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2017
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(2017) : Gender socialization. In: Schwarz, Jill E.: Counseling women across the life span: Empowerment, advocacy, and intervention: New York City, USA: Springer Publishing Company, S. 21-38
Abstract: After reading this chapter, you will be able to: (1) Define key terms related to gender and gender socialization. (2) Understand agents and processes of gender socialization. (3) Gain awareness of one's own gender socialization experience. (4) Identify individual and societal consequences of gender norms and stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Gender, Geschlechterforschung, Gesellschaft, Sex Roles, Social Norms, Socialization, society -
(2017) : Benevolent sexism and cross-gender helping: A subtle reinforcement of existing gender relations.: Intergroup Helping: Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer SE, S. 23-43, zuletzt geprüft am 03.06.2018
Abstract: Cross-gender helping interactions can perpetuate and consolidate the role of men as competent and agentic, and the role of women as passive, incompetent, and dependent. Our theorising integrates the logic of the Intergroup Helping as Status Relations model (IHSR) on the one hand, and research on benevolent sexism—the ideology that men should offer protection and affection to women in return for compliance with traditional gender roles—on the other. Specifically, we reasoned that because benevolent sexism maintains gender inequalities through paternalistic cooperation rather than through overt hostility and conflict, helping relations may play a crucial role in the process of translating this ideology into actual behavioural mechanisms that perpetuate traditional gender roles. In the following sections, we first present theorising and research on the IHSR, which puts forward the distinction between autonomy-oriented and dependency-oriented forms of intergroup helping, suggesti ng that the latter might serve as a subtle mechanism for maintaining intergroup inequality. We next present theorising and research on benevolent sexism, and explain how this ideology reinforces traditional gender roles through 'sweet persuasion' rather than coercion. We then discuss our own line of research, which demonstrates how the endorsement of benevolent sexism leads men and women to engage in dependency-oriented helping relations, which perpetuate traditional gender roles through seemingly cooperative interactions. Based on this research, we argue that helping relations between men and women can become an implicit, indirect mechanism for maintaining the gender hierarchy. We discuss this possibility in the light of related work on the psychological consequences of implicit—as opposed to explicit—forms of intergroup bias. We conclude by discussing the implications of our work for social change, and by outlining forms of cross-gender helping that may challenge rathe r than m aintain the existing gender hierarchy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017) : Work-family conflict and positive spillover: Examining the interaction of gender, gender-role ideology, and national gender equity culture. In: Korabik, Karen: The Work-Family Interface in Global Context: Milton: Taylor and Francis, S. 392-417
Abstract: The aim of this chapter was to uncover the main and interaction effects of gender, gender-role attitudes, and macro aspects of a country's gender culture on W-F interface dependent variables. Thus, two broader sets of gender-related variables— gender-role ideology (GRI) and national gender equity (NGE)—were included in analyses, besides physical gender, in order to extend our understanding of the role of gender in the W-F interface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2016
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(2016) : Sexism and the gendering of professional aspirations In: Faniko, Klea: Gender and social hierarchies: Perspectives from social psychology: London: Routledge
Abstract: The study described in the present chapter explores the role played by sexist ideologies in the gendering of young people's aspirations. To this end, we used the old-fashioned and modern sexism scales developed by Janet Swim and colleagues. This scale distinguishes a form of explicit sexism called 'old-fashioned sexism' from a more subtle form, called 'modern sexism.' Old-fashioned sexism refers to gendered stereotypes according to which women are less competent and women and men should expect to be treated differently. Modern sexism is characterized by non-recognition of the sexist discrimination that persists in our society, hostility towards demands for equality of opportunity, and a lack of support for policies designed to promote gender equality (for example, in education or work). Our hypothesis is that, for girls, atypical professional aspirations require not only a degree of self-confidence on their part but also a distancing from the norms of the gender system. W e, there fore, hypothesize that modern and old-fashioned sexism, and legitimate gendered roles and gender system, have to be rejected by girls in order for them to be able to aspire to occupations mainly occupied by men (further named as 'masculine' occupations). For the boys, we put forward a comparable hypothesis: atypical aspirations on their part also imply a distancing from the socially valued masculine norms, and thus we expect the rejection of sexism again to be a necessary condition for their gender-atypical professional aspirations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2016) : Gender and the work-family domain: A social role-based perspective. In: Allen, Tammy D.: The Oxford handbook of work and family: Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, S. 53-67
