Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018): Towards a framework for computational persuasion with applications in behaviour change1. In: Argument & Computation 9 (1), S. 15-40. DOI: 10.3233/AAC-170032
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/AAC-170032 Abstract: Persuasion is an activity that involves one party trying to induce another party to believe something or to do something. It is an important and multifaceted human facility. Obviously, sales and marketing is heavily dependent on persuasion. But many other activities involve persuasion such as a doctor persuading a patient to drink less alcohol, a road safety expert persuading drivers to not text while driving, or an online safety expert persuading users of social media sites to not reveal too much personal information online. As computing becomes involved in every sphere of life, so too is persuasion a target for applying computer-based solutions. An automated persuasion system (APS) is a system that can engage in a dialogue with a user (the persuadee) in order to persuade the persuadee to do (or not do) some action or to believe (or not believe) something. To do this, an APS aims to use convincing arguments in order to persuade the persuadee. Computational persuasion is the study of formal models of dialogues involving arguments and counterarguments, of user models, and strategies, for APSs. A promising application area for computational persuasion is in behaviour change. Within healthcare organizations, government agencies, and non-governmental agencies, there is much interest in changing behaviour of particular groups of people away from actions that are harmful to themselves and/or to others around them.
Keywords: Argumentation, argumentation strategies, Argumentationsstrategie, Argumentationstheorie, automated persuasion system (APS), Automated Persuasion Systems (APS), computational models of argument, Computational persuasion, Computerbasierte Persuasion, dialogical argumentation, doppelter Treffer, Eliminierung von Fehlverhalten, Fehlverhalten, frame semantics, Gesellschaftsprofit, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, Intellektualtechnik, Kognitionstheorie, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Persuasion, persuasion dialogues, persuasive arguments, Politik, probabilistic argumentation, Realtechnik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Sprachroboter, Sprachverarbeitung, Technik, Überreden, Überzeugung, Umgangsformen, Verführung -
(2018): The knowledge level in cognitive architectures. Current limitations and possible developments. In: COGNITIVE SYSTEMS RESEARCH 48, S. 39-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.05.001
Abstract: In this paper we identify and characterize an analysis of two problematic aspects affecting the representational level of cognitive architectures (CAs), namely: the limited size and the homogeneous typology of the encoded and processed knowledge. We argue that such aspects may constitute not only a technological problem that, in our opinion, should be addressed in order to build artificial agents able to exhibit intelligent behaviors in general scenarios, but also an epistemological one, since they limit the plausibility of the comparison of the CAs' knowledge representation and processing mechanisms with those executed by humans in their everyday activities. In the final part of the paper further directions of research will be explored, trying to address current limitations and future challenges. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Computerwissenschaft, Disziplin, Favoriten, formale Sprache, Formalisierung, Intellektualtechnik, Kogn. Architektur, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, kognitive Architekturen, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), natürliche Sprache, Ontologie, Philosophie, Realtechnik, Sprachverarbeitung, Technik, Technikphilosophie, Überblick, Weltwissen -
(2018): Social decisions and fairness change when people’s interests are represented by autonomous agents. In: Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 32 (1), S. 163-187. DOI: 10.1007/s10458-017-9376-6
Abstract: There has been growing interest on agents that represent people's interests or act on their behalf such as automated negotiators, self-driving cars, or drones. Even though people will interact often with others via these agent representatives, little is known about whether people's behavior changes when acting through these agents, when compared to direct interaction with others. Here we show that people's decisions will change in important ways because of these agents; specifically, we showed that interacting via agents is likely to lead people to behave more fairly, when compared to direct interaction with others. We argue this occurs because programming an agent leads people to adopt a broader perspective, consider the other side's position, and rely on social norms-such as fairness-to guide their decision making. To support this argument, we present four experiments: in Experiment 1 we show that people made fairer offers in the ultimatum and impunity games when interacting via agent representatives, when compared to direct interaction; in Experiment 2, participants were less likely to accept unfair offers in these games when agent representatives were involved; in Experiment 3, we show that the act of thinking about the decisions ahead of time-i.e., under the so-called "strategy method"-can also lead to increased fairness, even when no agents are involved; and, finally, in Experiment 4 we show that participants were less likely to reach an agreement with unfair counterparts in a negotiation setting. We discuss theoretical implications for our understanding of the nature of people's social behavior with agent representatives, as well as practical implications for the design of agents that have the potential to increase fairness in society.
