Alle Publikationen
2015
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(2015): The role of moral commitment within the Investment Model. In: International Journal of Psychology 50 (2), S. 155-160. DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12088
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12088 Abstract: The Investment Model (Rusbult, 1980) defines general commitment as a long‐term orientation towards relationship maintenance and feelings of psychological attachment, influenced by satisfaction, quality of alternatives and intrinsic/extrinsic investments. We suggest the importance of additionally assessing moral commitment, defined by an intrapersonal predisposition to remain in the relationship (Johnson, 1991). We argue moral commitment's association to perceived intrinsic investments acting as internal barriers influencing general commitment and promoting relationship maintenance. A correlational study resorting to structural equation modelling showed that moral commitment predicted intrinsic investments, which in turn predicted general commitment (Model 1). No direct paths emerged from moral commitment to satisfaction or quality of alternatives (Model 2), nor it emerged as a fourth direct predictor of general commitment (Model 3). Results are discussed under relationships maintenance and dissolution frameworks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015): Associative and collaborative experience of television design. Television as a tool for social inclusion. In: OBRA DIGITAL-REVISTA DE COMUNICACION (9), S. 12-27
Abstract: Television is probably the medium that had the greatest influence on generations at the end of the twentieth century, and on the imagination of an era. Although very different models exist, the development of television in Europe and America includes some projects in which the design of programming and production aimed to create a community and foster new situations of integration and social interaction. This range of experiences speaks of social involvement, political commitment and collaborative processes. The article is the result of a study of the literature on the subject.
Keywords: Design -
(2015): Knowing versus liking. Separating normative knowledge from social desirability in first impressions of personality. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 109 (6), S. 1105-1116. DOI: 10.1037/a0039587
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26322983 Abstract: There are strong differences between individuals in the tendency to view the personality of others as similar to the average person. That is, some people tend to form more normatively accurate impressions than do others. However, the process behind the formation of normatively accurate first impressions is not yet fully understood. Given that the average individual's personality is highly socially desirable (Borkenau & Zaltauskas, 2009; Wood, Gosling & Potter, 2007), individuals may achieve high normative accuracy by viewing others as similar to the average person or by viewing them in an overly socially desirable manner. The average self-reported personality profile and social desirability, despite being strongly correlated, independently and strongly predict first impressions. Further, some individuals have a more accurate understanding of the average individual's personality than do others. Perceivers with more accurate knowledge about the average individual's personality rated the personality of specific others more normatively accurately (more similar to the average person), suggesting that individual differences in normative judgments include a component of accurate knowledge regarding the average personality. In contrast, perceivers who explicitly evaluated others more positively formed more socially desirable impressions, but not more normatively accurate impressions.
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(2015): Learning (by) Feeling. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Socialization and Development of Emotions. In: Ethos 43 (2), S. 187-220. DOI: 10.1111/etho.12080
Abstract: Examined cross-cultural differences in socialization and development of feelings. Drawing on approaches from developmental psychology and cultural anthropology, it was analyzed how cultural models of emotion and their corresponding emotionally arousing child-rearing practices lead to culture-specific pathways of emotion development among the Bara (Madagascar) and the Tao (Taiwan). After introducing cultural models of ontogenesis and child rearing, phases of development, interaction patterns, and sanctioning practices are reflected and culture-specific pathways of emotional development are discussed. The focus is set especially on socializing emotions, which are defined in terms of their function to orient individuals toward cultural norms and values and to inculcate social conformity. Based on empirical data gathered in two long-term ethnographic field studies, evidence is provided that the Bara emphasize fear and the Tao anxiety as focal socializing emotions. zitiert von 15
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(2015): Datafied Life. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 19 (2), S. 191-210. DOI: 10.5840/techne20159935
Abstract: Techno-Anthropology recognizes the intertwining of technology with aims, needs, practices, and skills; ‘the techno’ and ‘the anthro’ are not only interconnected, but historically co-constituted. In this paper developments in ‘personal analytics’ are examined with the aim of proposing epistemological and methodological directions for Techno-Anthropological exploration. Personal analytics refers to the field of interactions that surrounds tracking various bodily and mental functions, including the analysis, visualization, and distribution of the data, thereby encompassing people’s involvements with measuring devices and data movements. By discussing findings from a self-tracking study that focused on heart-rate variability measurement, the article opens for scrutiny ways in which personal data can translate people’s selves into a format that is engaging and actionable. This, in turn, enables researchers to witness and critically assess a terrain where bodily and mental capacities, and life itself, are not taken as given, but become part of the processes of everyday sense-making and contestation.