Abstract: This chapter advances a social role perspective on gender and the work–family domain—defined to include work and family time investments and attitudes and the work–family intersection (e.g., work–family conflict). A traditional view of social roles suggests that (1) gender has a main effect on the work–family domain, such that men (women) tend to have more work-oriented (family-oriented) and less family-oriented (work-oriented) experiences than women (men) and (2) gender moderates the effect of the work–family domain on valued outcomes (e.g., career success, family satisfaction, health), such that men and women have more favorable outcomes when work–family experiences align with traditional gender roles. In contrast, a dynamic view of social roles suggests that gender has little relevance for understanding the work–family domain. A narrative review of recent research reveals that gender differences often fail to align with traditional gender-based social r oles, bu t also reflect some vestiges of traditional gender-based expectations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2016): Same-Gender Peer Interaction and Preschoolers’ Gender-Typed Emotional Expressiveness. In: Sex Roles 75 (5-6), S. 231-242. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0601-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0601-6 Abstract: The present study was guided by hypotheses derived from peer-socialization models of gender development that suggest preschool children’s time spent interacting with same-gender peers would be linked to gender-typed emotional expressiveness. Specifically, I predicted that girls who engaged in high levels of same-gender peer interaction would express more happiness, sadness, and fear, whereas boys who engaged in more same-gender peer interaction would express more anger. To address these hypotheses, a longitudinal study was conducted in which video recordings were made of 122 preschool children (57 boys, 65 girls; 86 European American, 9 African American, 17 Hispanic, and 10 other ethnicity) attending a University sponsored preschool program in the U.S. Southwest over a period of 2 years. Video recordings of children’s peer interactions in Years 1 and 2 were coded for involvement with same-gender peers and emotional expressiveness. Results of analyses revealed that bot h girls and boys who spent more time interacting with same-gender peers in Year 1 expressed more happiness in Year 2. Boys who spent more time interacting with same-gender peers in Year 1 displayed higher levels of anger in Year 2. Girls who spent more time interacting with same-gender peers in Year 1 displayed higher levels of sadness in Year 2. The findings support arguments made by the peer-socialization model of gender development that gender-segregated peer interaction contributes to patterns of gender-typed expression of emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
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(2016): Help to perpetuate traditional gender roles. Benevolent sexism increases engagement in dependency-oriented cross-gender helping. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 110 (1), S. 55-75. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000037
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000037 Abstract: Based on theorizing that helping relations may serve as a subtle mechanism to reinforce intergroup inequality, the present research (N = 1,315) examined the relation between benevolent sexism (i.e., a chivalrous yet subtly oppressive view of women) and helping. In cross-gender interactions, the endorsement of (Studies 1, 3, and 4) or exposure to (Study 2) benevolent sexism predicted (a) men's preference to provide women with dependency-oriented help (i.e., direct assistance) rather than tools for autonomous coping, and (b) women's preference to seek dependency-oriented help rather than tools for autonomous coping. Benevolent sexism did not predict men's and women's engagement in dependency-oriented helping relations in same-gender interactions. Studies 1 and 2 examined behavioral intentions in response to a series of hypothetical scenarios; Studies 3 and 4 examined actual behavior in tests of mathematical and logical ability, and pointed to assumed partner's expectations as a potential mediator. The converging evidence supports the hypothesis that benevolent sexism encourages engagement in cross-gender helping relations that perpetuate traditional gender roles.
