Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Greetings as social action in Finland Swedish and Sweden Swedish service encounters – a pluricentric perspective. In: Intercultural Pragmatics 15 (1), S. 57-88. DOI: 10.1515/ip-2017-0030
Abstract: While greetings are performed in all cultures and open most conversations, previous studies suggest that there are cross-cultural differences between different languages in greeting behavior. But do speakers of different national varieties of the same language organize and perform their greeting behavior in similar ways? In this study, we investigate the sequential organization of greetings in relation to gaze behavior in the two national varieties of Swedish: Sweden Swedish spoken in Sweden and Finland Swedish spoken in Finland. In recent years, the importance of studying pluricentric languages from a pragmatic perspective has been foregrounded, not least within the framework of variational pragmatics. To date, most studies have focused on structural differences between national varieties of pluricentric languages. With this study, we extend the scope of variational pragmatics through adding an interactional, micro perspective to the broader macro analysis typical of this field. For this study, we have analyzed patterns for greetings in 297 videorecorded service encounters, where staff and customers interact at theatre box offices and event booking venues in Sweden and Finland. The study shows that there are similarities and differences in greeting behavior between varieties. There is a strong preference for exchanging reciprocal verbal greetings, one at a time, in both. There is also a similar organization of the greeting sequence, where customer and staff establish mutual gaze prior to the verbal greetings, thus signaling availability for interaction. The duration of mutual gaze and the timing of the greeting, however, differ between the two varieties. We have also conducted a multi modal analysis of gaze behavior in correlation to the greeting. We found that the customers and staff in the Finland Swedish data share mutual gaze before and during the verbal greeting, and often avert gaze after the verbal greetings. However, in the Sweden Swedish data, the participants often avert gaze before the verbal greetings. Our results thus indicate that both similarities and differences in pragmatic routines and bodily behavior exist between the two national varieties of Swedish. The present study on greeting practices in Finland Swedish and Sweden Swedish should contribute to the field of variational pragmatics and to the development of pluricentric theory.
2016
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(2016): Generating Robot Gaze on the Basis of Participation Roles and Dominance Estimation in Multiparty Interaction. In: ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems 5 (4), S. 1-23. DOI: 10.1145/2743028
Abstract: Gaze is an important nonverbal feedback signal in multiparty face-to-face conversations. It is well known that gaze behaviors differ depending on participation role: speaker, addressee, or side participant. In this study, we focus on dominance as another factor that affects gaze. First, we conducted an empirical study and analyzed its results that showed how gaze behaviors are affected by both dominance and participation roles. Then, using speech and gaze information that was statistically significant for distinguishing the more dominant and less dominant person in an empirical study, we established a regression-based model for estimating conversational dominance. On the basis of the model, we implemented a dominance estimation mechanism that processes online speech and head direction data. Then we applied our findings to human-robot interaction. To design robot gaze behaviors, we analyzed gaze transitions with respect to participation roles and dominance and implemented gaze-transition models as robot gaze behavior generation rules. Finally, we evaluated a humanoid robot that has dominance estimation functionality and determines its gaze based on the gaze models, and we found that dominant participants had a better impression of less dominant robot gaze behaviors. This suggests that a robot using our gaze models was preferred to a robot that was simply looking at the speaker. We have demonstrated the importance of considering dominance in human-robot multiparty interaction.
2010
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(2010): Visual Dominance and Visual Egalitarianism. Individual and Group-Level Influences of Sex and Status in Group Interactions. In: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 34 (3), S. 137-153. DOI: 10.1007/s10919-010-0088-8
Abstract: This study investigated visual dominance and visual egalitarianism of men and women (N = 94; 17 teams) in team meetings at diverse workplaces. Two novel gaze-related measures were developed: (a) a group visual dominance ratio (group-VDR) assessing each member's visual dominance vis-A -vis all other members, and (b) a gaze distribution index (GDI) assessing each member's visual egalitarianism to all group members. Multilevel analyses were conducted to account for influences of the team members' sex and status on the individual level and for influences of sex and status composition of the teams, and the team leaders' sex on the group level. Results suggested that high-status individuals displayed more visual dominance than low-status individuals. The significant interaction of individuals' sex and status indicated that the positive relationship of status and visual dominance applied particularly to women. The more women in a team, the more visual dominance was displayed. The team leader's sex significantly influenced visual egalitarianism: Gaze distribution was less egalitarian when the team leader was male.
2004
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(2004): Etiquette and the design of educational technology. In: Communications of the ACM 47 (4), S. 45-49. DOI: 10.1145/975817.975843
Abstract: There has been a slow but growing realization on the part of the educational technology research community that designers of educational tools must go beyond the purely cognitive aspects of working with computers and factor in the social and psychological aspects as well. The design of appropriate etiquette in educational systems requires adding an additional layer to the issues of traditional interest to HCI researchers and developers. Etiquette is closely connected to contexts of activity and practice—to the goal/contexts/role patterns that structure interactions in a domain. A better understanding of these patterns [7] is essential to building tact and courtesy into our computer programs. We also need to learn from existing research, particularly that of teacher behavior and its effect on student learning and motivation. For instance, a review of the literature on nonverbal behavior indicates that eye contact, gestures, vocal inflections, body movement, and combinations of nonverbal behaviors conveying enthusiasm, animation, and variation of stimuli can positively affect student motivation, attention, teacher ratings, immediate recall, and achievement [4]. This research can be of great utility in the design of appropriate behaviors for pedagogical agents. However, as the three studies described here suggest, we must be careful not to apply these findings to the HCI context indiscriminately. This strategy, though easy to follow, may not always be the most appropriate. Instead, pedagogical etiquette in educational software must be carefully crafted based on sound empirical research sensitive to the complexities of learning and human psychology.
Keywords: Blickkontakt, Computer Science, Design, Design(theorie), digitale Wissenschafts- und Bildungstools, Disziplin, doppelter Treffer, Erziehung, Erziehungswissenschaften, Etikette, Etiquette, Gestik/Mimik, Intellektualtechnik, Interaktionspartner, Mensch oder Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Mensch-Technische Systeme, Realtechnik, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Soziale Angemessenheit, special issue, Sprachgebrauch, Taktgefühl, Technik, Übermitteln von Gefühlen/Emotionen 2003
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(2003): Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. In: Psychological science 14 (6), S. 644-647. DOI: 10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1479.x
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14629700 Abstract: There is good reason to believe that gaze direction and facial displays of emotion share an information value as signals of approach or avoidance. The combination of these cues in the analysis of social communication, however, has been a virtually neglected area of inquiry. Two studies were conducted to test the prediction that direct gaze would facilitate the processing of facially communicated approach-oriented emotions (e.g., anger and joy), whereas averted gaze would facilitate the processing of facially communicated avoidance-oriented emotions (e.g., fear and sadness). The results of both studies confirmed the central hypothesis and suggest that gaze direction and facial expression are combined in the processing of emotionally relevant facial information.
Keywords: abgewendeter Blick, Affect, Angst, Blick / Gaze, Blickkontakt, Blickrichtung, Emotionaler Zustand, Emotionen, Facial Expression, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Freude, Gesicht und assoziierte Zuschreibungen, Gesichtsausdruck, Gestik/Mimik, Humans, Male, theory of mind, Traurigkeit, Visual Perception, Wut
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