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(2015): Leadership in small-scale societies. Some implications for theory, research, and practice. In: The Leadership Quarterly 26 (6), S. 978-990. DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.10.004
Abstract: Leadership studies concentrate on large-scale societies and organizations with formal hierarchies, large power differences, and diverse membership. Much less is known about leadership in small-scale, homogeneous, and relatively egalitarian societies in which humans have spent most of their existence. We summarize the anthropological literature on leadership from traditional, small-scale societies in terms of (1) the functions and roles of leaders; (2) the traits and behaviors conducive to leader emergence and effectiveness; and (3) the motivations and incentives to assume leadership positions. We address how studies of leadership in small-scale societies inform theory development. By viewing leadership and followership in light of our evolutionary history in small-scale societies, we shed new light on outstanding questions in leadership research and on challenges for leadership practice. zitiert von 22
Keywords: ANTHROPOLOGY, Evolution, Followership, Führung, Leadership, POWER, science direct, Small-scale society -
(2015): A Developmental Science Approach to Reducing Prejudice and Social Exclusion. Intergroup Processes, Social-Cognitive Development, and Moral Reasoning. In: Social Issues and Policy Review 9 (1), S. 121-154. DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12012
Abstract: This article presents a developmental science approach to changing attitudes and rectifying prejudice and discrimination. This is crucial because stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes are deeply entrenched by adulthood; the time for intervention is before biases are fully formed in adulthood. Adults as well as children are both the recipients and the perpetrators of prejudice as reflected by social exclusion based on group membership. Determining the factors that inhibit or reduce the negative outcomes of prejudice and exclusion is of paramount importance. Research reveals that young children are aware of in-group and out-group differences very early but what becomes full-fledged prejudice, in fact, emerges slowly during childhood and adolescence. At the same time, morality, an understanding of fairness and equality, emerges during this same time period. On the positive side, evidence reveals that in certain contexts, children understand the unfairness of prejudicial attitudes and social exclusion designed to inflict harm on others. On the negative side, prejudicial attitudes, even when not intentional, have detrimental consequences for children as targets of biased attitudes. This article describes research on social reasoning, moral judgments, group identity, group norms, and intergroup contact in childhood to shed light on the catalysts and obstacles that exist for the goal of promoting the development of positive intergroup attitudes from early childhood to adulthood. Implications for policy and intervention are provided.
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(2015): Politeness Strategy in Everyday Communication. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 206, S. 90-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.033
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.033 Abstract: The culture of contemporaneity presents itself through various concepts and discourses that constitute the category of everyday life, which they reveal and portray. In linguistic terms, the category of everyday life is manifested in different forms of communication, and first of all in the system of norms and models of speech behavior, known as speech etiquette. The goal of the article is to analyze the use of some models of English speech etiquette, specifically the use of politeness forms typical of the English. Politeness strategy presents itself in various types, as absolute, relative, negative or positive politeness. The type of politeness presupposes a definite form of etiquette speech act. Politeness strategy is analyzed in speech acts of apologies and condolences, through their pragmatic structures.
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(2015): THE DEPTH OF CIVILIZING FEATURES. NEGATIVE DIALECTICS BETWEEN POLITENESS AND MORALITY IN KANT’S ANTHROPOLOGY. In: ENDOXA-SERIES FILOSOFICAS (35), S. 119-138
Abstract: This paper tackles the contribution that the beautiful appearance of virtue, whose multiplicity of forms can be gathered under the generic name of decorum, offers to the civilizing process and also to the progressive moralization of mankind according to Kant’s Moral Anthropology. First, I will focus on the homiletic virtues analyzed in the Metaphysics of Morals, that is, loquacity, politeness, hospitality and indulgence, which bring about a trompe l’oeil inside the subject, always prone to selfishness and to the perversion of its practical drives. Secondly, I will analyze the relationship between these “supplements of virtue,” good social manners, and an undeniable anthropological fact, that is, the weakness of human nature and the need to use aesthetic crutches to get accustomed to acting in accordance with pure practical principles. Finally, I will cast light on the importance that parerga deserves according to Kant, who argues that these special virtues must be cultivated in the midst of social life, that is to say, always in contact with others. On the contrary, moral appearance produced by the individual subject ought to be banned unequivocally, because everyone must avoid falling into false illusions about the purity of her or his own intentions.
