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  • 2015

  • Lamm, Claus; Majdandžić, Jasminka (2015): The role of shared neural activations, mirror neurons, and morality in empathy--a critical comment. In: Neuroscience research 90, S. 15-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.008

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25455743 

    Abstract: In the last decade, the phenomenon of empathy has received widespread attention by the field of social neuroscience. This has provided fresh insights for theoretical models of empathy, and substantially influenced the academic and public conceptions about this complex social skill. The present paper highlights three key issues which are often linked to empathy, but which at the same time might obscure our understanding of it. These issues are: (1) shared neural activations and whether these can be interpreted as evidence for simulation accounts of empathy; (2) the causal link of empathy to our presumed mirror neuron system; and (3) the question whether increasing empathy will result in better moral decisions and behaviors. The aim of our review is to provide the basis for critically evaluating our current understanding of empathy, and its public reception, and to inspire new research directions.

    Keywords: Animals, Brain Mapping/methods, Brain/physiology, Emotions/physiology, Empathy/physiology, Humans, Mirror Neurons/physiology, Moral, Morals, Neurowissenschaften, Review, Social Behavior

  • 2012

  • Bzdok, Danilo; Schilbach, Leonhard; Vogeley, Kai; Schneider, Karla; Laird, Angela R.; Langner, Robert; Eickhoff, Simon B. (2012): Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition. ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy. In: Brain structure & function 217 (4), S. 783-796. DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270812 

    Abstract: Morally judicious behavior forms the fabric of human sociality. Here, we sought to investigate neural activity associated with different facets of moral thought. Previous research suggests that the cognitive and emotional sources of moral decisions might be closely related to theory of mind, an abstract-cognitive skill, and empathy, a rapid-emotional skill. That is, moral decisions are thought to crucially refer to other persons' representation of intentions and behavioral outcomes as well as (vicariously experienced) emotional states. We thus hypothesized that moral decisions might be implemented in brain areas engaged in 'theory of mind' and empathy. This assumption was tested by conducting a large-scale activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, which assessed 2,607 peak coordinates from 247 experiments in 1,790 participants. The brain areas that were consistently involved in moral decisions showed more convergence with the ALE analysis targeting theory of mind versus empathy. More specifically, the neurotopographical overlap between morality and empathy disfavors a role of affective sharing during moral decisions. Ultimately, our results provide evidence that the neural network underlying moral decisions is probably domain-global and might be dissociable into cognitive and affective sub-systems.

    Keywords: Brain Mapping/methods, Cognition/physiology, Empathy/physiology, Functional Neuroimaging, Humans, Kognitionswissenschaften, Likelihood Functions, Metaanalyse, Moral, Morals, Nerve Net, Theory of Mind/physiology

  • 2008

  • Han, Shihui; Northoff, Georg (2008): Culture-sensitive neural substrates of human cognition. A transcultural neuroimaging approach. In: Nature reviews. Neuroscience 9 (8), S. 646-654. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2456

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641669 

    Abstract: Our brains and minds are shaped by our experiences, which mainly occur in the context of the culture in which we develop and live. Although psychologists have provided abundant evidence for diversity of human cognition and behaviour across cultures, the question of whether the neural correlates of human cognition are also culture-dependent is often not considered by neuroscientists. However, recent transcultural neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that one's cultural background can influence the neural activity that underlies both high- and low-level cognitive functions. The findings provide a novel approach by which to distinguish culture-sensitive from culture-invariant neural mechanisms of human cognition.

    Keywords: Attention/physiology, Brain Mapping/methods, Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology, chemisch / neurologisch / medikamentös / durch Substanzen, Cognition/physiology, Culture, culture sensitive, Disziplin, Environment, Humans, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Kulturinvarianz, Kulturtheorie, Neurowissenschaften, Perception/physiology, Social Behavior
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