2015
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(2015): Die Auswirkungen geschlechts(un)typischer Berufstätigkeiten auf die Aufteilung der Hausarbeit in Partnerschaften. In: KOLNER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SOZIOLOGIE UND SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE 67 (3), S. 475-507. DOI: 10.1007/s11577-015-0334-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-015-0334-5 Abstract: This article examines the role occupational sex segregation of both partners' jobs plays for the division of domestic labour in German dual-earner couples. To explain this relationship we contrast resource-based arguments and theories of gender role socialization with arguments from processes of 'Doing Gender' and the compensation hypothesis. Analyses with data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1993-2011) suggest that women compensate a deviance from traditional gender roles by taking over more typically 'feminine tasks' (such as washing, cooking, cleaning), whereas men seem to compensate this deviance by doing more typically 'masculine tasks' (such as house repairs). In general, latter tasks are performed most seldom if a person works in a gender-balanced occupation. Apparently, deviance from traditional gender roles in context of the labour market is relevant for women as well as for men. This deviance is compensated mainly by household tasks that are traditionally ascribed to their gender. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 4
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(2015): Sex as a source of power?. Backlash against self-sexualizing women. In: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 19 (1), S. 110-124. DOI: 10.1177/1368430214558312
Abstract: Although women are thought to possess sexual power, they risk social and economic penalties (i.e., backlash; Rudman, 1998) when they self-sexualize (i.e., assert their power; Cahoon & Edmonds, 1989; Glick, Larsen, Johnson, & Branstiter, 2005). Why? Drawing on the status incongruity hypothesis (SIH), which predicts backlash against powerful women because they challenge the gender hierarchy, prejudice was expected against self-sexualizing women to be explained by a dominance penalty rather than a communality deficit (Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Phelan, & Nauts, 2012). Two experiments supported this hypothesis, and Experiment 3 further showed that the dominance penalty was explained by ascribing power motives to self-sexualized women. These findings extend the SIH's utility to the domain of self-sexualization and illuminate the scope of people's discomfort with female power. In conclusion, implications for the advancement of gender equality are discussed. zitiert von 6
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(2015): Gender at Work. A Social Psychological Perspective. 1st, New ed.. New York: Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers (Language as social action)
Abstract: While many women receive equal education, such equality is nowhere in sight when it comes to women's and men's career success: men still earn significantly more than women and are more likely to be promoted. In this book, the authors offer a state of the art review of applied social-psychological research on gender at work, shedding light on all the different ways that work-related perceptions, attributions, outcomes, and the like differ for women and men. Focusing on domains (e.g., engineering) and positions (e.g., leadership) that are marked by women's underrepresentation, the first part of the book looks at gender at work in terms of stereotypes, attitudes, and social roles, including parenthood, while the second part takes a social identity and communication perspective, exploring the situations in which men and women interact at work. Many chapters focus on applied questions, such as career choice, effects of role models, and sexual harassment at work. Theories and findings are applied to these topics, with conclusions and recommendations drawn throughout the book zitiert von 10
2014
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(2014) : Sexualität und Geschlecht : Psychosoziale, kultur- und sexualwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Eine Festschrift für Hertha Richter-Appelt In: Schweizer, Katinka; Brunner, Franziska; Cerwenka, Susanne; Nieder, Timo O.; Briken, Peer (Hg.): Sexualität und Geschlecht: Psychosoziale, kultur- und sexualwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Eine Festschrift für Hertha Richter-Appelt. Unter Mitarbeit von Katinka Schweizer, Franziska Brunner, Susanne Cerwenka, Timo O. Nieder, Peer Briken, Inga Becker, Christina von Braun, Martin Dannecker, Arne Dekker, Annika Flöter, Harald J. Freyberger, Beatrix Gromus, Christina Handford, Vivian Jückstock, Uwe Koch, Susanne Krege, Silja Matthiesen, Birgit Möller, Karl-Josef Pazzini, Friedemann Pfäfflin, Konstanze Plett, Wilhelm F. Preuss, Ilka Quindeau, Rainer Richter, Volkmar Sigusch, Bernhard Strauß und Lucie G. Veith: Gießen, Lahn: Psychosozial-Verlag (Beiträge zur Sexualforschung)