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(2015): Familiale und schulische Anerkennungsräume. Die Bedeutung primärer emotionaler Anerkennungsbedürftigkeit für schulisches Versagen. In: Familiendynamik 40 (1), S. 20-29
Abstract: Aus einer anerkennungstheoretischen Perspektive werden Schule und Familie betrachtet. Neben der sozialräumlichen Lagerung und der damit verbundenen Schulferne oder Schulnähe familialer Praktiken ist die Qualität der primären emotionalen Anerkennungsbeziehungen innerhalb der Familie von besonderer Bedeutung für problembehaftete schulische Karrieren und schulisches Scheitern. Anhand eines Fallbeispiels wird verdeutlicht, wie die über die individuelle Anerkennungsgeschichte eingebrachten Anerkennungsansprüche im schulischen Raum aufgenommen werden, sich im Zusammenspiel mit schulisch gewährten Anerkennungs- und Interaktionsbezügen entwickeln und welche Bedeutung dieses Zusammenspiel für die Entstehung und Prozessierung von schulischem Scheitern haben kann. Abschließend wird eine anerkennungstheoretische Beschreibung von Schulversagen vorgeschlagen.
Keywords: Pädagogische Psychologie, Soziale Anerkennung -
(2015): Evolutionary dynamics of group fairness. In: Journal of theoretical biology 378, S. 96-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.04.025
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25936348 Abstract: The emergence and impact of fairness is commonly studied in the context of 2-person games, notably the Ultimatum Game. Often, however, humans face problems of collective action involving more than two individuals where fairness is known to play a very important role, and whose dynamics cannot be inferred from what is known from 2-person games. Here, we propose a generalization of the Ultimatum Game for an arbitrary number of players--the Multiplayer Ultimatum Game. Proposals are made to a group of responders who must individually reject or accept the proposal. If the total number of individual acceptances stands below a given threshold, the offer will be rejected; otherwise, the offer will be accepted, and equally shared by all responders. We investigate the evolution of fairness in populations of individuals by means of evolutionary game theory, providing both analytical insights and results from numerical simulations. We show how imposing stringent consensuses significantly increases the value of the proposals, leading to fairer outcomes and more tolerant players. Furthermore, we show how stochastic effects--such as imitation errors and/or errors when assessing the fitness of others--may further enhance the overall success in reaching fair collective action.
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(2015): When sexual threat cues shape attitudes toward immigrants. The role of insecurity and benevolent sexism. In: Frontiers in psychology 6. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01033
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26283985 Abstract: Drawing on psychological and political science research on individuals' sensitivity to threat cues, the present study examines reactions to political posters that depict male immigrants as a sexual danger. We expect anti-immigrant attitudes to be more strongly predicted by feelings of insecurity or representations of men and women as strong and fragile when individuals are exposed to sexual threat cues than when they are not. Results from two online experiments conducted in Switzerland and Germany largely confirmed these assumptions. Comparing two anti-immigrant posters (general and non-sexual threat vs. sexual threat), Experiment 1 (n = 142) showed that feelings of insecurity were related to an increased support for expelling immigrants from the host country in both cases. However, only in the sexual threat cues condition and among female participants, were perceptions of women as fragile-as measured with benevolent sexism items-related to support for expelling immigrants. Further distinguishing between different forms of violence threat cues, Experiment 2 (n = 181) showed that collective feelings of insecurity were most strongly related to support for expelling immigrants when a male immigrant was presented as a violent criminal. In contrast, benevolent sexist beliefs were related to anti-immigrant stances only when participants were exposed to a depiction of a male immigrant as a rapist. In both cases attitudes were polarized: on the one hand, representations of immigrants as criminals provoked reactance reactions-that is, more positive attitudes-among participants scoring low in insecurity feelings or benevolent sexism. On the other hand, those scoring high in these dimensions expressed slightly more negative attitudes. Overall, by applying social psychological concepts to the study of anti-immigrant political campaigning, the present study demonstrated that individuals are sensitive to specific threat cues in posters.
