Alle Publikationen
1991
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(1991) : Modellierung sozialer Prozesse In: Glatzer, Wolfgang: 25. Deutscher Soziologentag 1990. Die Modernisierung moderner Gesellschaften: Sektionen, Arbeits- und Ad hoc-Gruppen, Ausschuß für Lehre: Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, S. 500-511
Abstract: Sei C das Existenzminimum und P das Bruttosozialprodukt (“BSP”) einer großen sozialen Einheit (“GSE”) in Vielfachen von C. P enthält also die Anzahl der in der GSE hergestellten “Köpfe”. In Müller (2, S. 37) wird für die BRD 1980 ein BSP von 240 Mio C errechnet. Sei N die Population von GSE und q die Erwerbsquote. Mit πA als Arbeitsproduktivität läßt sich aufschreiben: NqπA=P (1) Wegen N • 1 = N läßt sich P sinnvoll zerlegen in: P=N+V (2) mit V Anzahl virtueller Köpfe.
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(1991): Theories of Complexity, Complexities of Theory. Habermas, Luhmann, and the Study of Social Systems. In: German Studies Review 14 (1). DOI: 10.2307/1430154
Abstract: [-]
Keywords: Ohne Abstract oder Text -
(1991): Cultural consensus and social intelligence. In: Mathematical Social Sciences 22 (1), S. 98-102. DOI: 10.1016/0165-4896(91)90072-Y
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(1991): Intentionalistic Explanations in the Social Sciences, S. 332-344
Abstract: The dispute between the empiricist and interpretivist conceptions of the social sciences is properly conceived not as a matter of reduction or covering laws. Features specific to the social sciences include the following. Explanations of human behavior make reference to intentional causation; social phenomena are permeated with mental components and are self-referential; social science explanations have not been as successful as those in natural science because of their concern with intentional causation, because their explanations must be identical with the propositional content of the mind of the actor, and because a social phenomenon exists only if people believe it exists. Elements of an apparatus necessary to analyze this problematic social ontology are given and include selfreferentiality, constitutive rules, collective intentionality, linguistic permeation of the facts, systematic interrelationships among social facts, and primacy of acts over objects.
Keywords: philosophy of the social sciences -
(1991): Transgression as injury to decorum in the work of weise-christian, Grimmelshause, J.J. C. V. and Beer, Johann 'Narrenspital'. In: DAPHNIS-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR MITTLERE DEUTSCHE LITERATUR 20 (1), S. 35-60Keywords: decorum, Ohne Abstract oder Text
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(1991): Dominanz, Macht und Status als Elemente sprachlicher Interaktion. Ein Literaturbericht. Arbeiten aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich 245 \'Sprechen und Sprachverstehen im sozialen Kontext\'
Abstract: Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über Konzepte und empirische Forschungsergebnisse aus der Sozialpsychologie, der Sprachpsychologie und der Sprachwissenschaft zum Thema sprachliche Ausprägung von Dominanz und Macht in sozialen Interaktionen. Unterschieden wird zwischen Macht als potentieller Ressource und Dominanz als manifestem Merkmal von Interaktionen. Es werden Untersuchungen zu einzelnen Sprechausdrucksmerkmalen eines "powerful style" rezipiert, aber auch Studien, die sich mit der Analyse von Dominanz im interaktiven Austausch beschäftigen. Bei den empirischen Untersuchungen lassen sich sprecherorientierte Studien, die auf die Analyse einzelner Sprechausdrucksmerkmale eines "powerful style" gerichtet sind, unterscheiden von Untersuchungen, die Dominanz auf der Ebene von Interaktionssequenzen analysieren. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Berücksichtigung von Sprechermerkmalen in Kombination mit Analysen des interaktiven Austauschs als sinnvollste methodische Strategie zur Analyse sprachlicher Manifestation von Dominanz angesehen werden muss.