Abstract: Obwohl Sexualität und Geschlecht in unserer Gesellschaft allgegenwärtig sind, führt meist erst die Konfrontation mit Abweichungen von der vermeintlichen Norm zu einer ernsthaften Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Themen. Anlässlich des 65. Geburtstags der Sexualforscherin und Psychoanalytikerin Hertha Richter-Appelt werden Sexualität und Geschlecht aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln beleuchtet. Dabei werden Bezüge auf Religion, Politik, Körper, Identität, Partnerschaft und deutsche Geschichte hergestellt. Die Beiträge regen einen Diskurs zwischen kritischer Sexualwissenschaft, Psychoanalyse, Medizin, Psychologie, Selbsthilfe, Rechts-, Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften an. - Inhalt: (A) Geschlecht und Sexualität in Gesellschaft und Politik. (1) Christina von Braun: Religion und Geschlecht. (2) Volkmar Sigusch: Sexualität und Geschlecht in den letzten Jahrzehnten. (3) Konstanze Plett: Über die Notwendigkeit, Geschlecht interdisziplinär zu betrachten. (4) Friedemann Pfäfflin: Transgender Politics. (5) Uwe Koch: Die "Feminisierung" der Medizin: ein Problem? - (B) Psychoanalytische Blicke auf Geschlechtlichkeit. (6) Ilka Quindeau: Der janusköpfige Ödipus - der Kernkomplex in der Entwicklung von Sexualitäten und Geschlechtern? (7) Karl-Josef Pazzini: Liebesbegebenheiten. Notizen zu Übertragung, Trieb und Sexualität. (8) Martin Dannecker: Von den Schwierigkeiten der Psychoanalyse mit der männlichen Homosexualität. - (C) Geschlechtervielfalt: Menschen, Medizin und Lebenswelten. (9) Susanne Cerwenka: Soziale Ressourcen und Diskriminierungserfahrungen von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen mit Geschlechtsdysphorie. (10) Inga Becker und Birgit Möller: Besonderheiten und Herausforderungen in der Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Geschlechtsdysphorie. (11) Susanne Krege: Veränderungen im medizinischen Umgang mit Transsexualität und Intersexualität. (12) Lucie G. Veith: Vom Opfersein zum Menschsein in Würde: Intersexuelle Menschen auf dem Weg zurück in das gesellschaftliche Bewusstsein. 10 Jahre Intersexuelle Menschen e.V. (13) Franziska Brunner, Christina Handford und Katinka Schweizer: Geschlechtervielfalt und Intersexualität. (14) Timo O. Nieder: Von der dauerhaft transponierten Geschlechtsidentität zur Genderqueerness. Eine theoretische und praxisorientierte Annäherung. - (D) Sexualität, Körper und Geschlecht in der Psychotherapie. (15) Wilhelm F. Preuss: Geschichte einer Rückkehr aus der weiblichen in die männliche Geschlechtsrolle zwanzig Jahre nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung. (16) Annika Flöter und Vivian Jückstock: Therapeutin und Patient im forensischen Feld. Geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte in der psychodynamischen Behandlung von Männern mit Sexualdelinquenz. (17) Harald J. Freyberger: Heimkindheit in der DDR. Eine Kasuistik zu einer vernachlässigten Thematik. (18) Bernhard Strauß: Das subjektive Körpererleben in der Psychotherapieforschung. - (E) Partnerschaft, Sexualität und Liebe. (19) Katinka Schweizer: Ratgeberliebe - wie wir lieben sollen. (20) Arne Dekker und Silja Matthiesen: Flexible Orientierung? Bisexualität und nicht-monosexuelle Partnerwahl in vier Jahrzehnten. (21) Beatrix Gromus: Weibliche Sexualität. - (F) Persönliche Festschriftbeiträge. (22) Peer Briken: Sexualwissenschaftlerinnen-on-Board (SoB) - Index. Vorläufige Ergebnisse einer Studie für Hertha Richter-Appelt zur Gleichstellung in der Sexualwissenschaft. (23) Katinka Schweizer: Forschen - Lehren - Wissen schaffen. (24) Rainer Richter: Watchful waiting.
2009
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(2009): Doing gender differently-The interplay of strength of gender identification and content of gender identity in predicting women's endorsement of sexist beliefs. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 39 (4), S. 487-508. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.551
Abstract: Investigated reasons for women's endorsement of sexist beliefs using the gender identity model (GIM) based on social-identity theory and social-role theory. The strength of gender identity (high identification vs low identification) and content of gender identity (progressive vs traditional gender role), combined with the engagement in collective action to improve conditions for women, are expected to predict the individual endorsement of 3 sexist beliefs: benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, and modern sexism. In Study 1, 250 women (aged 20-65 years) completed a gender role preference scale, a gender identification scale, a sexism scale, and a collective-action scale to assess the assumptions of the GIM. Results showed that strength of gender identity and identity content were significantly associated with the endorsement of sexist beliefs. Highly identified women with traditional identity contents endorsed all forms of sexist beliefs more strongly than highly identified women with progressive identity content. In contrast, low gender identity was related to lower endorsement of sexist beliefs. In Study 2 (222 women aged 16-66 years) and Study 3 (106 women aged 16-61 years) an online experiment was conducted which additionally manipulated the gender role of the participants to measure its impact on sexist attitudes. Results revealed that highly identified women primed to a progressive gender role expressed stronger rejection of sexism, whereas highly identified women primed to a traditional role expressed stronger endorsement of sexism, substantiating the assumptions of the GIM. The proposed GIM is concluded to explain that gender identification and content of identity strongly affect the endorsement of sexist beliefs among women. zitiert von 72
