poliTE-Literatur-Datenbank

Uh, Stepheni (2016): The Relationship Between Sociomoral Disgust and Physical Disgust. Investigation of Facial Affect in Response to Purity and Fairness Violations. In: NEUROETHICS 9 (2)

Abstract: There has been much recent speculation regarding the relationship between sociomoral disgust, which refers to disgust elicited by moral violations, and the type of disgust elicited by physical stimuli such a rotten food. This study investigated whether there were similar facial expressions of disgust elicited by two types of moral transgressions and physically disgusting behaviors. This study also explored whether facial muscle activity would reflect spontaneous person affect knowledge retrieval after participants were presented with minimal information regarding a person's face and behavior. The two types of moral transgressions were fairness and purity moral transgressions, which are two out of the five moral foundations (purity, fairness, harm, authority, ingroup) in the Moral Foundations Theory (Haidt and Joseph, 2004). Facial muscle activity related to disgust (levator labii) and anger as well as overall negative affect (corrugator supercilii) was recorded while participants associated faces with behavioral statements. The same facial muscle activity was also recorded while participants were shown faces that were previously associated with behavioral statements in a later task. Facial disgust reactions were similar in response to physically disgusting behaviors as well as purity transgressions, but fairness transgressions did not elicit significant facial reactions. Faces that had been previously associated with moral transgressions, physically disgusting, or neutral behaviors also did not evoke facial disgust, showing no transfer of person affective trait knowledge, contrary to previous neuroimaging findings (Todorov et al., 2007). These results suggest that purity vs. fairness transgressions differentially elicit facial disgust reactions, with only purity transgressions eliciting facial disgust activity. These results suggest that these two domains of moral transgressions differ in their similarity to the processing of physical disgust stimuli, consistent with theoretical views that posit that only some moral violations have a basis in the basic emotion of disgust.

Keywords: Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), corrugator supercilii, Ekel, Emotionaler Zustand, Fairness, Gesicht und assoziierte Zuschreibungen, Gesichtsausdruck, Gestik/Mimik, levator labii, Mimik, Moral foundations theory by Haidt and Joseph, purity transgressing, (Un)fairness, Wut

Tobia, Kevin Patrick (2013): The effects of cleanliness and disgust on moral judgment. In: Philosophical Psychology 28 (4), S. 556-568. DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2013.877386

Abstract: Recent experimental studies in cognitive science report the influence of “disgust” and “cleanliness” manipulations on moral judgment, yet little attention has been given to interpreting these studies together or developing models of the causal influence of cleanliness and disgust manipulations on moral judgment. I propose considerations for the causal modeling of these effects. The conclusions are not decisive in favor of one theory of disgust and cleanliness, but suggest several distinct causal roles of disgust- and cleanliness-type manipulations. The incorrect views, I argue, are those that posit causal effects from a single common cognitive mechanism for both disgust and cleanliness.

Keywords: Beeinflussung der Bewertung moralischer Urteile, Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), Cleanliness and disgust, Disgust, Ekel, Emotionaler Zustand, Models of causal influence of cleanliness and disgust manipulations on moral judgment, Moral, Moral judgment, Moralphilosophie, Philosophical Psychology

Moretti, Laura; Di Pellegrino, Giuseppe (2010): Disgust selectively modulates reciprocal fairness in economic interactions. In: Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 10 (2), S. 169-180. DOI: 10.1037/a0017826

DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20364893

Abstract: We report two studies aimed at investigating the effects of distinct negative emotions on pairwise economic interactions. In the ultimatum game, a proposer offers a division of a sum of money to a responder who decides whether to accept the split, or reject and leave both players with nothing. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether induced disgust, as compared to sadness and neutral emotion, specifically influences responders' decisions to reject unfair proposals. In Experiment 2, we assessed whether the effects of disgust were selectively related to social contexts by contrasting interactions with a human partner with those involving a computer. Results showed that relative to being in a sad or neutral mood, induced feelings of disgust significantly increased rejection rates of unfair offers. Moreover, we found that when the partner was not responsible for the fairness violation, such as in the computer-offer condition, the disgust induction failed to affect participants' choices. We conclude by focusing on the hypothesis that disgust and social norm violations may share common computational components, both at a psychological and a neural level.

Keywords: Adult, economics, Ekel, Emotionaler Zustand, Emotions, Fairness, Female, Games, Experimental, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Robotics, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Sozialpsychologie, Spieltheorie, Young Adult

Adams, Reginald B.; Kleck, Robert E. (2003): Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. In: Psychological science 14 (6), S. 644-647. DOI: 10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1479.x

DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14629700

Abstract: There is good reason to believe that gaze direction and facial displays of emotion share an information value as signals of approach or avoidance. The combination of these cues in the analysis of social communication, however, has been a virtually neglected area of inquiry. Two studies were conducted to test the prediction that direct gaze would facilitate the processing of facially communicated approach-oriented emotions (e.g., anger and joy), whereas averted gaze would facilitate the processing of facially communicated avoidance-oriented emotions (e.g., fear and sadness). The results of both studies confirmed the central hypothesis and suggest that gaze direction and facial expression are combined in the processing of emotionally relevant facial information.

Arndt, Horst; Janney, Richard W. (1985): Politeness Revisited. Cross-Modal Supportive Strategies. In: IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 23 (1-4), S. 281-300. DOI: 10.1515/iral.1985.23.1-4.281

Abstract: Der vorliegende Aufsatz präsentiert einen alternativen Ansatz zur traditionellen, normorientierten linguistischen Analyse von Höflichkeit. Drei emotive Dimensionen des Sprechens werden als wichtige Parameter des Höflichkeitsphänomens erörtert: Selbstsicherheit, positive und negative Emotionen sowie deren Intensität. Bei dyadischer Interaktion werden diese Dimensionen durch aufeinander bezogene verbale, prosodische und kinesische Signale übermittelt. Die wesentliche emotive Aufgabe des Sprechers, der interpersonelles Mißverständnis vermeiden will, ist, nach unserer Meinung, nicht, höflich im traditionellen Sinne zu sein, sondern unterstützend im Hinblick auf die Bedürfnisse des Partners nach persönlicher Autonomie und Anerkennung. Dies geschieht durch die Übermittlung entsprechender multimodaler Signale.

Keywords: Brown & Levinson, Disziplin, Emotionaler Zustand, Erste Welle, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Gestik/Mimik, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der ersten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Intensität der Emotionen, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Selbstsicherheit, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sprachgebrauch, Sprechmelodie/Prosody, Supportive Facework