data did not allow us to explore the relationship between CFs, actual practice, and doctoral program reform. Another limitation of the data are that it emanates from Phase I CPED institutions only. As such, these CFs may not be generally representative. The study would be strengthened if the work could be extended to include institutions from Phase II and III CPED institutions. As the authors continue to develop the understanding of critical friendship in academia the authors can apply this knowledge to support colleagues in their doctoral program reform and redesign. Practical implications - Based on this study, it is possible to identify several recommendations that are instructive within a Higher Education context. Organizational change and specifically program (re) design is a complex process, and there is no clear certainty of success. Pragmatically, the impetus for utilizing the CF model should be intrinsic, developed by the institutions themselves. Organizational support, knowledge sharing, and communication is required to enable the CF model to be implemented with fidelity (e.g. presentations, and web site information). Social implications - Faculty may feel vulnerable and lacking in support, but the adoption of a CF model enables them to not only see the institution from a different perspective, but also helps them bring the familiar into a new focus. External institutional support can alleviate faculty vulnerability, enhance faculty resilience to in-house challenges, and facilitate institutional collaboration. Originality/value - This study suggests that the external advocacy of the CF can positively impact change in the academy, and innovative doctoral program design by first fostering individual resilience to encountered challenges, and second enhancing institutional learning through institutional collaboration.
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(2015): On the distinction between distinction and division. In: Technoetic Arts 13 (3), S. 245-251. DOI: 10.1386/tear.13.3.245_1
Abstract: In this article I discuss the use of distinctions as a method for reasoning. First I trace the role of distinctions in three different theories: the formal calculus of George Spencer Brown, the constructivist biology of Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, and Niklas Luhmann's theory of social systems. In the second part, play is used as an example to illustrate the concept. In particular, I contrast walking through a series of distinctions with traditional ways of argumentation based on definitions. Finally, I hint at the role of distinctions in a metaphysical sense.
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(2015): Fairness - A multidimensional approach. Kumulative Dissertation. Universität Bonn, Bonn. Online verfügbar unter http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2015/4168/4168.pdf, zuletzt geprüft am 01.03.2018
Abstract: In this cumulative dissertation - in addition to an overview about psychological and economic theories on fair behavior - four contributions are presented investigating fairness with different neuroscientific methods and using different paradigms. - (1) Strang, S., Gross, J., Schuhmann, T., Riedl, A., Weber, B., & Sack, A. (2014). Be nice if you have to - The neurobiological roots of strategic fairness. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu114 Titel anhand dieser DOI in Citavi-Projekt übernehmen. (2) Strang, S., Utikal, V., Fischbacher, U., Weber, B., & Falk, A. (2014). Neural correlates of receiving an apology and active forgiveness: An fMRI study. PLoS One, e87654. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087654 Titel anhand dieser DOI in Citavi-Projekt übernehmen. (3) Hu, Y., Strang, S., & Weber, B. (2015). Helping of punishing strangers: Neural correlates of altruistic decisions as third-party and of its relation to empathic concern. Frontiers of Behavioral Neuroscience, 9:24. DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00024 Titel anhand dieser DOI in Citavi-Projekt übernehmen. (4) Strang, S., Grote, X., Kuss, K., Park, S. Q., & Weber, B. (2015, in preparation). Generalized negative reciprocity - How to interrupt the chain of unfairness.
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(2015): Be nice if you have to--the neurobiological roots of strategic fairness. In: Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 10 (6), S. 790-796. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu114
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25190704 Abstract: Social norms, such as treating others fairly regardless of kin relations, are essential for the functioning of human societies. Their existence may explain why humans, among all species, show unique patterns of prosocial behaviour. The maintenance of social norms often depends on external enforcement, as in the absence of credible sanctioning mechanisms prosocial behaviour deteriorates quickly. This sanction-dependent prosocial behaviour suggests that humans strategically adapt their behaviour and act selfishly if possible but control selfish impulses if necessary. Recent studies point at the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in controlling selfish impulses. We test whether the DLPFC is indeed involved in the control of selfish impulses as well as the strategic acquisition of this control mechanism. Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, we provide evidence for the causal role of the right DLPFC in strategic fairness. Because the DLPFC is phylogenetically one of the latest developed neocortical regions, this could explain why complex norm systems exist in humans but not in other social animals.