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(2018): Argumentation mining. How can a machine acquire common sense and world knowledge?. In: Argument & Computation 9 (1), S. 1-14. DOI: 10.3233/AAC-170025Keywords: Allgemeiner Sinn, Ambiguität, Argumentation, argumentation mining, Argumentationssuche, Argumentationstheorie, argumentative text processing, Common Sense, Deep Learning, fortgeschrittene interaktive Geräte, frame semantics, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Lebenswissen, Linguistik, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Natural language understanding, Neural Networks, Realtechnik, representation learning, Sprachverarbeitung, Sprachverstehen, Technik, unsupervised, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten, Weltwissen, world knowledge
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(2018): Virtual Character Facial Expressions Influence Human Brain and Facial EMG Activity in a Decision-Making Game. In: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 9 (2), S. 285-298. DOI: 10.1109/TAFFC.2016.2601101
Abstract: We examined the effects of the emotional facial expressions of a virtual character (VC) on human frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry (putatively indexing approach/withdrawal motivation), facial electromyographic (EMG) activity (emotional expressions), and social decision making (cooperation/defection). In a within-subjects design, the participants played the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game with VCs with different dynamic facial expressions (predefined or dependent on the participant's electrodermal and facial EMG activity). In general, VC facial expressions elicited congruent facial muscle activity. However, both frontal EEG asymmetry and facial EMG activity elicited by an angry VC facial expression varied as a function of preceding interactional events (human collaboration/defection). Pre-decision inner emotional-motivational processes and emotional facial expressions were dissociated, suggesting that human goals influence pre-decision frontal asymmetry, whereas display rules may affect (pre-decision) emotional expressions in human-VC interaction. An angry VC facial expression, high pre-decision corrugator EMG activity, and relatively greater left frontal activation predicted the participant's decision to defect. Both post-decision frontal asymmetry and facial EMG activity were related to reciprocal cooperation. The results suggest that the justifiability of VC emotional expressions and the perceived fairness of VC actions influence human emotional responses.
2017
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(2017): Decoding images. Toward a theory of pictorial framing. In: Discourse & Society 28 (4), S. 327-352
Abstract: Using data from the Egyptian public discourse on the United States, this article lays out the foundation for building a general theory of pictorial framing. In this theory, at the most general level, the concept of pictorial framing refers to subtle alterations in the visual presentation of judgment and choice problems. Specifically, pictures are viewed as constructions, and pictorial meaning is seen as an intricate web of connected frames. The article thus adopts the view that a visual grammar is part of cognitive science and is fundamentally concerned with the relation between what goes on in the human mind and manifestations of this activity. The article draws on insights from blending model (Fauconnier and Turner, 2002), Relevance Theory (Sperber and Wilson, 1995) and frame semantics (Fillmore, 1985), discussing a large corpus of 90 multimodal cartoons on the United States.
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(2017): ‘What I see is not what you get’. Why culture-specific behaviours for virtual characters should be user-tested across cultures. In: AI & Society 32 (1), S. 37-49. DOI: 10.1007/s00146-014-0567-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-014-0567-2 Abstract: Abstract Integrating culture into the behavioural models of virtual characters requires knowledge from very different disciplines such as cross-cultural psychology and computer science. If culture-related behavioural differences are simulated with a virtual character system, users might not necessarily understand the intent of the designer. This is, in part, due to the influence of culture on not only users, but also designers. To gain a greater understanding of the instantiation of culture in the behaviour of virtual characters, and on this potential mismatch between designer and user, we have conducted two experiments. In these experiments, we tried to simulate one dimension of culture (Masculinity vs. Femininity) in the behaviour of virtual characters. We created four scenarios in the first experiment and six in the second. In each of these scenarios, the same two characters interact with each other. The verbal and non-verbal behaviour of these characters differs depending on their cultural scripts. In two user perception studies, we investigated how these differences are judged by human participants with different cultural backgrounds. Besides expected differences between participants from Masculine and Feminine countries, we found significant differences in perception between participants from Individualistic and Collectivistic countries. We also found that the user’s interpretation of the character’s motivation had a significant influence on the perception of the scenarios. Based on our findings, we giverecommendations for researchers that aim to design culture-specific behaviours for virtual characters.