Keywords: ATTITUDES, Attribution, Cues, Gesellschaft, Immigration, Labeling, PREJUDICE, Rape, Sexism, Threat, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015): Civic Engagement through DIY Urbanism and Collective Networked Action. In: Planning Practice & Research 30 (3), S. 337-354. DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2015.1054662
Abstract: In this paper, we examine do-it-yourself (DIY) urbanism through place-based and technology initiatives that support collective networked action to foster civic engagement in neighborhood contexts. The goal is to engage informal and ad-hoc networks of individual and collective actors in productively addressing critical conditions within their urban localities. Based on participatory research and co-design with residents and urban activist groups, Delai Sam and Partizaning, in districts of Moscow, Russia, we devised a series of interventions using a network of mailboxes, prototype online collaboration platforms (SynchroniCITY and MicroAct) and community-based workshops to engage participants in revealing issues, designing solutions and coordinating urban actions. Through these experiences, we consider the challenges of DIY urbanism as an inclusive, sustained and meaningful form of cooperative engagement and urban activism.
Keywords: Design -
(2015): Deconstructing and reconstructing theory of mind. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 19 (2), S. 65-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.007
DOI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4314437 Abstract: Usage of the term 'theory of mind' (ToM) has exploded across fields ranging from developmental psychology to social neuroscience and psychiatry research. However, its meaning is often vague and inconsistent, its biological bases are a subject of debate, and the methods used to study it are highly heterogeneous. Most crucially, its original definition does not permit easy downward translation to more basic processes such as those studied by behavioral neuroscience, leaving the interpretation of neuroimaging results opaque. We argue for a reformulation of ToM through a systematic two-stage approach, beginning with a deconstruction of the construct into a comprehensive set of basic component processes, followed by a complementary reconstruction from which a scientifically tractable concept of ToM can be recovered.
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(2015): Fair Is Not Fair Everywhere. In: Psychological science 26 (8), S. 1252-1260. DOI: 10.1177/0956797615586188
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615586188 Abstract: Distributing the spoils of a joint enterprise on the basis of work contribution or relative productivity seems natural to the modern Western mind. But such notions of merit-based distributive justice may be culturally constructed norms that vary with the social and economic structure of a group. In the present research, we showed that children from three different cultures have very different ideas about distributive justice. Whereas children from a modern Western society distributed the spoils of a joint enterprise precisely in proportion to productivity, children from a gerontocratic pastoralist society in Africa did not take merit into account at all. Children from a partially hunter-gatherer, egalitarian African culture distributed the spoils more equally than did the other two cultures, with merit playing only a limited role. This pattern of results suggests that some basic notions of distributive justice are not universal intuitions of the human species but rather culturally constructed behavioral norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Child, Children, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cross-cultural differences, cross-cultural differences,morality,distributive justice,equity,children,peer interactions, distributive justice, equity, Fairness, Female, Germany, Humans, Kenya, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Male, Morality, Namibia, peer interactions, Reward, Social Justice, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015) : Towards morally sensitive action selection for autonomous social robots: 2015 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Kobe, Japan: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 492-497
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2015.7333661 Abstract: Autonomous social robots embedded in human societies have to be sensitive to human social interactions and thus to moral norms and principles guiding these interactions. Actions that violate norms can lead to the violator being blamed. Robots thus need to be able to anticipate possible norm violations and attempt to prevent them while they execute actions. If norm violations cannot be prevented (e.g., in a moral dilemma situation in which every action leads to a norm violation), then the robot needs to be able to justify the action to address any potential blame. In this paper, we present a first attempt at an action execution system for social robots that can (a) detect (some) norm violations, (b) consult an ethical reasoner for guidance on what to do in moral dilemma situations, and (c) it can keep track of execution traces and any resulting states that might have violated norms in order to produce justifications.
Keywords: action execution system, autonomous social robots, Cleaning, Collision avoidance, ethical aspects, ethical reasoner, Ethics, human social interactions, human societies, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Mobile robots, Moral & Ethik, moral dilemma situation, morally sensitive action selection, norm violations, Robot sensing systems, social aspects of automation -
(2015): Technikhandhabung im höheren Alter aus psychologischer Perspektive: Eine quasiexperimentelle Studie zur Rolle von kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit, Technikeinstellung und Technikerfahrung. Dissertation. Online verfügbar unter http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/19337/, zuletzt geprüft am 11.11.2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00019337 Abstract: Im Zuge des demografischen Wandels und der zunehmenden Technisierung der Gesellschaft besteht großer Bedarf an Studien, die Technikperformanz oder Handhabungsaspekte im höheren Lebensalter in experimentellen Designs untersuchen und die über die Technikeinstellung bzw. -akzeptanz hinausgehen. Insbesondere besteht noch Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich der relativ großen Gruppe der Personen mit einer leichten kognitiven Beeinträchtigung (Mild Cognitive Impairment; MCI; etwa 16% der über 65-Jährigen in Deutschland) und ihren Kompetenzen und Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit Alltagstechnik. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Technikhandhabung im höheren Alter aus psychologischer Perspektive untersucht – sowohl bei Personen mit MCI als auch bei Personen ohne kognitive Beeinträchtigung. Neben der Rolle einer MCI-Diagnose wurde die Relevanz spezifischer kognitiver Bereiche (z.B. Exekutivfunktionen, räumliches Vorstellungsvermögen oder Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit) beleuchtet und es wurde überprüft, inwiefern weitere psychologische Konstrukte und Ressourcen wie Einstellungen gegenüber Technik, Technikerfahrung, Obsoleszenzerleben oder Selbstwirksamkeit zur Erklärung von Unterschieden in der Technikperformanz beitragen. Zudem widmete sich die Arbeit der Frage, inwieweit die Technikperformanz und die anschließende subjektive Bewertung der herangezogenen Alltagsgeräte zusammenhängen. Den Rahmen für den zugrundeliegenden Forschungsansatz bildete Lawtons Modell der Person-Umwelt-Passung (1982, 1998), das herangezogen wurde, um eine (Fehl-)-Passung oder ein (Un-)Gleichgewicht bezüglich der Schnittstelle von menschlichen Kompetenzen und den Anforderungen von Technik zu beschreiben. Außerdem dienten die psychologischen Prinzipien zur Evaluation von Technik nach Lindenberger und Kollegen (2008) als theoretische Grundlage, insbesondere das Prinzip der Ressourcenbilanz, da in dieser Arbeit sowohl kognitive Ressourcen als auch Ressourcen aus dem Bereich der Einstellungen, Überzeugungen und Erfahrungen in Beziehung zur (erfolgreichen) Technikhandhabung gestellt wurden. Insgesamt wurden 80 ältere Probanden (M = 73 Jahre) in die Untersuchung eingeschlossen, davon waren 41 kognitiv unbeeinträchtigt und 39 wiesen eine MCI-Diagnose auf. Durch ein Matching-Verfahren wurde eine hohe Vergleichbarkeit der Untersuchungsgruppen hinsichtlich Alter, Geschlecht und sozioökonomischem Status erreicht. Die Performanz beim Umgang mit Alltagstechnik wurde anhand der drei technischen Geräte Blutdruckmessgerät, Mobiltelefon und E-Book Reader untersucht und durch Videoaufzeichnungen objektiviert. Die Probanden bearbeiteten hierbei standardisierte Aufgaben anhand einer schriftlichen Instruktion; die Technikperformanz wurde über die beiden Kriterien Bearbeitungszeit und Fehlerzahl operationalisiert. Über die drei Geräte hinweg schnitten Probanden mit MCI in beiden Performanzkriterien schlechter ab als Probanden der kognitiv unbeeinträchtigten Gruppe. Dieser Befund weist darauf hin, dass der Umgang mit Alltagstechnik, der in einigen Erhebungsinstrumenten als instrumentelle Aktivität des täglichen Lebens (IADL) aufgeführt wird, bei dem Vorliegen einer MCI-Diagnose von Einbußen betroffen sein kann. In Regressionsanalysen und Relative Weights-Analysen konnte zudem belegt werden, dass die kognitiven Komponenten in der MCI-Gruppe noch stärker mit der Gesamtbearbeitungszeit und der Gesamtfehlerzahl assoziiert waren als in der kognitiv unbeeinträchtigten Gruppe. Im Sinne von Lindenbergers trug in der vorliegenden Arbeit neben der Kognition auch das Obsoleszenzerleben und in geringerem Ausmaß die Selbstwirksamkeit und die Technikerfahrung zu einer Ressourcenbilanz bei, die eine Person je nach Ausprägung zur Bewältigung einer gegebenen Technikanforderung befähigt. Die Ressourcen eines geringen Obsoleszenzerlebens und einer hohen Selbstwirksamkeit und Technikerfahrung stellten sich zum einen auf Gruppenebene (mit ungünstigeren Werten in der MCI-Gruppe) unterschiedlich dar. Sie trugen aber auch innerhalb der jeweiligen Gruppen zu interindividuellen Unterschieden in der Technikperformanz bei. Im Vergleich zur Rolle des Alters und des Geschlechts erklärte der Bildungsstand einen größeren Varianzanteil in den Regressionsanalysen zur Technikperformanz, vor allem in Bezug auf die komplexeren Geräte. In den gruppenspezifischen Regressionsanalysen wurde deutlich, dass der Bildungsabschluss in der MCI-Gruppe bedeutsamer war als in der kognitiv unbeeinträchtigten Gruppe. Dies zeigte sich teilweise durch stärkere direkte Effekte und teilweise durch signifikante Interaktionen von Bildung und Kognition, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Fehlerkriterien. Eine hohe Bildung ließ sich demnach zum einen als ein Schutzfaktor interpretieren, der Performanzdefizite bei unterdurchschnittlicher Gedächtnisausprägung verkleinert, beziehungsweise zum anderen als Ressource, die sich in der Wechselwirkung mit einer guten Gedächtnisausprägung verstärkt und eine bessere Performanz nach sich zieht. Zudem zeigte sich eine positive Beziehung zwischen der Leistung im Umgang mit den drei Geräten und der anschließenden Beurteilung der Bedienbarkeit bzw. Usability, insbesondere für die komplexere Alltagstechnik. Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass das Ausprobieren von (komplexerer) Technik und die dabei gemachte Erfahrung eine wichtige Quelle für anschließende Bewertungen aus dem Bereich der Usability bildet. Für die beiden komplexeren Geräte konnten zudem partielle Mediationseffekte bestätigt werden, bei denen der Einfluss der Untersuchungsgruppe auf die Usability-Bewertung verringert wurde, wenn spezifische Performanzkriterien berücksichtigt wurden. Dies verdeutlicht, dass eine Kombination aus dem kognitiven Status einer Person und deren Leistung im Umgang mit (komplexerer) Technik für die Bewertung relevant ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, neben deutlichen Unterschieden in der Technikperformanz zuungunsten der MCI-Gruppe, dass sowohl kognitive Fähigkeiten als auch spezifische Überzeugungen, Einstellungen und Erfahrungen zur individuellen Leistung im Umgang mit Alltagstechnik beitragen. Daher ist eine differenzierte Betrachtung der individuellen Ressourcen und Einschränkungen nötig, um die Teilhabe Älterer an unserer zunehmend technisierten Gesellschaft zu ermöglichen und zu verbessern.
Keywords: Bedienung & Handhabung -
(2015) : Socialization and Education. Theoretical Perspectives In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 861-865
Abstract: In this article, first, four perspectives in studying the processes of socialization and education, that is, chronological, topical, institutional, and cultural points of view, are briefly addressed. Then, three major groups of theories, namely biological theories (sociobiology and evolutionary psychology), psychological theories (psychoanalytic, attachment, epigenetic, and learning theories), and sociological theories (structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theories), are described in greater detail. Finally, an integrative framework for studying socialization and education is offered based on five aspects: units of environmental influence, characteristics of individuals, proximal processes, goals and values, and self-socialization. zitiert von 20
Keywords: Agentic theory, Attachment Theory, Behavior genetics, conflict theory, Ecological systems approach, Epigenetic theory, Evolutionary Psychology, Object relations theory, Pädagogische Psychologie, Psychoanalytic Theory, science direct, Self-socialization, Social cognitive learning theory, Socialization, Structural functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015): Understanding power in social context. How power relates to language and communication in line with responsibilities or opportunities
Abstract: Presents an overview of how power relates to communication from a social psychological perspective with the aim of reviewing research on how power alters behavior by outlining particularly the implications of power for language and communication behavior. In addition, the authors demonstrate the reverse impact of (communicative) behavior on power by addressing the question of how the social context and the language used in this context influence the construal and exercise of power. After defining and presenting an overview of recent theoretical approaches dominating the social psychology debate on how power impacts behavior, evidence is reviewed on how power shapes language and communication behavior (e.g., body language) and vice versa. In this context, it is argued that research relating power to language and communication so far has often only considered power in terms of the perceived opportunities it provides. Therefore, subsequent focus is on the moderating role of the context: The social context is what shapes how power is understood and enacted. It is demonstrated how language or communication behavior serve both to create power and to develop a specific understanding of what power positions entail. In conclusion, opportunities for future research are discussed including the potential connections between the construal of power and its implications for language and communication behavior among individuals high in power and those low in power. zitiert von 3
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(2015): Mangelnde soziale Kompetenz im Jugendalter. In: KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 24 (2), S. 123-130. DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000167
Abstract: The JobFit Training, a universal prevention program for adolescents, aims to prevent developmental deviation at the time of transition from school to profession. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of this training, considering adolescents in an educational setting. 78 adolescents, aged between 13.5 and 19.4 years, were the selected from a total sample of 446 adolescents. Inclusion criteria were abnormal prosocial behavior scores assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The social and learning behavior ratings of the adolescents were assessed with the Student Self-Assessment Scale for Social and Learning Behavior (SSL). The comparison of the pre- and posttraining measurements shows significant differences with small and medium effects in the SSL domain "social behavior" and the related scales "self-control", "self assertion", and "social contact" as well as in the SSL domain "learning behavior" and the related scale "independent learning". These findings confirm that JobFit Training as a tool that encourages social skills within adolescent populations with deficits in personal resources.
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(2015) : Building autonomous sensitive artificial listeners (Extended abstract): 2015 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII 2015): Xi'an, China, 21 - 24 September 2015: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 456-462
Abstract: This paper describes a substantial effort to build a real-time interactive multimodal dialogue system with a focus on emotional and non-verbal interaction capabilities. The work is motivated by the aim to provide technology with competences in perceiving and producing the emotional and non-verbal behaviours required to sustain a conversational dialogue. We present the Sensitive Artificial Listener (SAL) scenario as a setting which seems particularly suited for the study of emotional and non-verbal behaviour, since it requires only very limited verbal understanding on the part of the machine. This scenario allows us to concentrate on non-verbal capabilities without having to address at the same time the challenges of spoken language understanding, task modeling etc. We first summarise three prototype versions of the SAL scenario, in which the behaviour of the Sensitive Artificial Listener characters was determined by a human operator. These prototypes served the purpose of verifying the effectiveness of the SAL scenario and allowed us to collect data required for building system components for analysing and synthesising the respective behaviours. We then describe the fully autonomous integrated real-time system we created, which combines incremental analysis of user behaviour, dialogue management, and synthesis of speaker and listener behaviour of a SAL character displayed as a virtual agent. We discuss principles that should underlie the evaluation of SAL-type systems. Since the system is designed for modularity and reuse, and since it is publicly available, the SAL system has potential as a joint research tool in the affective computing research community.
Keywords: deutsche Community, Emotionserkennung, Emotionssensitive Systeme, Favoriten, Interaktion, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Nonverbal communication, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Realtechnik, Sensitive Artificial Listener, Sozial Intelligente Agenten, Soziale Robotik, Soziosensitive Systeme, Sprachverstehen, Technik, Virtual Agents SAL -
(2015): (MIXED) CULTURAL IDENTITIES: CONSTRUCTION AND DEKONSTRUCTION. In: Annales - Anali za Istrske in Mediteranske Studije - Series Historia et Sociologia
Abstract: The paper is based on two presuppositions, namely that identity (as understood in the western philosophical tradition) as well as cultural identity that derives from the former are both social constructs, which were formed in specific socio-historical conditions. Accordingly, (mono) cultural identity as such is a "fiction" that demands constant reification, i.e. maintenance and legitimization by the ideological state apparatuses. And the second presupposition is that the omnipresence and prevalence of the discourse of culturally homogeneous and monocultural identifications is misleading. To that end, several empirical studies are presented in which the authors are trying to demonstrate the omnipresence of transcultural and culturally mixed identities. At the same time, they argue that we as individuals are used to think within the frames of culturally homogeneous nationalistic categories that are implicitly as well as explicitly transmitted by all main socialization agents of the contemporary social systems. The paper points out that special attention to the contextuality in the interpretations of cultural and ethnic (self-)identifications must be taken into account. The informants' statements imply that the culturally mixed/monocultural identities must be understood in the context of the existing social order, within which the monoethnic identity is still the prevailing norm and thus the monoethnic paradigm is encouraged and reified. As we are trapped in the existing notions and consequently "used to think" monoethnically and exclusively, many individuals do not recognise and reflect their actual ethnic and cultural mixedness, they overlook it or do not know how to express it. (Cultural) Identity, as other social phenomena, does not exist in a social vacuum; it is produced and reproduced by the agents and institutions of power and influence, state-making and nationalistic processes. This is the reason why the apparent, illusory and evident existence of homogeneous self-identifications should not be taken easily In their reflections about the influence of hegemonic national(istic) power the authors claim, that we are actually all, to some extent, mixed even though not all of us might know how to grasp this mixedness.
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(2015): Social cognition. In: Animal Behaviour 103, S. 191-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.030
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.030 Abstract: The social intelligence hypothesis argues that competition and cooperation among individuals have shaped the evolution of cognition in animals. What do we mean by social cognition? Here we suggest that the building blocks of social cognition are a suite of skills, ordered roughly according to the cognitive demands they place upon individuals. These skills allow an animal to recognize others by various means; to recognize and remember other animals' relationships; and, perhaps, to attribute mental states to them. Some skills are elementary and virtually ubiquitous in the animal kingdom; others are more limited in their taxonomic distribution. We treat these skills as the targets of selection, and assume that more complex levels of social cognition evolve only when simpler methods are inadequate. As a result, more complex levels of social cognition indicate greater selective pressures in the past. The presence of each skill can be tested directly through field observations and experiments. In addition, the same methods that have been used to compare social cognition across species can also be used to measure individual differences within species and to test the hypothesis that individual differences in social cognition are linked to differences in reproductive success.
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(2015): Friend or foe?. The impact of relational ties with comparison others on outcome fairness and satisfaction judgments. In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 128, S. 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.02.002
Abstract: Equity theory suggests that social comparison processes play a central role in employees’ fairness judgments. However, the effect of the relationship between an employee and a comparison other on such judgments has received scant attention. We tested this effect across three studies involving demographically (employees, students) and culturally (U.S., India) different samples and research designs (critical incident and scenario). Our results broadly suggest that, with inputs held constant, receiving a lower outcome than a comparison other is judged as fairer (and more satisfactory) when positively (vs. negatively) tied to the other. In contrast, a favorable outcome is judged as fairer when the comparison other is negatively (vs. positively) related. We also found that the impact of (in)equity on employees’ discrete emotions (i.e., guilt, happiness, anger) differed based on their relational tie with comparison others, and that differences in anger and happiness mediated the effects of (in)equity on outcome satisfaction.
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(2015): Measuring communication participation to initiate conversation in human–robot interaction. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 7 (5), S. 889-910. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-015-0285-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-015-0285-z Abstract: Consider a situation where a robot initiates a conversation with a person. What is the appropriate timing for such an action? Where is a good position from which to make the initial greeting? In this study, we analyze human interactions and establish a model for a natural way of initiating conversation. Our model mainly involves the participation state and spatial formation. When a person prepares to participate in a conversation and a particular spatial formation occurs, he/she feels that he/she is participating in the conversation; once he/she perceives his/her participation, he/she maintains particular spatial formations. Theories have addressed human communication related to these concepts, but they have only covered situations after people start to talk. In this research, we created a participation state model for measuring communication participation and provided a clear set of guidelines for how to structure a robot’s behavior to start and maintain a conversation based on the model. Our model precisely describes the constraints and expected behaviors for the phase of initiating conversation. We implemented our proposed model in a humanoid robot and conducted both a system evaluation and a user evaluation in a shop scenario experiment. It was shown that good recognition accuracy of interaction state in a conversation was achieved with our proposed model, and the robot implemented with our proposed model was evaluated as best in terms of appropriateness of behaviors and interaction efficiency compared with other two alternative conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)