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(2015): A cloud robotics approach towards dialogue-oriented robot speech. In: Advanced Robotics 29 (7), S. 449-456. DOI: 10.1080/01691864.2015.1009164
Abstract: Robot utterances generally sound monotonous, unnatural and unfriendly because their Text-to-Speech systems are not optimized for communication but for text reading. Here, we present a non-monologue speech synthesis for robots. The key novelty lies in speech synthesis based on Hidden Markov models (HMMs) using a non-monologue corpus: we collected a speech corpus in a non-monologue style in which two professional voice talents read scripted dialogues, and HMMs were then trained with the corpus and used for speech synthesis. We conducted experiments in which the proposed method was evaluated by 24 subjects in three scenarios: text reading, dialogue and domestic service robot (DSR) scenarios. In the DSR scenario, we used a physical robot and compared our proposed method with a baseline method using the standard Mean Opinion Score criterion. Our experimental results showed that our proposed method's performance was (1) at the same level as the baseline method in the text-reading scenario and (2) exceeded it in the DSR scenario. We deployed our proposed system as a cloud-based speech synthesis service so that it can be used without any cost.
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Sundar, S. S. (2015): The handbook of the psychology of communication technology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell (Handbooks in communication and media)
Keywords: Moral & Ethik -
(2015): Throwing You Under the Bus. High Power People Knowingly Harm Others When Offered Small Incentives. In: Basic and Applied Social Psychology 37 (5), S. 294-302. DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2015.1081851
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2015.1081851 Abstract: The potentially exploitative effects of power and incentive were examined. In the study, 250 participants heard a confederate admit or deny a misdeed and were pressured by the experimenter to inform on the confederate, sometimes in exchange for a small reward. The majority of participants knowingly falsely informed on the confederate when put in a position of high power and offered an incentive. Participants truthfully informed on the confederate regardless of power or incentive. Results are interpreted in light of social psychological theories of social power, which suggest that harmful opportunism is a likely but not inevitable effect of empowerment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015): Action database for categorizing and inferring human poses from video sequences. In: Robotics and Autonomous Systems 70, S. 116-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2015.03.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2015.03.001 Abstract: One of the difficulties in automated recognition of human activities is classifying a video into a specific action class by selecting among a large number of human actions. Technology for understanding complex and varied human actions is necessary for automated surveillance, sports training, computer games, and human–robot interactions. The difficulty of classification comes from a dearth of datasets of human actions that are manually categorized and suitable for use as training data for designing action classifiers. A marker-based motion capture system enables precise measurement of human actions for the purpose of analysis. This type of capture system has several drawbacks, however; in particular, marker-based systems are expensive, intrusive, and complex to use. Despite this, the intensive use of a motion capture system can provide large datasets of human actions, and the datasets can be used to facilitate handling the variety of actions to be classified. Large datasets of human actions measured by motion capture systems are expected to be suitable for use in classifying video segments into the correct human action category, selecting from among a large number of action categories, and for inferring human postures from video. This paper proposes a new concept for a database of human whole body actions and an application to understanding human actions from video. The database contains action configurations, such as positions of body parts, pose descriptors from silhouette images, a stochastic model encoding each sequence of the pose descriptors, and a regression model for predicting the configuration from the pose descriptor. The action configurations are recorded in advance of use by measuring many human actions with a marker-based motion capture system, and silhouette images are created from these configurations. We tested the action database on action classification tasks and human body posture inference tasks. The experimental results show that the action database is suitable for use in both action classification and posture inference. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015): Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Im/politeness. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Abstract: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Im/politeness brings together the work of linguists, psychologists, neuroscientists, and second language experts in order to provide readers with a snapshot of the possibilities for studying im/politeness in the 21st century. The volume is organized along methodological lines in three parts each preceded by a brief introduction outlining the evolution and advantages and disadvantages of the relevant methodologies, while a specially commissioned epilogue places the volume in the field as a whole. Part I is dedicated to self-reporting studies, Part II covers observational studies, and Part III introduces experimental studies. A central goal of the present collection is to make a case for the relevance of all these types of data and of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to the ongoing theoretical debates in the field of im/politeness.