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(2009) : Sexuelle Sozialisation und Sexualerziehung In: Schweer, Martin K. W.: Sex and gender: Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu einer gesellschaftlichen Konstruktion: Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang (Psychologie und Gesellschaft), S. 53-68
Abstract: Überlegungen zur sexuellen Sozialisation und zur Sexualerziehung werden angestellt. Zunächst wird der Sozialisationsbegriff erläutert. Erziehung wird dabei als Unterbegriff von Sozialisation betrachtet (intentionale Sozialisation), der als zweitem Unterbegriff die "beiläufige" (also keine Merkmale informeller oder formeller Erziehung aufweisende) Sozialisation gegenübergestellt wird; hingewiesen wird auch auf die Rolle der "heimlichen" Miterzieher in der Grauzone zwischen beiläufiger Sozialisation und Erziehung. Dann werden die dargestellten Aspekte - Sozialisation, beiläufige Sozialisation, heimliche Miterzieher - im Bereich der sexuellen Sozialisation und der Sexualerziehung besprochen. Anschließend wird folgender Frage nachgegangen: Warum besteht die Gesellschaft einerseits darauf, jede nachwachsende Generation biologisch und sozial konsequent nach männlich und weiblich einzuordnen und zu sozialisieren und warum ist diese Polarisierung andererseits so problematisch, dass sich jetzt seit Generationen Menschen bemühen, dem entgegenzuwirken? Die Analyse des Verhältnisses von Geschlechtlichkeit, Sex und Gender mündet in folgender pädagogischen Konsequenz für die Sexualerziehung: Jungen und Mädchen soll bewusst werden, wie biologisches Geschlecht zustande kommt und wie variationsreich es sein kann, mit welchen angeborenen "typischen" Verhaltensbereitschaften sie bei Jungen und Mädchen eventuell zu rechnen haben, welche Einflüsse im Rahmen sexueller Sozialisation (beiläufig, intentional und über heimliche Miterzieher) auf sie einwirken, und sie sollen dabei zu einem sozial verträglichen Leben in sexueller Selbstbestimmung ermutigt werden. zitiert von 3
2007
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(2007) : Dynamics of sex-role stereotypes: Stereotype dynamics. Language-based approaches to the formation, maintenance, and transformation of stereotypes.: Hove, UK: Psychology Press, S. 135-161
Abstract: Presents an overview of research investigating the impact of socio-cultural changes on male and female social roles. Previous studies have explored perceived changes in gender stereotypes and gender-specific personality traits. Another focus of research has been the correspondence between changes in female/male social roles on the one hand, and changes in sex-stereotypic beliefs about female/male leaders and in leadership-specific personality traits on the other. Empirical evidence suggests that the dynamic nature of gender stereotypes is rooted in widespread beliefs about the distribution of men and women in social roles. The increase of females assuming traditionally male-dominated roles in recent decades has coincided with heightened perception of greater agency in women, decreased sex-stereotypic beliefs about female leaders, and decreased sex differences in leadership-specific personality traits. While men's roles have remained relatively stable, moderate changes have occurred in sex-stereotypic beliefs about men and also in men's own self-reported personality traits. zitiert von 27
2004
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(2004): Tolerance of Sexual Harassment. An Examination of Gender Differences, Ambivalent Sexism, Social Dominance, and Gender Roles. In: Sex Roles 50 (7/8), S. 565-573. DOI: 10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd Abstract: In this study we examined the effects of gender, gender roles (masculinity and femininity), ambivalent sexism, and social dominance orientation with regard to tolerance of sexual harassment. It was predicted that women would be less tolerant than men of sexual harassment, however, men and women who were tolerant of sexual harassment would share ambivalence and hostility toward women, and they would exhibit higher levels of social dominance and masculinity. Results partially supported the hypotheses. Women were significantly less tolerant of harassment than men were, however, regression analyses showed that ambivalent sexism and hostility toward women accounted for the majority of total variance (35%), followed by gender (5%), social dominance (1%), femininity (0.7%), and nonsexism (0.6%). Masculinity and benevolent sexism were not significant predictors. Results suggest that ambivalence and hostility toward women are much greater predictors of tolerance of sexual harassme nt than is gender alone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
1994
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(1994): Soziales Handeln im Sport und Sportunterricht. Schorndorf: Hofmann (Texte - Quellen - Dokumente zur Sportwissenschaft)
Abstract: Aus sozialpsychologischer Perspektive wird die Bedeutung von Geschlechterunterschieden im sozialen Handeln im Überblick erörtert. Dabei stehen die folgenden Aspekte im Vordergrund: (1) Geschlechterstereotype und Geschlechtsrollen, (2) Geschlechterunterschiede im sozialen Handeln in den Bereichen Gruppenbildung, Sozialverhalten und soziale Interaktion, (3) die Höherwertigkeit der männlichen Rolle, (4) Ansätze zur Erklärung für Geschlechterunterschiede im sozialen Handeln, (5) pädagogische Konsequenzen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Sportunterrichts.