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(1991): Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason. In: The Philosophical Review 100 (2). DOI: 10.2307/2185304
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2185304 Abstract: What happens to our conception of mind and rational agency when we take seriously future-directed intentions and plans and their roles as inputs into further practical reasoning? The author's initial efforts in responding to this question resulted in a series of papers that he wrote during the early 1980s. In this book, Bratman develops further some of the main themes of these essays and also explores a variety of related ideas and issues. He develops a planning theory of intention. Intentions are treated as elements of partial plans of action. These plans play basic roles in practical reasoning, roles that support the organization of our activities over time and socially. Bratman explores the impact of this approach on a wide range of issues, including the relation between intention and intentional action, and the distinction between intended and expected effects of what one intends.
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(1991): Implicit Personality Theory and Social Judgment. Effects of Familiarity with a Target Person. In: Multivariate behavioral research 26 (1), S. 69-81. DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr2601_4
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26782612 Abstract: The hypothesis tested in this study is that judgments of the personality of unfamiliar target persons correspond better with the subject's Implicit Personality Theory (IPT) than judgments of the personality of familiar persons do. Each subject's IPT was individually assessed and represented using multidimensional scaling. Then judgments were obtained about three familiar and three unfamiliar target persons. The correspondence between a subject's IPT and his/her judgments about each target person was measured by fitting these judgments to the subject's IPT structure. This correspondence measure was significantly better for unfamiliar than for familiar targets. This result confirmed the hypothesis.
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(1991): The Computer for the 21st Century. In: Scientific American (September), S. 94-104
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Wilmer, Harry A. (1991): Closeness in personal and professional relationships. Boston, MA, US. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications
Abstract: Closeness [from the Jungian perspective], then, is about intimacy and distance, decency and ethics. It is about attachment and loss, domination and dependency, transference and countertransference, touching and sex. Closeness is at the very heart of human relationships. This theme seems to me to be one of the central issues of our times, in personal life to be sure, but especially in professional relations. Just how 'close' can or should be the relationship between therapist and client, doctor and patient, teacher and student, supervisor and candidate? The message of this book focuses on relationships characterized by power imbalance and hierarchical order. It speaks not only to people in fields of psychology and analysis, but to all individuals in the helping professions; to anyone interested in organizational psychology; to people in business, education, the ministry, and the military; to lovers and families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Decency, Partnerschaft/ Beziehung -
(1991) : Identifizieren von Regeln und Regelverletzungen In: Jüttemann, Gerd: Individuelle und soziale Regeln des Handelns: Beiträge zur Weiterentwicklung geisteswissenschaftlicher Ansätze in der Psychologie: Heidelberg: Asanger, S. 287-291
Abstract: Ausgehend von der Vorstellung, dass menschliches Verhalten von Regeln geprägt wird, die eine Operationalisierung grundlegender Werthaltungen und Einstellungen sind, werden Ansatzpunkte zur Identifizierung solcher Regeln erarbeitet. Als zentral werden dabei Unmutshaltungen angesehen, die eine Verletzung jener Maßstäbe anzeigen, mit denen der Betroffene sein Leben strukturiert. Zur Identifizierung von Regeln und Regelverletzungen werden sprachwissenschaftliche und psychologisch-biographische Analysen herangezogen. Dies wird anhand von Interviews zur Untersuchung der Psychosomatik des Kontaktekzems veranschaulicht.
1990
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(1990): Debating Decorum - Ethical Issues, Mythical Firms Part Of Inns Of Court Meeting. In: ABA Journal 76
Abstract: Imagine you are a member of the executive committee of the newly formed Washington, D.C., law firm Dewey, Cheatham and Howe. The firm has a Middle Eastern client named "Hanafi" who rules a country where women are disenfranchised and domestically submissive. Hanafi provides 40 percent of the firm's business and is insisting that a male lawyer be substituted for the female lawyer handling his case. Do you make the switch? The dilemma was part of a panel debate at the sixth annual meeting of the American Inns of Court (AIC), one of the nation's newest bench and bar organizations. (See May 1990 ABA Journal, 24)
Keywords: decorum, Diskriminierung, Ethics, Gender, Judikative, Kultur, Kulturdifferenz, Rechtswissenschaft, Werte -
(1990): You don't touch lettuce with your fingers. In: Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), S. 259-288. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90083-P
Abstract: Family discourse is essentially polite, enacting its politeness in domain- and culturally specific ways. This study examines parental speech acts of control and metapragmatic comments, as issued from parents to children around the dinnertable in middle-class Israeli, American and American immigrant families. The prevailing style of parental control is both highly direct and richly mitigated. Three key notions combine to set the tone of family politeness: power, informality and affect. Asymmetrical power relations between parents and children license the high level of directness, and the level of informality expected in the family explains its non-offensiveness. The importance of affect is revealed by the salience of linguistic devices indexing positive affect. Yet in addition to the domain-specificity of the system, culture plays an equally important role. Culturally varied perceptions of children's face needs are reflected in differential styles, with Israeli parents drawing heavily on the emotively colored language of mitigation and nicknaming, and American parents paying homage to the child's independence by adherence to first names and the use of conventional forms. The groups differ further in aspects of pragmatic socialization emphasized, as shown by types of metapragmatic comments used. All parents attend to socializing children towards adherence to Gricean norms of conversation, but while American parents explicitly teach rules of conversational management, Israeli parents worry instead about correct language use. Three general implications are drawn for a general theory of politeness. First, there is a need to incorporate the hitherto neglected dimension of speech-events as a determinant factor in evaluating politeness values. Second, the relative importance granted different strategic dimensions in indexing politeness should be reassessed. For directives, mitigation should be considered on a par with choices on a directness continuum. Third, it is suggested that the scope of pragmatic phenomena studied for politeness move beyond specific speech acts to incorporate wider discourse phenomena, such as discourse management.
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Bray, Norman W. (1990): International Review of Research in Mental Retardation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press
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(1990): Continuing the search for social intelligence. In: Personality and Individual Differences 11 (5), S. 463-470. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(90)90059-Z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90059-Z Abstract: This study was done to examine further the relationship between social and academic forms of intelligence. Subjects (n = 83) were university undergraduates. Three measures of academic ability (grade point average and scores on the ACT English and Mathematics tests) and four measures of social intelligence (self and peer ratings of personality and self and peer ratings of social-behavioral effectiveness) were taken. Replicating and extending the findings of Ford and Tisak (Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 196–206, 1983), three types of correlational analysis revealed that (a) academic and social intelligence represent separate, although partially overlapping, domains; and (b) self assessments of social intelligence appear to bear little relationship to peer assessments.
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(1990) : Chapter 24 Social behaviour and the prefrontal cortex In: Uylings, Harry B. M.: The prefrontal cortex: Its structure, function and pathology : proceedings of the 16th International Summer School of Brain Research, held at the Royal Tropical Institute and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam (The Netherlands), from 28 August to 1 September 1, 85: Amsterdam; New York; Oxford: Elsevier (Progress in Brain Research), S. 485-497
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(1990): Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press
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Danner, D.; Glöckner-Rist, A. (Hg.) (1990): Zusammenstellung sozialwissenschaftlicher Items und Skalen. Mannheim: GESIS. Online verfügbar unter http://zis.gesis.org/skala/Stock%C3%A9-Bed%C3%BCrfnis-nach-sozialer-Anerkennung
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Diamond, Adele (1990): The development and neural bases of higher cognitive functions. Conference entitled The Development and Neural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences
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(1990): "Habits", "Frames" und "Rational Choice". Die Reichweite von Theorien der rationalen Wahl (am Beispiel der Erklarung des Befragtenverhaltens). In: Zeitschrift fur Soziologie 19 (4), S. 231-247
Abstract: Discusses the breadth of theories of rational choice. It is first pointed out that rational-choice explanations of social processess have frequently been criticized in the social sciences by pointing out that they presuppose an optimally informed and maximation-oriented actor. Therefore, traditional action and phenomena related to the definition of the situation principally cannot be assessed with this approach. It is shown that orientations of action toward routines (habits) or the situational dominance of specific goals and codes (frameworks) can be conceived as special cases of the theory of rational choice. In this theoretical concept, it is then possible to explain why institutions are often very resistant to environmental changes: because the actors know how to deal rationally with their bounded rationality. The theoretical reconstruction is illustrated with examples of respondent behavior in interviews. Die Reichweite von Theorien der rationalen Wahl wird erortert. Zunachst wird darauf hingewiesen, dass "Rational-Choice"-Erklarungen sozialer Prozesse in den Sozialwissenschaften haufig mit dem Hinweis kritisiert worden sind, sie setzten einen perfekt informierten und kalkulierenden Akteur voraus. Traditionales Handeln und Phanomene der Definition der Situation seien daher mit diesem Ansatz prinzipiell nicht zu erfassen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Orientierung des Handelns an Routinen (habits) bzw. die situationelle Dominanz bestimmter Ziele und Codes (frames) als Spezialfalle der Theorie der rationalen Wahl konzipierbar sind. In dieser theoretischen Fassung wird dann auch erklarbar, warum Institutionen gegenuber Anderungen in der Umwelt oft sehr resistent sind. Deswegen namlich, weil die Akteure mit ihrer "bounded rationality" rational umzugehen verstehen. Die theoretische Rekonstruktion wird am Beispiel des Befragtenverhaltens im Interview illustriert. zitiert von 467
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(1990) : A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation In: Zanna, Mark P.: Advances in experimental social psychology, 23: London: Academic Press, S. 1-74
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(1990): Über Regeln der sprachlichen Kommunikation und die Schwierigkeiten, nichtberichtbares Wissen zu erfassen. In: Bulletin der Schweizer Psychologen 11 (4), S. 3-12
Abstract: Es wird erortert, wie verhaltenswirksame, aber nichtberichtbare Regeln erfasst und erlernt werden konnen. Als Losungsheuristiken werden zum einen die von Garfinkel vorgeschlagenen "Krisenexperimente" vorgeschlagen, zum anderen ein Verfahren, bei dem die invarianten Merkmale wiederholter Verhaltensablaufe als Basis fur Aussagen uber notwendige minimale Wissensvoraussetzungen dienen. Anschliessend werden Probleme im Zusammenhang mit dem Erlernen verhaltenswirksamer Regeln bzw. prozeduralen Wissens erortert. Da traditionelle Lernkonzepte nicht geeignet erscheinen, eine brauchbare Erklarung dafur zu liefern, wie sich dieser Wissenserwerb im Alltag vollziehen konnte, wird eine Konzeption des Lernprozesses vorgeschlagen, in der dem Wiedererkennen von Situationsaspekten eine zentrale Rolle zugeschrieben wird.
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(1990): Perspectives on politeness. In: Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), S. 219-236. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N
Abstract: This paper reviews four current approaches to an account of politeness: the social-norm view; the conversational-maxim view; the face-saving view; and the conversational-contract view. A characterization is given for each, followed by a discussion of certain salient aspects of the approach. While none of the views is considered adequate, the face-saving view is seen as the most clearly articulated and most thoroughly worked out, therefore providing the best framework within which to raise the crucial questions about politeness that must now be addressed.
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Frei, Felix (1990): Das Bild der Arbeit. 1. Aufl.. Bern: Huber
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(1990): Habitual routines in task-performing groups. In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 47 (1), S. 65-97. DOI: 10.1016/0749-5978(90)90047-D
Abstract: Groups, like individuals, often develop habitual routines for dealing with frequently encountered stimuli. Although such routines are consequential for group life and work, little is known about them. This paper reconnoiters the territory of habitual behavior in groups that perform work within organizations. We offer a definition of group habits, identify their functions and dysfunctions, suggest how they develop and are maintained, and identify the circumstances when they are likely to be altered or abandoned. Throughout, we give special attention to the social nature of habitual routines in groups, to the interaction between habitual behavior and group life cycle phenomena, and to the role of the organizational context in prompting, shaping, and terminating habitual routines. zitiert von 1310