Keywords: Agent-based Modelling, Behaviour modelling, Culture, Design, Disziplin, Evaluation, Favoriten, Interaktion, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Kultur, Kultursensibilität, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtheorie, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modell, Modelle/Theorien, Modellierung, Realtechnik, social importance dynamics, Soziosensitive Systeme, Technik, User testing, Virtual characters -
(2017): Individual Differences in Verbal and Non-Verbal Affective Responses to Smells. Influence of Odor Label Across Cultures. In: Chemical senses 42 (1), S. 37-46. DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw098
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27655940 Abstract: Olfactory perception is highly variable from one person to another, as a function of individual and contextual factors. Here, we investigated the influence of 2 important factors of variation: culture and semantic information. More specifically, we tested whether cultural-specific knowledge and presence versus absence of odor names modulate odor perception, by measuring these effects in 2 populations differing in cultural background but not in language. Participants from France and Quebec, Canada, smelled 4 culture-specific and 2 non-specific odorants in 2 conditions: first without label, then with label. Their ratings of pleasantness, familiarity, edibility, and intensity were collected as well as their psychophysiological and olfactomotor responses. The results revealed significant effects of culture and semantic information, both at the verbal and non-verbal level. They also provided evidence that availability of semantic information reduced cultural differences. Semantic information had a unifying action on olfactory perception that overrode the influence of cultural background.
Keywords: Adult, Affect, Culture, culture specific, Disziplin, Female, France, Geruch / mikrobiologische Zusammensetzung von Körpersekreten, Humans, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, kulturspezifisch, Kulturtheorie, Male, Odorants/analysis, Olfactory Perception, Quebec, Semantics, Smell, Status / biologische Marker, Young Adult -
(2017): Social cognition. From brains to culture. Third edition. Los Angeles; London; New Delhi; Singapore; Washington, DC; Melbourne: Sage
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(2017): Collective intentionality and socially extended minds. In: Philosophical Psychology 30 (3), S. 251-268. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2017.1295629
Abstract: There are many ways to advance our understanding of the human mind by studying different kinds of sociality. Our aim in this introduction is to situate claims about extended cognition within a broader framework of research on human sociality. We briefly discuss the existing landscape, focusing on ways of defending socially extended cognition. We then draw on resources from the recent literature on the socially extended mind, as well as the literature on collective intentionality, to provide a framework for thinking about the social dimension of individual minds. We then turn to a brief overview of the individualistic approaches advanced by Ludwig and Spaulding in this volume. And we close with a discussion of the transformative role of the social mind in individual life presented by Kern and Moll, as well as the distributed approach to interacting systems defended by Goldstone and Theiner.
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(2017): Are you a human or a humanoid. Predictive user modelling through behavioural analysis of online gameplay data. In: Advanced Engineering Informatics 33, S. 410-424. DOI: 10.1016/j.aei.2017.01.004
Abstract: Intelligent agents are widely used in robotics, gaming and simulation. A key issue is modelling human behaviours so that intelligent agents can use a human's behavioural model to imitate them and predict their next moves. In this article, we use Internet-based multiplayer online gaming (MOG) as a case study to present our approach to predictive user modelling through behavioural analysis of online gameplay data. As latency is an inherited bottleneck of the Internet and is likely to remain so into a foreseeable future, a lot of efforts have been made to address the resulting issues. Most of the existing latency handling techniques are based on the assumption that latency is within an acceptable threshold so that they can alleviate or even completely hide its negative impact on players' quality of experience (QoE) that directly determines consumers' satisfaction of the provided MOG services. While this assumption is mostly valid, it is worth noting that a player's Internet connection latency always fluctuates (known as jitter), possibly to the extent of exceeding a MOG's designated threshold in which case none of the techniques can handle properly but disconnecting the player from the gameplay session. Forcing a player to quit prematurely simply due to a spike of unusual high latency has a significant negative impact both on the gameplay's fairness and on the player's QoE. To improve customer satisfaction of a MOG service, we propose a more tolerant approach by temporarily substituting a player with a humanoid bot in the event of latency hikes so that the player always remains in the gameplay session. The challenge in this approach is to create a personalised humanoid bot that can imitate the playing pattern of the individual human player being substituted. Our solution is to first extract key variables that have impact on the human player's decision-makings through behavioural analysis of the player's historical gameplay data, then model the relationships among these variables, and finally creates the player's humanoid bot with the model. In this paper, we use a multiplayer online pong game as a case study to explain behavioural variables, modelling techniques, processes, outcomes, and performance studies.