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(2015): Using social norms and commitment to promote pro-environmental behavior among hotel guests. In: Journal of Environmental Psychology 44, S. 10-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.09.001
Abstract: Examined whether using social norms and commitment strategies promotes proenvironmental behavior among hotel guests. Four different messages were created to encourage guests to reuse their towels, each pertaining to a special experimental situation. Signs/cards using a normative appeal encouraged guests to help preserve natural resources, noting that 75% of the hotel guests opt to reuse their bath towels. In the rooms using a commitment strategy, guests were asked to show their commitment to support the hotel's proenvironmental initiative in reusing towels by hanging the message card on their door. Guests from 110 rooms (a total of 803 overnight stays) in a four-star hotel participated. Results confirmed that both strategies were effective in triggering sustainable behavior. The joint use of the two strategies did not prove to be more effective than using either of the strategies in isolation.
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(2015): Elements of Structural Syntax. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
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(2015): Beruflich in China. Trainingsprogramm für Manager, Fach- und Führungskräfte. 5., Auflage. Göttingen; Bristol, CT, U.S.A.: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Handlungskompetenz im Ausland)
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(2015) : The Neo-Idealist Paradigm Shift in Contemporary Critical Theory In: Dahms, Harry F.: Globalization, critique and social theory: Bingle, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited (Current perspectives in social theory$$vvolume 33), S. 135-163
Abstract: Purpose - To defend the thesis that critical theory has become unable to call into question and challenge the main impulses of modern capitalist societies. The reason for this is that the capacities of language on the one hand and the hermeneutic processes that underlie the process of "recognition" are insufficient to counter the power of socialization to shape subjectivity and the cognitive and evaluative capacities of subjects. Methodology/approach - I provide a critical reading of the methodology of linguistic and recognitive theories of intersubjectivity by means of a theory of domination derived from Rousseau which shapes the cognitive and epistemic powers of subjects thereby weakening their capacity to be socialized via the media of language and social recognition. Findings - By divorcing our cognitive ideas about the social world from the social-ontological processes that shape and deform it under capitalism, this brand of critical theory succeeds in sealing off the mechanisms of social domination and power relations that were at the heart of the enterprise from its inception. Research limitations/implications - Critical theory must move toward a more comprehensive theory of the social totality in order for it to retain its critical character. Originality/value - The paper questions the main ideas held by the mainstream of critical theory such as its reliance on hermeneutic and linguistic forms of consciousness and social praxis as well as a theoretical reliance on pragmatic theories of mind and Mead's conception of socialization.
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(2015): Organizational Hierarchy, Deprived Masculinity, and Confrontational Practices. Men Doing Women’s Jobs in a Global Factory. In: Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 46 (4), S. 464-489. DOI: 10.1177/0891241615617810
Abstract: Based on an interactionist approach, this article examines how men workers negotiate the doing of factory jobs conventionally considered as those suited for young women and defend their masculinity in harsh and contested organizational environments. Data collected during a 15-month-long ethnography of a large global factory in South China reveal that in an oppressive institutional setting that involves coercive management, devaluation of men labor, and the lack of a family wage, men workers defend their masculinity through offensive language, flirting and sexual harassment, as well as physical violence. In doing so, they develop a rebellious identity, diaomao, both to address themselves and to curse others, as a way to resist their low status, reconstruct their own understanding of the power hierarchy, and consequently, defend their deprived masculinities. This article asserts the critical role of daily interpersonal interaction in gender practices as well as in labor process.
Keywords: time -
Toga, Arthur W. (2015): Brain mapping. An encyclopedic reference. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
Abstract: siehe Fairness and Inequity Aversion A Comprehensive Reference offers foundational information for students and researchers across neuroscience. With over 300 articles and a media rich environment, this resource provides exhaustive coverage of the methods and systems involved in brain …
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(2015): Evaluation of Unimodal and Multimodal Communication Cues for Attracting Attention in Human–Robot Interaction. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 7 (1), S. 89-96. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-014-0271-x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0271-x Abstract: One of the most common tasks of a robot companion in the home is communication. In order to initiate an information exchange with its human partner, the robot needs to attract the attention of the human. This paper presents results of two user studies (N = 12) to evaluate the effectiveness of unimodal and multimodal communication cues for attracting attention. Results showed that unimodal communication cues which involve sound generate the fastest reaction times. Contrary to expectations, multimodal communication cues resulted in longer reaction times with respect to the unimodal communication cue that produced the shortest reaction time.
Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz