Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Anticipation enhanced behavior-based robotics using integrated system dynamics. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Abstract: Behavior-based robotics specifies behavior as the interaction between the task, environment, and agent with specific capabilities that creates a successful behavior to attain task achievement. Observed task achieving behavior is confirmed and validated by a prespecified performance criteria. For behavior-based robotics, conditions in the niche environment are directly matched to and cue behavior choice that yields task achievement by the robot agent. A minimalist approach attains this behavior choice from only a few possible scenarios for the niche environment and a simple associated response. Previous work in behavior-based robotics has been generally limited to a reactive response to environmental conditions, with little or no notion of looking ahead to potential successful future outcomes. Focus on the notion of anticipation provides a novel addition to the task achieving behavior-based robotics approach. Anticipation is the formulation of suitable processes to manifest behavior from a small set of feasible scenarios in the near future before the outcome is certain. Anticipation results in successful behavior beyond mere reactions to niche conditions that leads to desired task achievement with expected perceived immediate or later reward based on suitable fitness matched to the niche. The approach to add anticipation developed a formal system dynamics model to represent previously known behavior archetypes, extended them with the notion of anticipation, and enhanced the system dynamics operation. Simulation of a robot instance using anticipation for wall following, called the TOURIST, was conducted to gain insight into behaviors that would be observable in a real world natural system. Simulation of the TOURIST robot with anticipation built into the archetype programming illustrated the advantages of including the notion of anticipation. Anticipation allows a TOURIST robot agent to travel a smoother path and make choice of small increments in behavior change that produce more desired longer term responses. With anticipation, numerous small adjustments are made that require less energy than large spins of the SEEK behavior, so only one third of the SEEK behaviors occur, and thus wastes less energy and time. Also with anticipation, the TOURIST makes twice as many cycles of the area at the same speed and in the same time, so a broader range of area is covered and can more readily perceive any dynamic changes in the overall arena. The methods and insights were added to a real world robot instance, and the benefits of anticipation were observed to occur. A specific metric, ANNum, was developed for describing operation of the TOURIST robot. Greater metric values were found with anticipation on, reflecting more behavior responsiveness to the niche per unit time when anticipation was used. In conclusion, anticipation enhances robotic performance by manifesting task achieving behavior that is properly matched to a specific niche condition. Anticipation extends beyond the merely reactive behavior previously used in behavior-based robotics by acting like a funnel or channel to guide the behavior choice to match a specific niche. The observed behavior choice is manifest before the outcome is realized and certain to occur. As a practical result, the robot agent is able to make many smaller adjustments earlier and faster with better chance for desired outcome than would be observed without anticipation. It circumvents repeated larger adjustments that waste more resources and take more time for task achievement. Such enhanced anticipation behavior avoids obstructions and potential destructive paths or motion, and is more able to achieve tasks such as to find objects and move along walls with minimal effort. Thus, anticipation that is added to robot architecture improves behavior choices to realize desired task achievement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
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(2017) : Entwicklung als kulturspezifische Lösung universeller Entwicklungsaufgaben In: Rauh, Andreas: Fremdheit und Interkulturalität: Aspekte kultureller Pluralität: Bielefeld: Transcript (Edition Kulturwissenschaft), S. 79-100
Abstract: Ausgehend von einem Verständnis des menschlichen Lebenslaufs als einer Serie universeller Entwicklungsaufgaben wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Rolle kulturelle Modelle dabei spielen. Eingegangen wird auf folgende Punkte: (1) Entwicklung als Zusammenspiel von Gehirn und Umwelt. (2) Kultur und Kontext. (3) Das Bild vom Kind in der westlichen Mittelschicht. (4) Andere kulturabhängige Bilder vom Kind. (5) Entwicklungsaufgaben und kulturspezifische Sozialisationspfade. (6) Kulturelle Organisation von Entwicklungspfaden.
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(2017): Toward an intelligent long-term assistance for people with dementia in the context of navigation in indoor environments : Intelligente Langzeit-Unterstützung für Menschen mit Demenz im Kontext der Navigation in Gebäuden. In: Universität Würzburg, Graduate School of Science and Technology
Abstract: Designed and examined a system for indoor environments for people with moderate to severe dementia, who are unable or reluctant to use smartphone technology. To this end, a series of 10 studies was conducted with total of 35 adults with dementia. In the first step, a user-centered design approach was adopted to gather context and requirements of people with dementia in order to understand needs and difficulties (especially in spatial disorientation and wayfinding problems) experienced in dementia care facilities. Then, an "Implicit Interactive Intelligent (III) Environment" for people with dementia was proposed emphasizing implicit interaction and natural interface. The backbone of this III Environment is based on supporting orientation and navigation tasks with three systems: a monitoring system, an intelligent system, and a guiding system. The monitoring system and intelligent system automatically detect and interpret the locations and activities performed by the users i.e. people with dementia. This approach (implicit input) reduces cognitive workload as well as physical workload on the user to provide input. The intelligent system is also aware of context, predicts next situations (location, activity), and decides when to provide an appropriate service to the users. The guiding system with intuitive and dynamic environmental cues (lighting with color) has the responsibility for guiding the users to the places they need to be. Overall, three types of a monitoring system with Ultra-Wideband and iBeacon technologies, different techniques and algorithms were implemented for different contexts of use. They showed a high user acceptance with a reasonable price as well as decent accuracy and precision. In the intelligent system, models were built to recognize the users' current activity, detect the erroneous activity, predict the next location and activity, and analyze the history data, detect issues, notify them and suggest solutions to caregivers via visualized web interfaces. Regarding the guiding systems, five studies were conducted to test and evaluate the effect of lighting with color on people with dementia. The results were promising. Although several components of III Environment in general and three systems, in particular, are in place (implemented and tested separately), integrating them all together and employing this as a fully properly evaluation with formal stakeholders (people with dementia and caregivers) need to be examined in future research.
2014
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(2014): A towel less. Social norms enhance pro-environmental behavior in hotels. In: The Journal of Social Psychology 154 (2), S. 97-100. DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2013.855623
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24765814 Abstract: Previous research has shown that normative appeals to engage in environmentally friendly behavior were most effective when they were accompanied by a provincial norm (e.g., when norms matched individuals' immediate situational circumstances). Analyzing hotel guests' towel-use during their stay, the current study tests whether messages employing provincial norms were more effective in reducing towel-use than standard environmental messages. In line with previous findings, guests of two hotels used significantly fewer towels when provincial normative appeals--rather than standard environmental messages--were communicated. These findings corroborate to the body of research demonstrating the power of social norms on environmental behavior.
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(2014): An auction behavior-based robotic architecture for service robotics. In: Intelligent Service Robotics 7 (3), S. 157-174. DOI: 10.1007/s11370-013-0141-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11370-013-0141-7 Abstract: Service robots have the potential of improving the quality of life and assist with people’s daily activities. Such robots must be capable of operating over long periods of time, performing multiple tasks, and scheduling them appropriately for execution. In addition, service robots must be capable of dealing with tasks whose goals may be in conflict with each other and would need to determine, dynamically, which task to pursue in such a case. Adding to the complexity of the problem is the fact that some task requests may have time constraints—deadlines by which the task has to be completed. Given the dynamic nature of the environment, the robots must make decisions on what tasks to pursue in situations where there could be incomplete or missing information. The robots should also be capable of accepting requests for new tasks or services at runtime, while possibly working on another task. In order to achieve these requirements, this paper presents the Auction Behavior-Based Robotic Architecture that brings the following contributions: (1) it uses an auction mechanism to determine the relevance of a task to run at any given time, (2) it handles multiple user requests while dealing with potentially critical time constraints and incomplete information, (3) it enables long-term robot operation and (4) it allows for dynamic assignment of new tasks. The proposed system is validated on a physical robotic platform, the Segway RMP® and in simulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2012
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(2012): Macht und Führung. In: Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung 43 (2), S. 189-204. DOI: 10.1007/s11612-012-0177-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11612-012-0177-8 Abstract: The article highlights the relation between leadership and power in organizations. Paradoxes and dilemmas related to the power endowment of the leadership role are analyzed from a systems-theory perspective. The article closes with recommendations for the shaping of the supervisor role. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 3
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(2012): Effects of multisensory environments on stereotyped behaviours assessed as maintained by automatic reinforcement. In: Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID 25 (6), S. 509-521. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2012.00697.x
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055285 Abstract: BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the sensory equipment provided in a multi-sensory environment (MSE) and the level of social contact provided on levels of stereotyped behaviours assessed as being maintained by automatic reinforcement. METHOD Stereotyped and engaged behaviours of two young people with severe intellectual disabilities were observed while the participants were either in a living room or in a MSE and receiving either high or low levels of interaction from carers. RESULTS For both participants, levels of stereotyped behaviour were lower in the MSE irrespective of the level of carer attention received, while levels of engagement were higher under conditions of high carer attention in both environments. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reductions in stereotyped behaviour observed in MSEs are due to the increased levels of specific sensory stimulation provided by such environments. zitiert von 14
Keywords: Adolescent, Attention, Autistic Disorder/psychology/rehabilitation, Environment, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability/psychology/rehabilitation, Male, Observer Variation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reinforcement, Reinforcement (Psychology), Sensation, Sensory Art Therapies/methods, Stereotyped Behavior/physiology, Verhaltensforschung 2010
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(2010): The Contextual Endorsement of Sexblind Versus Sexaware Ideologies. In: Social Psychology 41 (3), S. 186-191. DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000026
Abstract: Examines the extent to which individuals endorse "sexblind" vs "sexaware" ideologies. Analogous to colorblind and multicultural ideologies, sexblindness involves ignoring sex categorization when perceiving others, and sexawareness involves recognizing and celebrating sex differences. A total of 157 women and 54 men completed measures assessing sexblindness vs sexawareness, their work and social context, their motivation to respond with sexism, and sexism. Results revealed that participants endorsed sexblindness more (and, thus, sexawareness less) in work than in social contexts. Further, sexblindness was correlated with an internal motivation to respond without sexism, suggesting people perceive sexblindness as a way to reduce sexism. Consistent with this view, the more participants endorsed sexblindness in social settings, the less benevolent sexism they harbored. In conclusion, the implications of sexaware and sexblind ideologies and the difference between these ideologies and colorblind and multicultural ideologies are discussed. zitiert von 17
2008
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(2008): Culture-sensitive neural substrates of human cognition. A transcultural neuroimaging approach. In: Nature reviews. Neuroscience 9 (8), S. 646-654. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2456
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641669 Abstract: Our brains and minds are shaped by our experiences, which mainly occur in the context of the culture in which we develop and live. Although psychologists have provided abundant evidence for diversity of human cognition and behaviour across cultures, the question of whether the neural correlates of human cognition are also culture-dependent is often not considered by neuroscientists. However, recent transcultural neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that one's cultural background can influence the neural activity that underlies both high- and low-level cognitive functions. The findings provide a novel approach by which to distinguish culture-sensitive from culture-invariant neural mechanisms of human cognition.
Keywords: Attention/physiology, Brain Mapping/methods, Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology, chemisch / neurologisch / medikamentös / durch Substanzen, Cognition/physiology, Culture, culture sensitive, Disziplin, Environment, Humans, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Kulturinvarianz, Kulturtheorie, Neurowissenschaften, Perception/physiology, Social Behavior 2005
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(2005): Intelligent and Efficient Strategy for Unstructured Environment Sensing Using Mobile Robot Agents. In: Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 43 (2-4), S. 217-253. DOI: 10.1007/s10846-004-3063-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-004-3063-y Abstract: In field environments it is not usually possible to provide robots in advance with valid geometric models of its task and environment. The robot or robot teams need to create these models by scanning the environment with its sensors. Here, an information-based iterative algorithm to plan the robot’s visual exploration strategy is proposed to enable it to most efficiently build 3D models of its environment and task. The method assumes mobile robot (or vehicle) with vision sensors mounted at a manipulator end-effector (eye-in-hand system). This algorithm efficiently repositions the systems’ sensing agents using an information theoretic approach and fuses sensory information using physical models to yield a geometrically consistent environment map. This is achieved by utilizing a metric derived from Shannon’s information theory to determine optimal sensing poses for the agent(s) mapping a highly unstructured environment, This map is then distributed among the agents using an information-based relevant data reduction scheme, This method is particularly well suited to unstructured environments, where sensor uncertainty is significant. Issues addressed include model-based multiple sensor data fusion, and uncertainty and vehicle suspension motion compensation. Simulation results show the effectiveness of this algorithm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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