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(2017): Elaborating time in space. The structure and function of space-motion metaphors of time. In: LANGUAGE AND COGNITION 9 (2), S. 191-253
Abstract: This paper studies the principles according to which spatial and motion concepts metaphorically structure temporal concepts in some languages. There are two types of space–motion metaphor of time, distinguished by whether or not the metaphor is structured by a person’s perspective. “Christmas is approaching” and “We are approaching Christmas” are perspectival. “New Year’s follows Christmas” is not. This contrast in deixis and frame of reference is linguistically relevant whether the contrast has to do with imagination or external reality. Study of experiential motivations and analysis into primary metaphors helps reveal the particular ways spatial and motion concepts function in each type of metaphor. One focus is accounting for the contrasting temporal meanings that words for in-front and behind can have. For example, “Ahead of us” is later than Now, while “ahead of Christmas” is earlier than Christmas. We find that the temporal ‘directions’ expressed in the contrasting frames of reference are not opposites. Rather, they are motivated by different kinds of temporal experience. This project investigates the fundamental spatial relations that structure temporal concepts; for example co-location vs. separation. But since motion involves time, purely spatial structure is limited. Conceptual blending analysis reveals that the source and target frames of the perspectival metaphors share an aspectual – i.e., temporal – generic structure. Thus a dichotomy between ‘space’ and ‘time’ is of limited utility in describing space–motion metaphors of time. Instead, the analysis has to deal with the specific spatial and temporal concepts that function in each metaphor.
Keywords: Bewegungsbasiertes Verstehen, Deiktik, deixis, Embodiment, frame semantics, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Linguistik, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Sprache, Sprachgebrauch, Sprachverstehen, Status / biologische Marker, temporal concepts, Zeit in der Sprache, Zeit und raumzeitliche Bewegung, Zeitgefühl -
(2017): Key-frame Extraction With Semantic Graphs in Assembly Processes. In: IEEE ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LETTERS 2 (3), S. 1264-1271
Abstract: In this letter, we present a novel method for key-frame extraction in assembly processes, with the support of visual sensors. The method is based on the construction of a sequence of weighted graphs containing the semantics of the underlying scene, encoded as primitive temporal and spatial relations between the involved objects. The objects are modeled as three-dimensional ellipsoids, with the formulation of the minimum volume covering ellipsoid problem as a convex optimization program, which is solved by an efficient algorithm. The new models are used in the sequence of actions-relations to increase the accuracy of the key-frame extraction, by extending the states encoded in the graphs. We present and analyze the method, followed by preliminary experimental results, and provide significant evidence on its potential.
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(2017): How we think and act together. In: Philosophical Psychology 30 (3), S. 302-318. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2017.1295640
Abstract: In this paper, I examine the challenges socially extended minds pose for mainstream, individualistic accounts of social cognition. I argue that individualistic accounts of social cognition neglect phenomena important to social cognition that are properly emphasized by socially extended mind accounts. Although I do not think the evidence or arguments warrant replacing individualistic explanations of social cognition with socially extended explanations, I argue that we have good reason to supplement our individualistic accounts so as to include the ways in which situational context affects social interactions. The result, I hope, is a more sophisticated individualism that offers a more comprehensive account of how we think and act together.
Keywords: Embedded cognition, situated cognition, social cognition, stereotypes, collective agency, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, JOINT ACTION, Joint Action / Collective Agency, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Philosophical Psychology, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Socially extended mind, Soziale Motivation kollektiven Handelns, soziale Kognition, Spezifika von Menschen -
(2017): Evaluating the Sensitivity to Virtual Characters Facial Asymmetry in Emotion Synthesis. In: Applied Artificial Intelligence 31 (2), S. 103-118. DOI: 10.1080/08839514.2017.1299983
Abstract: The use of expressive Virtual Characters is an effective complementary means of communication for social networks offering multi-user 3D-chatting environment. In such contexts, the facial expression channel offers a rich medium to translate the ongoing emotions conveyed by the text-based exchanges. However, until recently, only purely symmetric facial expressions have been considered for that purpose. In this article we examine human sensitivity to facial asymmetry in the expression of both basic and complex emotions. The rationale for introducing asymmetry in the display of facial expressions stems from two well-established observations in cognitive neuroscience: first that the expression of basic emotions generally displays a small asymmetry, second that more complex emotions such as ambivalent feeling may reflect in the partial display of different, potentially opposite, emotions on each side of the face. A frequent occurrence of this second case results from the conflict between the truly felt emotion and the one that should be displayed due to social conventions. Our main hypothesis is that a much larger expressive and emotional space can only be automatically synthesized by means of facial asymmetry when modeling emotions with a general Valence-Arousal-Dominance dimensional approach. Besides, we want also to explore the general human sensitivity to the introduction of a small degree of asymmetry into the expression of basic emotions. We conducted an experiment by presenting 64 pairs of static facial expressions, one symmetric and one asymmetric, illustrating eight emotions (three basic and five complex ones) alternatively for a male and a female character. Each emotion was presented four times by swapping the symmetric and asymmetric positions and by mirroring the asymmetrical expression. Participants were asked to grade, on a continuous scale, the correctness of each facial expression with respect to a short definition. Results confirm the potential of introducing facial asymmetry for a subset of the complex emotions. Guidelines are proposed for designers of embodied conversational agent and emotionally reflective avatars.