1992
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(1992): When Courtesy Fails. Gender Roles and Polite Behaviors1. In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22 (18), S. 1399-1416. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00956.x
Abstract: 284 university students (49% men, aged 17–57 yrs) responded to a questionnaire in which they evaluated scenarios of cross-sex courteous acts, described their recent experiences with courtesy, and identified courteous behaviors that they commonly performed for and expected from others. There was a tendency for courtesies from a woman to a man to be viewed less favorably than courtesies from a man to a woman. Most Ss had directed their most recent act of courtesy toward a female and had received their most recent act from a person of the opposite sex. Some common courtesies tended to be directed toward females more than males, and males were expected to perform certain courtesies such as opening doors and paying for things for women. Results confirm the theory that courteous behaviors may serve to perpetuate gender role stereotypes and to regulate interactions between the sexes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 18
1986
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(1986): Bericht über den 35. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Heidelberg 1986. Göttingen: Hogrefe (Bericht über den Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie)
Abstract: Die psychologische Forschung über Geschlechtsunterschiede und Geschlechtsrollen wird unter der übergeordneten Perspektive des Geschlechts als Definitionsraum für die personale Identität betrachtet. Die gängigen Forschungsansätze werden zunächst nach dem Status der Geschlechtsvariable in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: (1) Geschlecht als unabhängige Personvariable (biologisches Geschlecht), (2) Geschlecht als soziale Stimulusvariable (soziales Geschlecht), (3) Geschlecht als Dimension der Selbstwahrnehmung (subjektives Geschlecht). Es wird gezeigt, dass diese drei Sichtweisen der Geschlechtsvariable auch in der Ontogenese der Geschlechtstypisierung wiederzufinden sind und dass hierbei die biologischen, sozialen und subjektiven Faktoren der Geschlechtstypisierung systematisch aufeinander aufbauen. Außer der Betrachtung der Geschlechtsidentität als Ergebnis der Entwicklung wird auf Phänomene hingewiesen, bei denen die jeweils gegebene Geschlechtsidentität sich entscheidend auf die Kognition, die Motivation oder das Verhalten des Individuums auswirkt. Es wird empfohlen, die Geschlechtsidentität des Individuums in der zukünftigen Forschung über Geschlechtsunterschiede und Geschlechtsrollen stärker zu berücksichtigen. zitiert von 5
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(1986) : Korpersprache, Macht und Geschlecht In: Rosenbusch, Heinz S; Schober, Otto (Hg.): Körpersprache in der schulischen Erziehung. Pädagogische und fachdidaktische Aspekte nonverbaler Kommunikation.: Baltmannsweiler: Pädagogischer Verlag Burgbücherei Schneider
Abstract: Die Bedeutung des kulturellen Konzepts der Zweigeschlechtlichkeit wird aus der Perspektive der Frauenforschung im Uberblick erortert, und die Rolle der Korpersprache wird unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Dimensionen von Macht und Geschlecht aufgezeigt. Dabei werden folgende Aspekte angesprochen und anhand von Bildern aus der Werbung veranschaulicht: (1) Korpersprache als primares Erziehungsinstrument und als tertiares Geschlechtsmerkmal, (2) Korperkodierung und Mannlichkeits- versus Weiblichkeitskodes, (3) Rituale der Ungleichheit, (4) paradoxe Strategien (Durchsetzung durch Unterwerfung, Siegen um jeden Preis). Insgesamt wird deutlich gemacht, dass die Korpersprache einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur sozialen Konstruktion des Geschlechterverhaltnisses im Sinne eines stereotypen, komplementaren und hierarchischen Arrangements leistet.
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