Keywords: Asymmetrie, Augmented & Virtual Reality, Authentizität von dargestellter Emotion, dominance, Emotionserkennung, Gesichtszüge, Gestik/Mimik, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Konventionen, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Neurowissenschaften, Realtechnik, soziale Kognition, Technik -
(2017): If you want a quick kiss, make it count. How choice of syntactic construction affects event construal. In: Journal of Memory and Language 94, S. 254-271. DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2016.12.001Keywords: Ähnlichkeit, Dauer, Disziplin, Ereignis, Ereignisähnlichkeit, Ereignisdauer, Ereignisinterpretation, Ereignisverständnis, Events, frame semantics, Individuation, Informations- & Kommunikationstechnik, Intellektualtechnik, Interpretation, Kogn. Architektur, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, kognitive Architekturen, Künstliche Intelligenz, Lexical aspect, Lexik, Light verb constructions, Linguistic framing, Linguistik, Mass–count distinction, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Realtechnik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprachgebrauch, Sprachverstehen, Status / biologische Marker, Syntax, Technik, Verständnis
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(2017): Translating the FAITH Frame. A Study of Two Translated Egyptian Novels. In: Complutense Journal of English Studies 25, S. 125-142. DOI: 10.5209/CJES.57598
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/CJES.57598 Abstract: This study, which is part of a larger study on the use of frame semantics in the translation of cultural elements from Arabic into English, isolates the instances where the characters from two modern Egyptian novels use language to identify themselves as members of a particular religious group, which corresponds to the frame generic→faith, and examines the manner in which these instances are translated into English. In this sense, faith is a generic frame because it dictates a particular set of behaviors, both linguistic and ideological, that is enforced by the faith community and practiced by the individuals within it. This faith community is a subset of the language community that uses a set of expressions considered typical of this community to the point where its members are recognizable through the use of these expressions. The translation issue at hand is that the TL may not offer the same possibilities to evoke a similar frame reflecting religious identity.
Keywords: Arabic literature, English translation of, faith/religion, frame generic, frame semantics, Frame-Semantik, generic frame, generic frames, Glaube, Identität, Identitätsstiftung, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Kultur, Linguistik und Ideologie, Literaturwissenschaft, Religion, semantic frames, Soziale Angemessenheit, translating religious expressions, Ideologie, "Faith Frame" 2016
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(2016): Reading palm-up signs. Neurosemiotic overview of a common hand gesture. In: Semiotica (210). DOI: 10.1515/sem-2016-0053
Abstract: This article explores ways in which the human nervous system encodes and decodes palm-up gestural signs, signals, and cues. Palm-up gestures and their accompanying speech acts evolved from an ancient neurological system that gave rise to both gestural (pectoral) communication and vocal (laryngeal) language (Bass and Chagnaud 2013, Shared developmental and evolutionary origins for neural basis of vocal-acoustic and pectoral-gestural signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109. 10677-10684.). Meanings of palm-up cues are multifaceted and nuanced, and express degrees of emotional helplessness, cognitive uncertainty, prosodic emphasis, and social deference. By themselves or in combination with other hand movements - such as reaching, showing, and pointing - palm-up cues are used to begin speaking turns, ask questions, request favors, and share personal opinions, feelings, and moods. The palm-up hand movement is a possibly universal signal of deference, in Erving Goffman's (1956, The nature of deference and demeanor. American Anthropologist 58(3). 473-502.) sense of the term, not unlike other deferential body-motion cues such as the anjaimudra, bow, curtsy, genuflection, kowtow, namaste, poussi-poussi, pranama, sampeah, and wai.
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(2016): A context-aware approach in realization of socially intelligent industrial robots. In: Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 37, S. 79-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.rcim.2015.07.002
Abstract: Contemporary industrial environments are usually constrained or limited in order to fit a fast, cheap and non-error prone production. Human-like system capabilities are not generally desirable there. But, recent trends in industrial robotics demand robust, flexible and efficient robots with a certain level of autonomy. Therefore, new and different approaches and perspectives in designing of industrial facilities are required. This paper reveals how a context-based reasoning can be used to achieve an intelligent robot group behavior. In order to achieve adaptivity, self-recovery or scalability of the system, a COgnitive MOdel for the Robot group control (COMOR) is developed. COMOR can be understood as an interpreter used to transform high-level context to low-level data, allowing machines to make context-based decisions. COMOR has three main parts and relies on a simulated Social Capital phenomenon as a feature of people. The first part is used to collect significant information from the environment. The second part is used to provide a set of possible solutions respecting the semantic domain description. The last part of COMOR is used to provide a behavioral component ensuring an optimal solution to given environmental conditions.
Keywords: adaptivity, Cognitive robotics, COMOR, COMOR / Social Capital, Context-awareness, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Ontology, Probabilistic graphical models, Realtechnik, Sozial Intelligente Agenten, Soziale Robotik, Soziosensitive Systeme, Technik, Ubiquitous computing -
(2016): Interaction and extended cognition. In: Synthese 193 (8), S. 2469-2496. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-015-0861-7
Abstract: In contemporary philosophy of the cognitive sciences, proponents of the 'Hypothesis of Extended Cognition' (HEC) have focused on demonstrating how cognitive processes at times extend beyond the boundaries of the human body to include external physical devices. In recent years the HEC framework has been put to use in cases of "socially" extended cognition. The guiding intuition in this paper is that exploring the cognitive incorporations of genuinely social elements may advance HEC debates. The paper provides an analysis of emotion regulation in 'dyadic synchronic interaction' between infant and caretaker and argues that some 'socially extended' cases of cognition cannot be captured with the HEC. Instead, the 'Hypothesis of Emergent Extended Cognition' (HEEC) is introduced that complements the HEC and helps in understanding how cognitive properties are sometimes irreducibly emergent, non-programmed properties of coupled social systems. It will be concluded that operating with the HEEC leads to both a more precise grip on the explanandum and to a more robust explanans.
2015
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(2015): Simulation and the We-Mode. A Cognitive Account of Plural First Persons. In: Philosophy of the Social Sciences 45 (4-5), S. 442-461. DOI: 10.1177/0048393115580267
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393115580267 Abstract: In this article, I argue that a capacity for mindreading conceived along the line of simulation theory provides the cognitive basis for forming we-centric representations of actions and goals. This explains the plural first personal stance displayed by we-intentions in terms of the underlying cognitive processes performed by individual minds, while preserving the idea that they cannot be analyzed in terms of individual intentional states. The implication for social ontology is that this makes sense of the plural subjectivity of joint actions without making group agents require either a corporate body or the unity of consciousness.
Keywords: Anerkennung und kollektive Intentionalität, collective intentionality, collectivity-oriented vs. individual-oriented politeness, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, Intentionalität, JOINT ACTION, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, kollektive Intentionalität, mindreading, philosophy of the social sciences, plural subjects, social ontology, Social Ontology, soziale Ontologie, Soziale Angemessenheit, soziale Kognition, (Theory of mind), We-Mode Approach -
(2015): Disrupting morphosyntactic and lexical semantic processing has opposite effects on the sample entropy of neural signals. In: BRAIN RESEARCH 1604, S. 1-14
Abstract: Converging evidence in neuroscience suggests that syntax and semantics are dissociable in brain space and time. However, it is possible that partly disjoint cortical networks, operating in successive time frames, still perform similar types of neural computations. To test the alternative hypothesis, we collected EEG data while participants read sentences containing lexical semantic or morphosyntactic anomalies, resulting in N400 and P600 effects, respectively. Next, we reconstructed phase space trajectories from EEG time series, and we measured the complexity of the resulting dynamical orbits using sample entropy an index of the rate at which the system generates or loses information over time. Disrupting morphosyntactic or lexical semantic processing had opposite effects on sample entropy: it increased in the N400 window for semantic anomalies, and it decreased in the P600 window for morphosyntactic anomalies. These findings point to a fundamental divergence in the neural computations supporting meaning and grammar in language. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Bedeutung, Bedeutung und Grammatik, Bedeutungszusammenhang, frame semantics, Grammar, Grammatiktheorie, Intellektualtechnik, Kogn. Architektur, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, lexikalische Semantik, Meaning, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Neurowissenschaften, Sprache, Sprachverarbeitung, Sprachverstehen, Technik, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten -
(2015): That Sounds Sweet. Using Cross-Modal Correspondences to Communicate Gustatory Attributes. In: Psychology & Marketing 32 (1), S. 107-120. DOI: 10.1002/mar.20766
Abstract: Building on existing research into sound symbolism and cross-modal correspondences, this article proposes that cross-modal correspondences-systematic mappings between different sensory modalities-can be used to communicate nonmusical, low-level sensory properties such as basic tastes through music. A series of three experiments demonstrates that cross-modal correspondences enable people to systematically encode basic taste properties into parameters in musical space (Experiment 1), and that they are able to correctly decode basic taste information embedded in complex musical compositions (Experiments 2 and 3). The results also suggest some culture-specificity to these mappings, given that decoding performance, while still above chance levels, was lower in Indian participants than in those from the United States (Experiment 3). Implications and potential applications of these findings are discussed.
Keywords: ASSOCIATIONS, AUDITORY PITCH, BRAND NAMES, culture specificity, Geschmack, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, MAPPINGS, MENTAL-IMAGERY, MUSICAL NOTES, Musik, Musik und Geschmack, PERCEPTION, PHONETIC SYMBOLISM, Status / biologische Marker, Synästhesie, SYNESTHETIC CORRESPONDENCES, TASTE -
(2015): A framework for constructing cognition ontologies using WordNet, FrameNet, and SUMO. In: COGNITIVE SYSTEMS RESEARCH 33, S. 122-144
Abstract: Psychoinformatics is an emerging discipline that uses tools from the information sciences to organize psychological data. This article supports that objective by proposing a framework for constructing cognition ontologies by using WordNet, FrameNet, and the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO). The first section describes the major characteristics of each of these tools. WordNet is a large lexical data base that was begun in the 1980s by George Miller. FrameNet is a database of event schemas based on a theory of frame semantics developed by the linguist Charles Fillmore. SUMO is a formal ontology of concepts expressed in mathematical logic that supports deductive reasoning. The next section discusses the objectives of science ontologies and includes examples for psychoses and for emotion. The article then describes potential applications of cognition ontologies for (1) studying how people organize knowledge, (2) analyzing major theoretical concepts such as abstraction, and (3) formulating premises that can serve as a link between informal taxonomies and formal ontologies. The final section discusses extending cognition ontologies to related domains such as artificial intelligence and cognitive neuroscience.
Keywords: Computerwissenschaft, Disziplin, frame semantics, Intellektualtechnik, Kogn. Architektur, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, kognitive Architekturen, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, Korpus, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Postkasten, psychoinformatics, Psychoinformatik, Psychologie, Realtechnik, Technik, Wissensstrukturierung -
(2015): Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects of Emotional Word Semantics in Reading Chinese Sentences. Evidence From Eye Movements. In: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-LEARNING MEMORY AND COGNITION 41 (4), S. 1237-1243
Abstract: Despite the well-known influence of emotional meaning on cognition, relatively less is known about its effects on reading behavior. We investigated whether fixation behavior during the reading of Chinese sentences is influenced by emotional word meaning in the parafovea. Two-character target words embedded into the same sentence frames provided emotionally positive, negative, or neutral contents. Fixation durations on neutral pretarget words were prolonged for positive parafoveal words and for highly frequent negative parafoveal words. In addition, fixation durations on foveal emotional words were shorter than those on neutral words. We also found that the role of emotional words varied as a function of their valence during foveal and parafoveal processing. These findings suggest a processing advantage for emotional words relative to emotionally neutral stimuli in foveal and parafoveal vision. We discuss implications for the notion of attention attraction due to emotional content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Aufmerksamkeit, Emotion und Sprachverarbeitung, Emotions, Emotionserkennung, frame semantics, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Kognitive Skills/Social Cognition, Lesen, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Neurowissenschaften, Realtechnik, Sprachverstehen, Technik, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten